Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica

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Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica
Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica 2016-05-09 0020.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Species:
I. aphylla
Subspecies:
I. a. subsp. hungarica
Trinomial name
Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica
(Waldst. & Kit.) Helgi

Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica (also known as steppe iris) is a plant subspecies in the genus Iris , it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a subspecies of Iris aphylla . It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Carpathian Mountains and Pannonian Basin. Found within the countries of Romania, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Italy. It has curved, pointed, thin leaves, slender stem, several large flowers in shades of purple, or dark purple, or violet-blue. It is a rare plant, that is protected by environmental law in the various countries of Europe.

Contents

Description

Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica is very similar in form to Iris aphylla but it is slightly shorter than Iris germanica (a commonly cultivated garden iris), but which it is very closely related. [1]

It has short, tuberous rhizome, [2] that is 18–22 mm in diameter. [3]

It has basal leaves (rising from the rhizome), that are curved, [4] acuminate (pointed) and 1–3 cm wide. [3] [4] They are slightly smaller than Iris aphylla, [5] and shorter than the flowering stem. [2] They have 5–6 ribs, [3] and curve outwards. [4]

It has a slender stem, that can grow up to between 10–30 cm (4–12 in) tall, [2] [3] [4]

The stem has green, (scarious) membranous, spathes (leaves of the flower bud), which have a reddish edge. [4]

The stems hold 1–5 terminal (top of stem) flowers, [1] [2] [4] blooming between March to May [2] [4] or between May and June. [3] It can often the second bloom time between August and September. [3]

The flower bud leans slightly before flowering in Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica as compared to Iris aphylla, in which the stem is straight. [6]

The large flowers, [1] come in shades of purple, [1] or dark purple, [3] or violet-blue. [2]

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'. [7] : 17  The falls are ovate and elongated, [2] [3] and 2–3 cm wide. [4] In the centre of the petal, white beards with orange tops. [1] The standards are elongated an ovoid, and 3 cm wide. [2]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a capsule, [4] that is triangular, capsule, [2] [3] which is 4–5 mm long and 3 mm wide. [3] The capsule contains elongated ovoid seeds. [3]

Genetics

In 2010, a cytotype study was carried out on Iris aphylla, using karyotype and AFLP data analysis. It concluded that Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica was a separate species to Iris aphylla. [6]

In 2014, a study was carried out on the foliage and rhizomes of the iris, it found several constituents and terpenoids (organic compounds), including phenylacetaldehyde, eugenol, and lauric acid. [8]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings. [7] : 18  It has been counted twice, 2n=48 (as Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica) in 1983, by Murín A. & Májovský J., Karyological study of Slovakian flora IV. – Acta Fac. Rerum Nat. Univ. Comen., Bot. 30: 1–16. [9] Also 2n=44 (as Iris hungarica Waldst. & Kit.) in 1990 by Zakharjeva, O. I., Numeri Chromosomatum Magnoliophytorum Florae URSS, Aceraceae—Menyanthaceae. Nauka, Leninopoli. [9]

Taxonomy

Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica from UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica 2016-05-09 0019.jpg
Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica from UMCS Botanical Garden in Lublin, Poland

It has the common names of Hungarian leafless iris, [2] or Hungarian Iris, [4] [10] or Iris steppe. [1]

The Latin subspecies specific epithet hungarica refers to Hungary, [11] where the iris was originally found.

It was first published and described as Iris hungarica by Waldstein & Kitaibel in 'Descriptiones et icônes plantarum rariorum Hungáriáé'(Descr. Icon. Pl. Hung.) Vol.3 page 251 between 1806 and 1812. [12] [13] [14] In 1909, Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica was published by Gustav Hegi in 'Ill Fl. Mitteleur' Vol.2 page 289. [15] Both were then de-classified as a synonyms of Iris aphylla. [16] Later, Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica was re-classified as a subspecies of Iris aphylla. [6] [14]

It has not been verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service, as of 2 September 2015.

It has not been recognized as a subspecies by Plant list, as of 4 September 2015.

