Caucasian Albanian language

For the Indo-European language, see Albanian language.

Aghwan
Old Udi Gargarian Caucasian Albanian
A 7th-century column capital with Caucasian Albanian text
Native to	Caucasian Albania
Era	6th–8th century AD. Developed into Udi [1]
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Lezgic Samur Eastern Samur Aghwan
Writing system	Caucasian Albanian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xag
Linguist List	xag
Glottolog	aghw1237

Caucasian Albanian (also called Old Udi, Aluan or Aghwan) ^[2] is an extinct member of the Northeast Caucasian languages. It was spoken in Caucasian Albania, which stretched from current day south Dagestan to Azerbaijan. Linguists believe it is an early linguistic predecessor to the endangered Northeast Caucasian Udi language. ^[3] The distinct Caucasian Albanian alphabet used 52 letters.

Caucasian Albanian possibly corresponds to the "Gargarian" language identified by medieval Armenian historians. Despite its name, Caucasian Albanian bears no linguistic relationship whatsoever with the Albanian language spoken in Albania, which belongs to the Indo-European family.

Discovery and decipherment

The existence of the Caucasian Albanian literature was known only indirectly before the late 20th century. Koryun's Life of Mashtots, written in the 5th century but only surviving in much later corrupted manuscripts, and Movses Kaghankatvatsi's History of the Caucasian Albanians, written in the 10th century, attribute the conversion of the Caucasian Albanians to Christianity to two missionaries, Enoch and Dana, and the creation of the Caucasian Albanian alphabet to the Armenian scholar Mesrop Mashtots. A certain Bishop Jeremiah then translated the Christian Bible into their language. As recently as 1977, Bruce Metzger could write that "nothing of [this] version has survived". ^[4]

In 1996, Zaza Aleksidze of the Centre of Manuscripts in Tbilisi, Georgia, discovered a palimpsest ^[5] at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai, Egypt, with an unknown script. ^[6] He went on to identify the alphabet as Caucasian Albanian, ^[7] and to identify the manuscript as an early Christian lectionary from about the 5th or 6th century. The lectionary may be the earliest extant lectionary in the Christian religion. ^[8]

Then linguists Jost Gippert and Wolfgang Schulze got involved with the Caucasian Albanian alphabet. ^[9] Specialized x-ray equipment was used, which made it possible to read the Caucasian Albanian palimpsest texts in their entirety. ^[10] A list of Caucasian Albanian month names, which survived in a number of medieval manuscripts, gave one of the clues to the language. ^[9] In 2017, two additional texts of Caucasian Albanian were discovered in Saint Catherine's Monastery. ^[11] The original text on the palimpsests was erased anywhere between the 4th and 12th century. ^[12]

History

The Greek author Strabo (died 1st century AD) reports that the Caucasian Albanians spoke 26 different languages "for want of mutual intercourse with each other". It is supposed that most of the Caucasian Albanians were speakers of Lezgic languages, along with some Iranian and Kartvelian-speaking tribes. The Caucasian Albanian language probably developed from the language (or dialect) of one of the Lezgic-speaking tribes of the country which had risen to socio-economic and cultural prominence; Aleksan Hakobyan refers to it as a "pan-Albanian Koine ". After the creation of the Caucasian Albanian alphabet in the early 5th century, the Caucasian Albanian language became the official language of the Caucasian Albanian Church. However, Caucasian Albanian does not appear to have found broad acceptance as the common language of the Albanian tribes, and from the beginning it shared its official status in the Church with Armenian. It lost its official status within the Church after the shift of the Albanian capital to Partaw, south of the Kura River. It survived as the language of church services in the Caucasian Albanian lands north of the Kura but ultimately fell into disuse as a written language, giving way to Armenian and Georgian. ^[13]

