List of Christian theologians

See also: History of theology

This is a list of notable Christian theologians listed chronologically by century of birth.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

1st century

• Apostle Paul of Tarsus (died c. 60–65) ^[1]
• Papias of Hierapolis (c. 60 – c. 130)
• Apostle James, Son of Zebedee
• Apostle Simon Peter
• Apostle John, Son of Zebedee
• Deacon Philip
• Deacon Stephen the Protomartyr
• Ignatius of Antioch (c. 35 or 50 – between 98 and 117)
• Polycarp (c. 69 – c. 155)
• Clement of Rome (fl. c. 96)

2nd century

• Valentinus (c. 100 – c. 160) ^[2]
• Quadratus of Athens (fl. 124/125)
• Basilides (died c. 132)
• Aristides the Athenian (died c. 133 or fl. c. 140)
• Aristo of Pella (fl. c. 140)
• Marcion (c. 110 – c. 160) ^[3]
• Justin Martyr (c. 110 – c. 165) ^[4]
• Hegesippus (c. 110 – 180)
• Melito of Sardis (died c. 180)
• Athenagoras of Athens (c. 133 – c. 190)
• Dionysius of Corinth (fl. c. 171)
• Heracleon (fl. c. 175)
• Apollinaris Claudius (fl. c. 177)
• Ptolemy (fl. c. 180)
• Pantaenus (died c. 200)
• Irenaeus of Lyons (died c. 202)
• Apollonius of Ephesus (fl. c. 180 – c. 210)
• Serapion of Antioch (died 211)
• Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – 211 or 216)
• Bardaisan (154–222/3)
• Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220)
• Origen (c. 184 – c. 253)

3rd century

• Minucius Felix (2nd or 3rd century) ^[5]
• Caius, Presbyter of Rome (early 3rd century)
• Hippolytus of Rome (c. 170 – c. 236) ^[3]
• Origen of Alexandria (c. 184 – 254)
• Sabellius (fl. c. 215)
• Cyprian (c. 200 – c. 258)
• Novatian (c. 200 – 258)
• Paul of Samosata (c. 200 – c. 275)
• Dionysius of Alexandria (died 265)
• Gregory Thaumaturgus (c. 213 – c. 270)
• Methodius of Olympus (died c. 311)
• Lucian of Antioch (c. 240 – 312)
• Lactantius (c. 240 – c. 320)
• Arius (256 – 336)
• Aphrahat (ܐܦܪܗܛ,c. 280 – c. 345)
• Athanasius of Alexandria (296–373) ^[6]

4th century

• Ephrem the Syrian (c. 306–373) ^[7]
• Hilary of Poitiers (c. 310 – c. 367)
• Arnobius of Sicca (died c. 330)
• Basil of Caesarea (c. 330 – 379)
• Gregory of Nyssa (c. 330 – c. 395)
• Gregory Nazianzus (329–389)
• Evagrius Ponticus(345-399)
• Ambrose (337/340 – 397) ^[6]
• John Chrysostom (347–407)
• Jerome (347–420)
• Augustine (354–430) ^[6]
• Cyril of Alexandria (c. 376 – 444)
• Nestorius (c. 386 – c. 451)

5th century

• Isaac of Antioch (fl. 5th c.)
• Boethius (c. 477–525)

6th century

• Gregory the Great (540–604)
• Isidore of Seville (c. 560–636)

7th century

• Maximus the Confessor (c. 580–662)
• Isaac of Nineveh (died c. 700)

8th century

• Bede (672/673–735)
• John of Damascus (c. 675–749)
• Paschasius Radbertus (785–865)

9th century

• Claudius of Turin (died 839)
• Ratramnus of Corbia (died 868)
• Johannes Scotus Eriugena (810–877)
• Gottschalk of Orbais (808-878)

10th century

• Arnulf of Orleans

11th century

• Berengar of Tours (999-1088)
• Anselm (1033–1109)
• Peter Abelard (1079–1142)
• Bernard of Clairvaux (1090–1153)
• Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179)

12th century

• Peter Lombard (c. 1096–1159)
• Peter Waldo (c. 1140–1205)
• Dominic de Guzman (1170–1221)
• Francis of Assisi (c. 1181–1226)

13th century

• Albertus Magnus (c. 1200–1280)
• Bonaventure (1221–1274)
• Thomas Aquinas (1224–1274)
• Peter Quesnel (died 1299)
• Meister Eckhart (1260–1328)
• Scotus Johannes Duns (c. 1265 – c. 1308)
• William of Ockham (1285–1347)

