List of Quercus species

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The genus Quercus contains about 500 known species, plus about 180 hybrids between them. [1] The genus, as is the case with many large genera, is divided into subgenera and sections. Traditionally, the genus Quercus was divided into the two subgenera Cyclobalanopsis, the ring-cupped oaks, and Quercus, which included all the other sections. However, a comprehensive revision in 2017 identified different relationships. [2] Now the genus is commonly divided into a subgenus Quercus and a subgenus Cerris, with Cyclobalanopsis included in the latter. The sections of subgenus Quercus are mostly native to the New World, with the notable exception of the white oaks of sect. Quercus and the endemic Quercus pontica . In contrast, the sections of the subgenus Cerris are exclusively native to the Old World. [2]

Contents

Unless otherwise indicated, the lists which follow contain all the species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of February 2023, plus selected hybrids that are also accepted, [1] with placement into sections based on a list produced by Denk et al. for their 2017 classification of the genus. [3]

Legend

Species with evergreen foliage ("live oaks") are tagged '#'. Species in the genus have been recategorized between deciduous and evergreen on numerous occasions, although this does not necessarily mean that species in the two groups are closely related.

Subgenus Quercus

Section Quercus

Section Mesobalanus was included in section Quercus in the 2017 classification used here. Other synonyms include Q. sect. Albae and Q. sect. Macrocarpae. The section comprises the white oaks from Europe, Asia, north Africa, Central and North America. [2] Styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless.[ citation needed ]

+Quercus hiholensis acorn in matrix Quercus hiholensis acorn UWBM 56470-3 Pigg & Wehr 2002 Plt2 fig16.png
Quercus hiholensis acorn in matrix

Section Ponticae

Species are native to Western Asia and Western North America. They produce catkins up to 10cm long; the acorns mature annually. [2]

Section Protobalanus

The intermediate oaks. Southwest USA and northwest Mexico. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly.[ citation needed ]

Section Lobatae

The red oaks (synonym sect. Erythrobalanus), native to North, Central and South America. [2] Styles long, acorns mature in 18 months (in most species), [6] very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly.[ citation needed ]

Section Virentes

Section Virentes has also been treated at lower ranks. Species are native south-eastern Northern America, Mexico, the West Indies (Cuba), and Central America. [2] A 2017 classification included seven species: [3]

Subgenus Cerris

Section Cerris

Species are native to Europe, north Africa and Asia. [2] Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless or slightly hairy.[ citation needed ]

Section Ilex

Species in section Ilex are native to Eurasia and northern Africa. [2] Styles medium-long; acorns mature in 12–24 months, appearing hairy on the inside. Evergreen leaves, with bristle-like extensions on the teeth. (Sister group to sect. Cerris and sometimes included in it.)[ citation needed ]

Section Cyclobalanopsis

Illustration of Quercus lamellosa, showing acorns in clusters, with visible rings on their cups Quercus lamellosa.jpg
Illustration of Quercus lamellosa, showing acorns in clusters, with visible rings on their cups

The ring-cupped oaks (synonym genus Cyclobalanopsis), native to eastern and southeastern tropical Asia. They have corns with distinctive cups bearing concrescent rings of scales. [2] They commonly also have densely clustered acorns, though this does not apply to all of the species.[ citation needed ] About 90 species. [2]

Species

Section uncertain

Intersectional hybrids

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Live oak</span> Index of plants with the same common name

Live oak or evergreen oak is any of a number of oaks in several different sections of the genus Quercus that share the characteristic of evergreen foliage. These oaks are generally not more closely related to each other than they are to other oaks. When the term live oak is used in a specific rather than general sense, it most commonly refers to the group of species under Quercus sect. Virentes, which includes the southern live oak, the first species so named, and an icon of the Old South.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Peninsular Ranges</span> Group of mountain ranges in Southern California and northern Mexico

The Peninsular Ranges are a group of mountain ranges that stretch 1,500 km (930 mi) from Southern California to the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula; they are part of the North American Pacific Coast Ranges, which run along the Pacific Coast from Alaska to Mexico. Elevations range from 150 to 3,300 m.

<i>Zanthoxylum</i> Family of shrubs and trees

Zanthoxylum is a genus of about 250 species of deciduous and evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers in the family Rutaceae that are native to warm temperate and subtropical areas worldwide. It is the type genus of the tribe Zanthoxyleae in the subfamily Rutoideae. Several of the species have yellow heartwood, to which their generic name alludes. Several species are cultivated for their use as spices, notably including Sichuan pepper.

<i>Quercus chrysolepis</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus chrysolepis, commonly termed canyon live oak, canyon oak, golden cup oak or maul oak, is a North American species of evergreen oak that is found in Mexico and in the western United States, notably in the California Coast Ranges. This tree is often found near creeks and drainage swales growing in moist cool microhabitats. Its leaves are a glossy dark green on the upper surface with prominent spines; a further identification arises from the leaves of canyon live oak being geometrically flat.