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life. [17]

Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica is an accepted name by the RHS. [18]

Distribution and habitat

Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica is native to south east Europe. [18]

Range

It is found in the Carpathian Mountains, [19] [20] on the Pontic–Caspian steppe, [1] and Pannonian Basin. [2] [21] Also along the foothills of the river Bodrog (in eastern Slovakia and north-eastern Hungary). [22]

Within the countries of Hungary, [6] (within the Zemplén Mountains, [14] near the village of Szendrőlád, [14] and Nyírség, [14] [23] ), Slovakia (or Slovak Republic), [6] [10] [14] Ukraine (within the Cherkassy region, [24] ), [14] Moldova, [1] Romania, [14] [25] [26] (including Transylvania, [1] ) and Italy. [27]

It is not found in the Czech Republic. [2]

It is listed in a checklist of Vascular Flora in Italy, with Iris albicans , Iris bicapitata , Iris foetidissima , Iris germanica , Iris marsica , Iris pallida , Iris planifolia , Iris pseudacorus , Iris pseudopumila , Iris relicta , Iris revoluta Iris setina , Iris sibirica and Iris xiphium . [27]

Habitat

It grows on the steppe grasslands and meadows, [1] [4] [22] (including sandy and semi-dry steppes, [28] [29] ), in rocky meadows, [4] (on andesite, limestone and basalt rocks, [2] ), [1] and (in Moldova) at the edge of the forest clearings. [1] [4]

They can be found at an altitude of up to 1,500 m (4,900 ft)above sea level. [1]

Conservation

Leaves of Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica Iris aphylla ssp. hungarica 2016-05-09 0021.jpg
Leaves of Iris aphylla subsp. hungarica

It was listed on the European Red List of Vascular Plants as Data Deficient (DD) in 2011. [30] [31]

It is listed as 'Vulnerable' on Red List of vascular plants of the Carpathian part of Slovakia in 2014. [32]

It is listed in the Berne Convention (1982), Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC, [2] [31] [33] [34] and the Romanian Government Emergency Ordinance no 236/2000, Annex 3b. [3]

In Romania, it is classed as 'Vulnerable', [3] and is including on a list of protected plants. [2] Since 2002 and 2007, there were 5 confirmed locations in Romania. [33] It is also found within the Bicaz Gorges Haghimas National Park. [25]

In Slovakia, it is classed as 'critically endangered' CR, [2] and it is protected within Slovak Paradise National Park, alongside other at risk species including buxbaumia viridis (a type of moss), Cypripedium calceolus (Lady's Slipper Orchid), Ligularia sibirica , Pulsatilla subslavica , Pulsatilla slavica (Slovak pasque flower) and Adenophora lilifolia. [35] It is also protected within National nature reserve in Dreveník, near Žehra, approximately 60 species are classified as endangered including ( Pulsatilla slavica G. Reuss.), Alpine aster ( Aster alpinus L.), Carpathian harebell ( Campanula carpatica Jacq.), Pontic dragonhead ( Dracocephalum austriacum L.), European columbine ( Aquilegia vulgaris L.), Snowdrop windflower ( Anemone sylvestris L.), Manchurian monk's-hood ( Aconitum variegatum L.), Turk's cap lily ( Lilium martagon L.), St. Lucie cherry ( Cerasus mahaleb (L.) Mill.), Yellow Monkshood ( Aconitum anthora L.), Bladdernut ( Staphylea pinnata L.) and Edelweiss ( Leontopodium alpinum Cass.). [10]

In the Cherkasy region of Ukraine, it is listed in the Red Book as rare and endangered species with Stipa capillata L. . [24] It is also found within the meadows of Sofiyivsky Park. [36]

In Hungary, it is protected by law. [2]

It is threatened due to habitat loss. From infrastructure development, forestry practices (including rejuvenation of forests with spruce). [3] Also loss by invading dominant species such as robinia and pinus species. [23]

Cultivation

It is hardy to Zone 4. [5]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, (it can tolerate rocky soil) in a sunny situation. [5]