14th century

• Dionigi di Borgo San Sepolcro (1300–1342)
• Bridget of Sweden (1303–1373)
• John Wycliffe (c.1323–1384)
• Catherine of Siena (1347–1380)
• Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415)
• Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471)

15th century

• Nicholas of Cusa (1401–1464)
• Desiderius Erasmus (1469–1536) ^[3]
• Martin Luther (1483–1546)
• Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531)
• Thomas Cranmer (1489–1556)
• Thomas Müntzer (c. 1489–1525)
• Martin Bucer (1491–1551)
• Ignatius of Loyola (c. 1491–1556)
• Menno Simons (1496–1561)
• Philip Melanchthon (1497–1560)

16th century

• Alexander Alesius (1500–1565)
• John of Avila (1500–1569)
• Heinrich Bullinger (1504–1575)
• John Calvin (1509–1564)
• Michael Servetus (1511–1553)
• John Knox (c. 1513–1572)
• Teresa of Avila (1515–1582)
• Theodore Beza (1519–1605)
• Peter Baro (1534–1599)
• Caspar Coolhaes (1536–1615)
• Herman Witsius (1636–1708)
• Charles Borromeo (1538–1584)
• John of the Cross (1542–1591)
• Johannes Piscator (1546–1625)
• Richard Hooker (1554–1600)
• Lancelot Andrewes (1555–1626)
• Johannes Wtenbogaert (1557–1644)
• William Perkins (1558–1602)
• Jacob Arminius (1560–1609)
• Anton Praetorius (1560–1613)
• Daniel Tilenus (1563–1633)
• Francis de Sales (1567–1622) ^[3]
• William Laud (1573–1645)
• Willem van der Codde (1574 – c.1630)
• Thomas Helwys (c. 1575 – c. 1616),
• Jakob Boehme (1575–1624)
• Samuel Brooke (1575–1631)
• Eduard Poppius (c. 1576–1624)
• Jacobus Taurinus (1576–1618)
• Gerardus Vossius (1577–1649)
• Thomas Jackson (1579–1640)
• Johannes Arnoldi Corvinus (c. 1582–1650)
• Johann Gerhard (1582–1637)
• Simon Episcopius (1583–1643)
• Hugo Grotius (1583–1645)
• Zachary Boyd (1585–1653)
• Dirk Rafelsz Camphuysen (1586–1627)
• Étienne de Courcelles (1586–1659)
• Caspar Barlaeus (1584–1648)
• John Goodwin (1593–1665)
• Moses Amyraut (1596–1664)

17th century

• Petrus Serrarius (1600–1669)
• Owen Feltham (c. 1602–1668)
• Henry Hammond (1605–1660)
• John Milton (1608–1674)
• Laurence Womock (1612–1686)
• John Pearson (1613–1686)
• Jeremy Taylor (1613–1667)
• Richard Baxter (1615–1691)
• John Owen (1616–1683)
• Francis Turretin (1623–1687)
• George Fox (1624–1691)
• Simon Patrick (1626–1707)
• John Flavel (1627–1691) ^[3]
• Stephen Charnock (1628–1680)
• Philipp van Limborch (1633–1712)
• George Bull (1634–1710)
• Thomas Grantham (1634–1692)
• Thomas Burnet (c. 1635–1715)
• Philipp Jakob Spener (1635–1705)
• Edward Stillingfleet (1635–1699)
• Gilbert Burnet (1643–1715)
• Isaac Jacquelot (1647–1708)
• Fénelon (1651–1715)
• Jean Leclerc (1657–1736)
• Emanuel Swedenborg (1688–1772)
• Johann Jakob Wettstein (1693–1754)
• John Gill (1697–1771)

18th century

• Nicolas Ludwig Count von Zinzendorf (1700–1760)
• Jonathan Edwards (1703–1758)
• John Wesley (1703–1791)
• Charles Wesley (1707–1788)
• George Whitefield (1714–1770)
• John Brown (1722–1787)
• John Fletcher (1729–1785)
• Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729–1781)
• Ignaz Wurz (1731–1784)
• John Hey (1734–1815)
• Thomas Coke (1747–1814)
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831)
• Aaron Bancroft (1755–1839)
• Heinrich Paulus (1761–1851)
• Adam Clarke (1762–1832)
• Friedrich Schleiermacher (1768–1834)
• Archibald Alexander (1772–1851)
• Lyman Beecher (1775–1863)
• Nathan Bangs (1778–1862)
• Thomas Hartwell Horne (1780–1862)
• Richard Watson (1781–1833)
• Nathaniel William Taylor (1786–1858)
• Charles Grandison Finney (1792–1875)
• Wilbur Fisk (1792–1839)
• Charles Hodge (1797–1878)