The geographer Istakhri (writing c. 930) reports that al-rānīya was spoken in "the country of Bardha'a [the Arabic name for Partaw]". ( Arran or al-Ran is the term used in Muslim sources for Caucasian Albania.) His continuators, Ibn Hawqal and al-Maqdisi, give slightly differing information: Ibn Hawqal writes that the "inhabitants of Bardha'a speak al-rānīya" while al-Maqdisi says "in Arran [they speak] al-rānīya". A number of scholars conclude from these reports that Caucasian Albanian was spoken in Bardha'a and the surrounding area in the 10th century. Hakobyan thinks that the speakers of al-rānīya/Caucasian Albanian were only located to the north of the Kura. ^[14] According to Wolfgang Schulze, "it is a matter of dispute whether this language [al-rānīya] was 'Albanian' at all. Instead, one might assume that we have to deal with a local Northwest Iranian variety." ^[15]

The Udi language, spoken by the Udi people in Armenia, Georgia, Azerbaijan and elsewhere, is closely related to Caucasian Albanian and may be its direct descendant. ^[16]

Texts

The deciphered text of the lectionary includes excerpts from the Hebrew Bible ( Psalms and Isaiah ) ^[2] and from the New Testament ( Acts of the Apostles the gospels of Matthew , Mark and Luke , and the epistles of Romans , 1 Corinthians , 2 Corinthians , Galatians , Ephesians , 1 Thessalonians , 2 Thessalonians , 1 Timothy , 2 Timothy , Hebrews , 2 Peter , 1 John and James ). ^{[2] [17] [18]} Text from the Gospel of John , separate from the lectionary, was also found. Its text proved much more difficult to recover and on some pages it can only be identified by the Eusebian canons at the bottom of the page. This was likely a complete gospel originally, ^[2] and it is possible that the whole Bible had at some point been translated into Caucasian Albanian. ^[17]

The Caucasian Albanian translation of the Bible relies predominantly on Old Armenian translations, but it deviates from the known Armenian text in several places, suggesting that the original Greek and possibly Georgian and Syriac translations were also used as source texts. ^[2]

Apart from the Caucasian Albanian palimpsests kept at Mt. Sinai, the most famous samples of Caucasian Albanian inscriptions were found in 1949 during excavations in Mingachevir region, Azerbaijan. Among the known Caucasian Albanian words are zow (I), own (and) and avel-om (much, ordinal form). ^[19]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Postalveolar	Palatal	Velar	Guttural	Glottal
			plain	palatalized
Nasal		m	n	nʲ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t				k	q
	voiced	b	d	dʲ			ɡ
	ejective	p’	t’	tʲ’			k’	q’
Affricate	voiceless		ts		tʃ	tɕ
	voiced		dz	dzʲ	dʒ	dʑ
	ejective		ts’		tʃ’	tɕ’
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ʃ	ɕ	x	χ	h
	voiced	v	z		ʒ	ʑ	ɣ	ʕ
Approximant		w	l	lʲ		j	w
Trill			r

Vowels

	Front		Back
	Unrounded	rounded
Close	i	y	u
Mid	e		o
Open	a		ɒ

Grammar

Pronouns

Caucasian Albanian third-person pronouns did not exist – demonstratives were used instead. ^{[20] : 186}

	1sg	1pl	2sg	2pl
Absolutive/Ergative	zow	žan	vown	vʕan
Genitive/Possessive	b-ez-i	b-eš-i	vē (~ ve-y)	b-ʕef-i
Dative I	za	ža	va	vʕa
Dative II	zax	žax	vax	vʕax
Dative III	zas	žas	vas	vʕas

