Kubachi language

Last updated
Kubachi
Kubachin
гӀюгъбугъан куб/гъай [1]
Pronunciation[ʡūˁʁbugankub/ʁaj]
Native to North Caucasus
Region Dagestan
Native speakers
7,000 (2020) [2]
Northeast Caucasian
Cyrillic script
Language codes
ISO 639-3 ugh
Glottolog kuba1248
Dargwa map (Koryakov) 2021.png
  Kubachi

Kubachi (alternatively Kubachin) is a language in the Dargin dialect continuum spoken in Dagestan, Russia, by Kubachi people. [3] It is often considered a divergent dialect of Dargwa, but it has also historically been portrayed as a separate language. Ethnologue lists it as a separate language. [2]

Contents

Phonology

Vowels

Vowel phonemes of Kubachi
Front Back
plain phar. plain phar.
close short[u]уu[uˤ]уӏü
long [uː]ууuu[uˤː]ууӏüü
near-close short[ɪ]иi[ɪˤ]иӏï
long [ɪː]ииii[ɪˤː]ииӏïï
open-mid short[ɛ]еe[ɛˤ]еӏë
long [ɛː]eeee[ɛˤː]eeӏëë
open short[ɑ]аa[ɑˤ]аӏä
long [ɑː]aaaa[ɑˤː]aaӏää

Consonants

The glottal stop transcribed here is named rather ambiguously a "glottalic laryngeal" by both sources.[ which? ]

Consonant phonemes of Kubachi
BilabialDentalAlveolarPalatalVelarUvularPharyngealGlottal
plain labialized plain labialized
Nasal[m]мm[n]нn
Plosive voiced [b]бb[d]дd[g]гg[gʷ]гвgw[ʡ]гӏÿ[ʔ]ъy
aspirated [pʰ]пp[tʰ]тt[kʰ]кk[kʷʰ]квkw[qʰ]къq[qʷʰ]къвqw
fortis [pː]ппpp[tː]ттtt[kː]ккkk[kʷː]кквkkw[qː]ккъqq[qʷː]ккъвqqw
ejective [pʼ]пӏpʼ[tʼ]тӏtʼ[kʼ]кӏkʼ[kʷʼ]кӏвkʼw[qʼ]кьqʼ[qʷʼ]кьвqʼw
Affricate aspirated [t͡sʰ]цc[t͡ʃʰ]чç[q͡χʰ]хъqx[q͡χʷʰ]хъвqxw
fortis [t͡sː]ццcc[t͡ʃː]ччçç
ejective [t͡sʼ]цӏcʼ[t͡ʃʼ]чӏçʼ
Fricative voiced [z]зz[ʒ]жẑ[ʁ]гъĝ[ʁʷ]гъвĝw[ħ]хӏħ[h]гьh
plain[s]сs[ʃ]шş[x]хьĵ[xʷ]хьвĵw[χ]хx[χʷ]хвxw
fortis [sː]ссss[ʃː]шшşş[xː]ххьĵĵ[xʷː]ххьвĵĵw[χː]ххxx[χʷː]ххвxxw
Trill[r]рr
Approximant[w]вv[l]лl[j]йj

The original Dargwic phoneme [r] in Kubachi has become [j] or disappeared, lengthening the neighboring vowel. [4]

Alphabet

A page from the book "MadzhmugI", the only Kubachi-language book to be published before the Russian Revolution, written in the Arabic script, published in 1913. MadzhmugI. Proizvedenie na kubachinskom.jpg
A page from the book "МаджмугI", the only Kubachi-language book to be published before the Russian Revolution, written in the Arabic script, published in 1913.
А а

/ɑ/

Б б

/b/

В в

/w/

Г г

/g/

Гъ гъ

/ʁ/

Гь гь

/ɦ/

Д д

/d/

Е е

/e/;/je/

Ё ё

/jɔ/

Ж ж

/ʒ/

З з

/z/

И и

/i/

Й й

/j/

К к

/k/

Кк кк

/kː/

Къ къ

/qʰ/

Кь кь

/qʼ/

Кӏ кӏ

/kʼ/

Л л

/l/

М м

/m/

Н н

/n/

О о

/n/

П п

/pʰ/

Пп пп

/pː/

Пӏ пӏ

/pʼ/

Р р

/r/

С с

/s/

Сс сс

/sː/

Т т

/t/

Тт тт

/tː/

Тӏ тӏ

/tʼ/

У у

/u/

Ф ф

/f/

Х х

/χ/

Хх хх

/χː/

Хъ хъ

/qʰ/

Хь хь

/x/

Хьхь хьхь

/xː/

Хӏ хӏ

/ʜ/;/ħ/

Ц ц

/ts/

Цц цц

/tsː/

Цӏ цӏ

/tsʼ/

Ч ч

/tʃ/

Чч чч

/tʃː/

Чӏ чӏ

/tʃʼ/

Ш ш

/ʃ/

Шш шш

/ʃː/

Ъ ъ

/ʔ/

Э э

/e/

Ю ю

/ju/

Я я

/ja/,/jə/

References

  1. 1 2 3 Коряков, Юрий (2021). "Даргинские языки и их классификация" [Dargwa languages and their classification]. In Майсак, Т. А.; Сумбатова, Н. Р.; Тестелец, Я. Г. (eds.). Дурхъаси Хазна. Сборник Статей К 60-Летию Р. О. Муталова / Ред. Т. А. Майсак, Н. Р. Сумбатова, Я. Г. Тестелец. М.: Буки ВедиДурхъаси хазна. Сборник статей к 60-летию Р. О. Муталова (in Russian). Буки Веди. pp. 139–154. ISBN   978-5-6045633-5-9.
  2. 1 2 Kubachi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed Access logo transparent.svg
  3. ↑ Akiner, Shirin (1986). Islamic Peoples Of The Soviet Union. Routledge. p. 259. ISBN   978-1-136-14274-1.
  4. ↑ "Languages". DOBES. Retrieved 2024-10-12.
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