19th century

• John Henry Newman (1801–1890)
• Christian Hermann Weisse (1801–1866)
• Leonard Bacon (1802–1881)
• Horace Bushnell (1802–1876)
• Frederick Denison Maurice (1805–1872)
• Horatius Bonar (1808–1889)
• C. F. W. Walther (1811–1887)
• Thomas Osmond Summers (1812–1882)
• Franz Delitzsch (1813–1890)
• Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855)
• John Miley (1813–1895)
• John McClintock (1814–1870)
• James Stuart Russell (1816–1895)
• J. C. Ryle (1816–1900)
• Ransom Dunn (1818–1900)
• Philip Schaff (1819–1893)
• Randolph Sinks Foster (1820–1903)
• Henry C. Sheldon (1820–1877)
• Mary Baker Eddy (1821–1910)
• William Burt Pope (1822–1903)
• Albrecht Ritschl (1822–1889)
• James Strong (1822–1894)
• Willibald Beyschlag (1823–1900)
• A. A. Hodge (1823–1886)
• William Alexander (1824–1911)
• William Booth (1829–1912)
• Frederic William Farrar (1831–1903)
• Heinrich Julius Holtzmann (1832–1910)
• James Strong (1833–1913)
• William Fairfield Warren (1833–1929)
• Charles Spurgeon (1834–1892)
• Henry Barclay Swete (1835–1918)
• Augustin Gretillat (1837–1894)
• Abraham Kuyper (1837–1920)
• Paul Petter Waldenström (1838-1917)
• Peter Taylor Forsyth (1842–1921)
• Albert Benjamin Simpson (1843–1919)
• C. I. Scofield (1843–1921)
• Borden Parker Bowne (1847–1910)
• Hugh Price Hughes (1847–1902)
• Bernhard Stade (1848–1906)
• Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930)
• B. B. Warfield (1851–1921)
• Franz Pieper (1852–1931)
• Charles Taze "Pastor" Russell (1852–1916)
• Herman Bavinck (1854–1921)
• Max Reischle (1858–1905)
• Walter Rauschenbusch (1861–1918)
• Billy Sunday (1862–1935)
• Geerhardus Vos (1862–1949)
• Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862–1961)
• Richard C. H. Lenski (1864–1936)
• Rudolf Otto (1869–1937)
• William Henry Chamberlin (1870–1921)
• Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944)
• Lewis Sperry Chafer (1871–1952)
• Louis Berkhof (1873–1957)
• Albert C. Knudson (1873–1953)
• Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948) ^[8]
• Karl Heim (1874–1958)
• Albert Schweitzer (1875–1965)
• Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange (1877–1964)
• H. Orton Wiley (1877–1961)
• Mary Ely Lyman (1880s – 1975)
• Nikolaj Velimirović (1880–1956)
• Edwin Lewis (1881–1959)
• John Gresham Machen (1881–1937)
• William Temple (1881–1944)
• Johannes Pedersen (1883–1977)
• Edgar S. Brightman (1884–1953)
• Rudolf Karl Bultmann (1884–1976)
• Étienne Gilson (1884–1978)
• E. Stanley Jones (1884–1973)
• Oliver Chase Quick (1885–1944)
• Karl Barth (1886–1968) ^[9]
• Paul Tillich (1886–1965)
• Friedrich Gogarten (1887–1967)
• Vincent Taylor (1887–1968)
• Emil Brunner (1889–1966) ^[10]
• Dietrich von Hildebrand (1889–1977)
• Leonard Hodgson (1889–1969)
• Anders Nygren (1890–1978)
• Georgia Harkness (1891–1974)
• Reinhold Niebuhr (1892–1971)
• Dorothy Sayers (1893–1957)
• H. Richard Niebuhr (1894–1962)
• Fulton Sheen (1895–1979)
• Cornelius Van Til (1895–1987)
• Henri de Lubac (1896–1991)
• Mildred Barker (1897–1990)
• Dorothy Day (1897–1980)
• A. W. Tozer (1897–1963)
• C. S. Lewis (1898–1963)
• John Murray (1898–1975)
• Howard Thurman (1899-1981)
• Martyn Lloyd-Jones (1899–1981)