<i>Beilschmiedia</i> Genus of trees and shrubs

Beilschmiedia is a genus of trees and shrubs in family Lauraceae. Most of its species grow in tropical climates, but a few of them are native to temperate regions, and they are widespread in tropical Asia, Africa, Madagascar, Australia, New Zealand, North America, Central America, the Caribbean, and South America. The best-known species to gardeners in temperate areas are B. berteroana and B. miersii because of their frost tolerance. Seeds of B. bancroftii were used as a source of food by Australian Aborigines. Timbers of some species are very valuable.

<i>Quercus sebifera</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus sebifera is a species of oak. It is native to eastern and southern Mexico, where it occurs in Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla, Hidalgo, Querétaro, Tamaulipas, and Nuevo León.

<i>Quercus xalapensis</i> Species of plant

Quercus xalapensis, or xalapa oak, is a species of oak in the red oak group. It is native to the mountains of eastern and southern Mexico, as well as Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua in northern Central America.

<i>Quercus pungens</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus pungens, commonly known as the sandpaper oak or scrub oak, is a North American species evergreen or sub-evergreen shrub or small tree in the white oak group. There is one recognised variety, Quercus pungens var. vaseyana, the Vasey shin oak. Sandpaper oak hybridizes with gray oak in the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas.

<i>Quercus lanata</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus lanata, the woolly-leaved oak, is a species of Quercus native to southern and southeastern Asia, including India, Bhutan, Nepal, Indochina, and southwestern China. It is a large evergreen tree up to 30 metres tall. The leaves are thick and leathery, green on top but covered in thick wool on the underside. It is classified in subgenus Cerris, section Ilex.

<i>Quercus hypoleucoides</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus hypoleucoides, the silverleaf oak or the whiteleaf oak, is a North American species of oak tree or shrub. It grows in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico.

<i>Quercus sinuata</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus sinuata is a species of oak comprising two distinct varieties, Quercus sinuata var. breviloba and Quercus sinuata var. sinuata, occurring in southeast North America.

<i>Quercus confertifolia</i> Species of plant

Quercus confertifolia, synonym Quercus gentryi, is a species of flowering plant in the family Fagaceae, native to northern and southwestern Mexico.

<i>Quercus oocarpa</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus oocarpa is a Mesoamerican species of oak.

<i>Quercus sapotifolia</i> Species of oak tree

Quercus sapotifolia is a species of oak. It is native to southern and western Mexico as well as Central America. It is threatened by habitat loss.

Quercus camusiae is an uncommon species of tree in the family Fagaceae. It has been found in Vietnam and southern China (Yunnan).

Quercus hypargyrea is an Asian species of tree in the beech family Fagaceae. It is native to south-central and southeast China, in particular the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan. It has incorrectly been known as Quercus multinervis, which is properly the name of a fossil species. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis.

Quercus poilanei is an Asian species of tree in the family Fagaceae. It has been found in northern Indochina and also in the Province of Guangxi in southern China. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis.

Quercus langbianensis is an uncommon oak tree species in the family Fagaceae. It is placed in subgenus Cerris, section Cyclobalanopsis, the ring-cupped oaks. These differ from other Quercus groups in that they have acorns with distinctive cups: usually with substantial rings, made-up of scales that have grown together. This species can be found in sub-tropical and tropical seasonal forests of Vietnam.

References

  1. 1 2 "Quercus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017). "An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the Oaks: Review of Previous Taxonomic Schemes and Synthesis of Evolutionary Patterns". In Gil-Pelegrín, Eustaquio; Peguero-Pina, José Javier & Sancho-Knapik, Domingo (eds.). Oaks Physiological Ecology. Exploring the Functional Diversity of Genus Quercus L. Cham.: Springer International Publishing. pp. 13–38. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69099-5_2. ISBN   978-3-319-69099-5.
  3. 1 2 Denk, Thomas; Grimm, Guido W.; Manos, Paul S.; Deng, Min & Hipp, Andrew L. (2017-11-02). "Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks" (xls). figshare. doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 . Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  4. Borgardt, S. J.; Pigg, K. B. (1999). "Anatomical and developmental study of petrified Quercus (Fagaceae) fruits from the Middle Miocene, Yakima Canyon, Washington, USA". American Journal of Botany. 86 (3): 307–325. doi:10.2307/2656753. JSTOR   2656753. PMID   10077494.
  5. Carrero, Christina; Jerome, Diana; Beckman, Emily; Byrne, Amy; Coombes, Allen J.; Deng, Min; González Rodríguez, Antonio; Sam, Hoang Van; Khoo, Eyen; Nguyen, Ngoc; Robiansyah, Iyan; Rodríguez Correa, Hernando; Sang, Julia; Song, Yi-Gang; Strijk, Joeri; Sugau, John; Sun, Weibang; Valencia-Ávalos, Susana & Westwood, Murphy (2020). The Red List of Oaks 2020 (PDF). Lisle, IL: The Morton Arboretum. Retrieved 2023-02-24.
  6. Kershner, Bruce, and Craig Tufts. National Wildlife Federation Field Guide to Trees of North America. New York: Sterling Pub., 2008. Print.
  7. 1 2 Backs, J.R. & Ashley, M.V. (2021). "Quercus Conservation Genetics and Genomics: Past, Present, and Future". Forests. 12 (7): 882. doi: 10.3390/f12070882 .