References

1. "Aghwan". LINGUIST List . Retrieved 29 May 2024. 6th-8th Centuries AD.
2. Gippert, Jost; Schulze, Wolfgang (2007). "Some remarks on the Caucasian Albanian palimpsests". Iran and the Caucasus. 11 (2): 201–211. doi:10.1163/157338407X265441.
3. Zaza Aleksidze, "Udi Language: Comparing Ancient Albanian with Contemporary Udi," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), p. 43.
4. Bruce M. Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament: Their Origin, Transmission, and Limitations (Oxford University Press, 1977), p. 303.
5. Zaza Aleksidze, "Caucasian Albanian Script: The Significance of Decipherment," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), p. 56.
6. Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair, in "Caucasian Albanian Alphabet, Ancient Script Discovered in the Ashes," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 38-41.
7. Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair, "Quick Facts: The Caucasian Albanian Script," Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), p. 43.
8. Zaza Aleksidze and Betty Blair, in "The Albanian Script: The Process - How Its Secrets Were Revealed," in Azerbaijan International, Vol. 11:3 (Autumn 2003), pp. 41-51..
9. Wolfgang Schulze. "Towards a history of Udi" (PDF). Papers of the IFEA Round Table. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
10. Zaza Alexidze (2007). "Discovery and Decipherment of Caucasian Albanian Writing" (PDF). Bulletin of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
11. Scientists find languages not used since Dark Ages among ancient manuscripts recovered from monastery.
12. Sarah Lasgow "Found: Hidden Examples of Long-Lost Languages in Centuries-Old Palimpsests"
13. Hakobyan, Aleksan (2023). "12. The Ethnic Situation in Antique and Medieval Caucasian Albania". In Gippert, Jost; Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (eds.). Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook. De Gruyter. pp. 476–477, 480–481, 483. doi:10.1515/9783110794687-014. ISBN   978-3-11-079468-7.
14. Akopian, Aleksan (2022) [1st pub. 1987]. Albaniia-Aluank v greko-latinskikh i drevnearmianskikh istochnikakhАлбания-Алуанк в греко-латинских и древнеармянских источниках[Albania-Aluank in the Greek-Latin and Old-Armenian Sources] (in Russian) (2nd, rev. ed.). Yerevan: Gitutyun. pp. 126, note 3. ISBN   978-5-8080-1485-5.
15. Schulze, Wolfgang (22 October 2018). "Caucasian Albanian and the Question of Language and Ethnicity". In Mumm, Peter-Arnold (ed.). Sprachen, Völker und Phantome: Sprach- und kulturwissenschaftliche Studien zur Ethnizität. De Gruyter. pp. 290–291. doi:10.1515/9783110601268-008. ISBN   978-3-11-060126-8.
16. Schulze, Wolfgang; Gippert, Jost (5 June 2023). "5. Caucasian Albanian and Modern Udi". In Gippert, Jost; Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (eds.). Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 231, 233. doi:10.1515/9783110794687-005. ISBN   978-3-11-079468-7. […] it can safely be stated today that the language of the present-day Udis is a close relative, if not a direct descendant, of the Caucasian Albanian language of the Middle Ages, with an interrelation which is similar to the one between Old Armenian (Grabar) and Modern East Armenian.
17. For Acts, see Wolfgang Schulze, "Aspects of Udi–Iranian Language Contact", in Uwe Bläsing, Victoria Arakelova and Matthias Weinreich (eds.), Studies on Iran and The Caucasus: In Honour of Garnik Asatrian on the Occasion of His 60th Birthday (Leiden: Brill, 2015), pp. 373–401, at 376.
18. See photo of Albanian script of 2 Corinthians 11:26–27 with its repetition of the phrase in "I was persecuted," which helped unlock the key to the alphabet for Aleksidze.
19. Wolfgang Schulze (2003). "Caucasian Albanian - Palimpsest and Inscriptions". Leibniz-Rechenzentrum. Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
20. Gippert, Jost; Schulze, Wolfgang (2023). "4: The Language of the Caucasian Albanians". In Gippert, Jost; Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (eds.). Caucasian Albanian: an International Handbook. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 167–229. doi: 10.1515/9783110794687-004 . ISBN   9783110794687.

Further reading

• Aleksidzé, Zaza (2020). "The deciphering of the script of the Caucasian Albanians". In Hoyland, Robert (ed.). From Albania to Arrān: The East Caucasus between the Ancient and Islamic Worlds (ca. 330 BCE–1000 CE). Piscataway, NJ, USA: Gorgias Press. pp. 335–350. doi:10.31826/9781463239893-018.
• Gippert, Jost; Schulze, Wolfgang (2023). "The Language of the Caucasian Albanians". In Gippert, Jost; Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (eds.). Caucasian Albania: An International Handbook. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 167–230. doi:10.1515/9783110794687-004.