20th century

• Gerhard von Rad (1901–1971)
• Gordon Clark (1902–1985)
• Oscar Cullmann (1902–1999)
• Watchman Nee (1903–1972)
• Dumitru Stăniloae (1903–1993)
• Yves Congar (1904–1995)
• Bernard Lonergan (1904–1984)
• Joseph Sittler (1904–1987)
• Karl Rahner (1904–1984)
• J. Vernon McGee (1904–1988)
• Hans Urs von Balthasar (1905–1988) ^[6]
• Eric Lionel Mascall (1905–1993)
• Mildred Bangs Wynkoop (1905–1997)
• Dietrich Bonhoeffer (1906–1945) ^[11]
• Joseph Clifford Fenton (1906–1969)
• Albert C. Outler (1908–1989)
• F. F. Bruce (1910–1990)
• W. T. Purkiser (1910–1992)
• John Walvoord (1910–2002)
• George Eldon Ladd (1911–1982)
• Frank Stagg (1911–2001)
• Alan Walker (1911–2003)
• Jacques Ellul (1912–1994)
• Francis Schaeffer (1912–1984)
• Dafydd Rhys ap Thomas (1912–2011)
• Carl F. H. Henry (1913–2003)
• Anthony A. Hoekema (1913–1988)
• Bolaji Idowu (1913–1993)
• Thomas F. Torrance (1913–2007)
• Leon Lamb Morris (1914–2006)
• Thomas Berry (1914–2009)
• Hebe Charlotte Kohlbrugge (1914–2016)
• Anthony of Sourozh (Andrei Borisovich Bloom, 1914–2003)
• Vernon Grounds (1914–2010)
• Edward Schillebeeckx (1914–2009)
• Markus Barth (1915–1994)
• Thomas Merton (1915–1968)
• Derek Prince (1915–2003)
• J. Dwight Pentecost (1915–2014)
• Marie-Émile Boismard (1916–2004)
• William Ragsdale Cannon (1916–1997)
• Stanley Monroe Horton (1916–2014)
• Victor Paul Wierwille (1916–1985)
• C. K. Barrett (1917–2011)
• G. B. Caird (1917–1984)
• Edmund Clowney (1917–2005)
• Avery Dulles (1918–2008) ^[12]
• Billy Graham (1918–2018)
• J. Rodman Williams (1918–2008)
• Langdon Gilkey (1919–2004) ^[13]
• John Macquarrie (1919–2007)
• Catharina Halkes (1920–2011)
• Karol Wojtyła (Pope John Paul II) (1920–2005)
• J. Kenneth Grider (1921–2006)
• George Wesley Buchanan (1921–2019)
• Alexander Schmemann (1921–1983)
• John Stott (1921–2011)
• John Hick (1922–2012)
• Hans Wilhelm Frei (1922–1988) ^[14]
• James M. Houston (born 1922)
• Meredith G. Kline (1922–2007)
• John Alexander Motyer (1924–2016)
• John B. Cobb (1925–2024) ^[15]
• James Leo Garrett Jr. (1925–2020)
• John J McNeill (1925–2015)
• Charles Ryrie (1925–2016)
• Frederick Buechner (1926–2022)
• H. Ray Dunning (born 1926)
• Jurgen Moltmann (1926–2024)
• J. I. Packer (1926–2020)
• Thomas J. J. Altizer (1927–2018) ^[16]
• Gerhard Forde (1927–2005)
• Chuck Smith (1927–2013)
• Joseph Ratzinger (Pope Benedict XVI) (1927–2022)
• John Howard Yoder (1927–1997)
• Mary Daly (1928–2010) ^[17]
• Gustavo Gutiérrez (1928–2024)
• Hans Küng (1928–2021)
• Martin E. Marty (born 1928)
• Johann Baptist Metz (1928–2019)
• Wolfhart Pannenberg (1928–2014)
• William Stringfellow (1928–1985)
• Carl Braaten (1929–2023)
• Kwesi Dickson (1929–2005)
• Kosuke Koyama (小山晃佑, 1929–2009)
• Dorothee Soelle (1929–2003)
• James D. Strauss (1929–2014)
• Joseph A. Bracken (born 1930)
• Ignacio Ellacuría (1930–1989)
• Michael Green (1930–2019)
• John Polkinghorne (1930–2021)
• Robert Jenson (1930–2017)
• David Pawson (1930–2020)
• Patricia Reif (1930–2002)
• William L. Lane (1931–1999)
• John S Mbiti (1931–2019)
• Thomas C. Oden (1931–2016)
• Adrian Rogers (1931–2005)
• John Shelby Spong (1931–2021)
• John Zizioulas (1931–2023)
• Millard Erickson (born 1932)
• Norman Geisler (1932–2019)
• Eugene H. Peterson (1932–2018)
• Alvin Plantinga (born 1932)
• Robert L. Reymond (1932–2013)
• Charles Stanley (1932–2023)
• Rubem Alves (1933–2014)
• Walter Brueggemann (born 1933)
• Roger T. Forster (born 1933)
• Walter Kaiser Jr. (born 1933)
• Michael Novak (1933–2017)
• Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki (born 1933)
• Charles E. Curran (born 1934)
• Gordon Fee (1934–2022)
• I. Howard Marshall (1934–2015)
• Mercy Oduyoye (born 1934)
• Henry Wansbrough (born 1934)
• Rolland D. McCune (1934–2019)
• Dallas Willard (1935–2013)
• Rosemary Radford Ruether (1936–2022)