It can tolerate dry situations, if planted in humus rich soils. [28]

Propagation

It can be propagated by division of the rhizomes or by seed growing. In the wild the seed are spread by the wind. [3]

Toxicity

Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), and if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also, handling the plant may cause skin irritation or an allergic reaction. [37]

Culture

On 7 February 1967, a stamp was issued in Hungary that shows Iris hungarica. [38]

Related Research Articles

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<i>Iris spuria <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> carthaliniae</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

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<i>Iris aphylla</i> Species of plant

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Iris benacensis is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Italy. It has similar sized leaves and stem, and blue-purple shaded flowers, that have a white, blue and yellow beard. It was once classified as a synonym of Iris aphylla, before being re-classified as a species in its own right, although some sources still call it a synonym. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris furcata</i> Species of plant

Iris furcata, the forked iris, is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Caucasus Mountains, in the countries of Moldavia and the southern Ukraine. It has short, narrow, sword-shaped leaves. A slender stem, that branches beyond the midpoint, holding small purple, deep purple, blue-violet, light blue or violet flowers. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. It is often regarded as a synonym of Iris aphylla, but it has chromosomal and morphological differences, so it may considered to be a parent species instead.

Iris perrieri is a plant species in the genus Iris; it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Savoy Alps in southern France and recently in Italy. It has green, deeply ribbed, sickle shaped leaves, a slender stem with a branch, 1–3 scented flowers that are violet or purple, with a white or pale blue beard. It is rarely cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, due to its rarity in the wild. It was once thought to be a form of Iris aphylla, before cell (chromosome) analysis determined it to be a separate species.

<i>Iris subbiflora</i> Species of plant

Iris subbiflora is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from Portugal and Spain in Europe. It has evergreen broad leaves, forming dense clumps, it has dwarf stems in late spring,, with 1 upright fragrant flower, in shades of purple, light red purple, grey-blue, blue-violet, or dark violet. It has a beard which is generally blue, purple, or violet, but can fade to white, dull yellow, or dark yellow. After being found in 1804, it was once a separate species until the late 70s, when it was reclassified as subspecies of Iris lutescens, and renamed Iris lutescens subsp. subbiflora. But in the 80s it was returned to an independent species but some authors and references still class the species as a synonym or subspecies. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

<i>Iris acutiloba</i> Species of plant

Iris acutiloba is a species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus of Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the mountains of the Caucasus and found in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Dagestan in the North Caucasus, and Iran. It is a dwarf species, with narrow, falcate or curved leaves, it has one flower in spring or early summer, that comes in shades from cream, creamy white, whitish, pale brown, light grey, to pale violet. It is heavily veined or streaked and pointed, with 2 dark spots and brown, purple, dark purple, or black short beard. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions. There are two subspecies, Iris acutiloba subsp. lineolata and Iris acutiloba subsp. longitepala.

<i>Iris iberica <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> elegantissima</i> Subspecies of flowering plant

Iris iberica subsp. elegantissima is a subspecies in the genus Iris, subgenus Iris and section Oncocyclus. It is a subspecies of Iris iberica and is a rhizomatous perennial, from Armenia, Turkey and Iran. It has large, thin and falcate (sickle-shaped) leaves, slender stem with a single flower between April and May. It has a white, cream or pale yellow ground, which is covered in dark veining or speckling in violet, mauve, purple or brown shades. The larger standards are paler, normally white and less veined. The falls, have darker veining and a dark signal patch and brown or purple beard. It is commonly known as Iris elegantissima, especially in Europe and Russia. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions, but normally needs some protection during the winter period.

<i>Tulipa hungarica</i> Species of plant in the genus Tulipa

Tulipa hungarica, the Danube tulip, Banat tulip or Rhodope tulip, is a species of flowering plant in the family Liliaceae. It is also in the subgenus Tulipa. It is found on the rocky mountainsides of Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary and Slovenia, especially along the gorges of the river Danube. It has small bright yellow flowers in spring and blue-grey leaves.

References

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Sources

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