• Justo Gonzalez (born 1937)
• Clark Pinnock (1937–2010)
• Anthony Thiselton (1937–2023)
• Ed Parish Sanders (1937–2022)
• Richard Thomas France (1938–2012)
• Leonardo Boff (born 1938) ^[18]
• David J. A. Clines (1938–2022)
• James Hal Cone (1938–2018) ^[19]
• Jack Cottrell (1938–2022)
• Ronald M. Enroth (1938–2023)
• Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza (born 1938)
• James Montgomery Boice (1938–2000)
• Keith Ward (born 1938)
• James Dunn (1939–2020)
• John Frame (born 1939)
• John F. MacArthur (born 1939)
• R. C. Sproul (1939–2017)
• Matthew Fox (born 1940)
• Stanley Hauerwas (born 1940)
• Walter Klaiber (born 1940)
• John N. Oswalt (born 1940)
• Stephen Tong (born 1940)
• Elizabeth Johnson (born 1941)
• Erwin Lutzer (born 1941)
• George Newlands (born 1941)
• Marcus Borg (1942–2015)
• Grant R. Osborne (1942–2018)
• Paige Patterson (born 1942)
• Lamin Sanneh (1942–2019)
• Marilyn McCord Adams (1943–2017)
• John Lennox (born 1943)
• Douglas Stuart (born 1943)
• Gareth Lee Cockerill (born 1944)
• Klyne Snodgrass (born 1944)
• John Ankerberg (born 1945)
• Kwame Bediako (1945–2008)
• Keith Drury (born 1945)
• D. A. Carson (born 1946)
• John Piper (born 1946)
• Vern Poythress (born 1946)
• Andrew Purves (born 1946)
• John Sailhamer (1946–2017)
• William Willimon (born 1946)
• William J. Abraham (1947–2021)
• Paul S. Fiddes (born 1947)
• Jesse Mugambi (born 1947)
• Greg Bahnsen (1948–1995)
• David Brown (born 1948)
• Marva Dawn (1948–2021)
• Sinclair Ferguson (born 1948)
• Bob Goss (born 1948)
• Wayne Grudem (born 1948)
• Scotty McLennan (born 1948)
• J.P. Moreland (born 1948)
• Michael Plekon (born 1948)
• N. T. Wright (born 1948)
• William Lane Craig (born 1949)
• Ray Comfort (born 1949)
• Chris Glaser (born 1950)
• Stanley Grenz (1950–2005)
• Donald E. Battle (born 1950)
• Gary Habermas (born 1950)
• Timothy J. Keller (1950–2023)
• Katherine Sonderegger (born 1950)
• Rowan Williams (born 1950)
• Nancy Wilson (born 1950)
• Ken Ham (born 1951)
• Ben Witherington (born 1951)
• Marcella Althaus-Reid (1952–2009)
• Joel R. Beeke (born 1952)
• Greg Laurie (born 1952)
• Alistair Begg (born 1952)
• Kenneth J. Collins (born 1952)
• Roger E. Olson (born 1952)
• Carsten Peter Thiede (1952–2004)
• Daniel B. Wallace (born 1952)
• Kent Hovind (born 1953)
• Musimbi Kanyoro (born 1953)
• Catherine Keller (born 1953)
• Randy L. Maddox (born 1953)
• William D. Mounce (born 1953)
• Alister McGrath (born 1953)
• Adele Reinhartz (born 1953)
• Douglas Wilson (born 1953)
• Peter Lampe (born 1954)
• Scott J. Jones (born 1954)
• Thomas R. Schreiner (born 1954)
• Tina Beattie (born 1955)
• Craig Blomberg (born 1955)
• Michael L. Brown (born 1955)
• Skip Heitzig (born 1955)
• Don Thorsen (born 1955)
• Graham Ward (born 1955)
• Robert Jeffress (born 1955)
• Joel B. Green (born 1956)
• Miroslav Volf (born 1956)
• Gregory A. Boyd (born 1957)
• Douglas Groothuis (born 1957)
• Scott Hahn (born 1957)
• Daniela Müller (born 1957)
• Kevin J. Vanhoozer (born 1957)
• Gavin D'Costa (born 1958)
• Robert A. J. Gagnon (born 1958)
• James Alison (born 1959)
• R. Albert Mohler Jr. (born 1959)
• Timothy Tennent (born 1959)
• Yves-Marie Adeline (born 1960)
• Mark Dever (born 1960)
• Craig S. Keener (born 1960)
• Frank Turek (born 1961)
• Peter Enns (born 1961)
• Paul Washer (born 1961)
• Willie James Jennings (born 1961)
• Paul Copan (born 1962)
• Elizabeth Stuart (born 1963)
• Michael Horton (born 1964)
• Seung-Moo Ha (하승무, born 1963)
• David Bentley Hart (born 1965)
• Thomas Jay Oord (born 1965)
• R. C. Sproul, Jr. (born 1965)
• Ken Schenck (born 1966)
• Mikael Mogren (born 1969)
• Robert Arp (born 1970)
• Timothy Paul Jones (born 1973)
• Ulrich L. Lehner (born 1976)
• Heidrun E. Mader (born 1977)
• John L. Drury (born 1978)
• Michael S. Heiser (1963–2023)
• Gavin Ortlund (born 1983)

See also

• List of Catholic philosophers and theologians
• Doctor of the Church ( Catholicism / Orthodox Christianity )
• List of Methodist theologians
• List of Reformed Baptists
• List of renewal theologians
• Christian theologian
• Category:Christian theologians

References

1. Hunkin, J.W. (1929). The Earliest Christian Church. Christian religion: its origin and progress: The rise of the Christian church. Macmillan. p. 48. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
2. Koester, H. (1995). Introduction to the New Testament. Einführung in das Neue Testament. Walter de Gruyter. p. 239. ISBN   978-3-11-014970-8 . Retrieved 6 November 2024.
3. Twomey 2009, p. 232.
4. Twomey 2009, p. 233.
5. Bennett, J. (1841). The theology of the early Christian Church, exhibited in quotations from the writers of the first three centuries. Congregational lect. Jackson and Walford. p. 169. Retrieved 6 November 2024.
6. Twomey 2009, p. 230.
7. Monnickendam, Y. (2020). Jewish Law and Early Christian Identity: Betrothal, Marriage, and Infidelity in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85 ff. ISBN   978-1-108-48032-1 . Retrieved 6 November 2024.
8. Musser & Price 1996, p. 60.
9. Musser & Price 1996, p. 49.
10. Musser & Price 1996, p. 99.
11. Musser & Price 1996, p. 85.
12. Musser & Price 1996, p. 135.
13. Musser & Price 1996, p. 158.
14. Musser & Price 1996, p. 151.
15. Musser & Price 1996, p. 106.
16. Musser & Price 1996, p. 15.
17. Musser & Price 1996, p. 127.
18. Musser & Price 1996, p. 74.
19. Musser & Price 1996, p. 118.

Sources

• Musser, D.W.; Price, J.L. (1996). A New Handbook of Christian Theologians. Abingdon Press. ISBN   978-0-687-27803-9 . Retrieved 6 November 2024.
• Twomey, J. (2009). The Pastoral Epistles Through the Centuries. Wiley Blackwell Bible Commentaries. Wiley. ISBN   978-1-4443-0621-7 . Retrieved 6 November 2024.