This is a list of herbaria in Europe, organized first by region where the herbarium is located (using the United Nations geoscheme for Europe), then within each region by size of the collection. For other continents, see List of herbaria.
This is a list of herbaria in Europe, organized first by region where the herbarium is located (using the United Nations geoscheme for Europe), then within each region by size of the collection. For other continents, see List of herbaria.
The tables below list herbaria located in Eastern Europe as defined by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe.
The following table includes herbaria located in countries on the Black Sea, including Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University | 250,000 | I | Romania | Iași | |
| Herbarium Bulgarian Academy of Science | 160,000 | SOM | Bulgaria | Sofia | |
| Herbarium Agricultural University of Plovdiv | 150,000 | SOA | Bulgaria | Plovdiv | |
| Herbarium Sofia University | 106 000 | SO | Bulgaria | Sofia |
The following table includes herbaria located in the Czech Republic.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Charles University in Prague | 2,200,000 | PRC | Czech Republic | Prague | |
The following table includes herbaria located in Hungary.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hungarian Natural History Museum - Department of Botany | 2,000,000 | BP | Hungary | Budapest | |
| Budakeszi Herbarium - International Dendrological Foundation | 250,000 | BK | Hungary | Budakeszi | |
The following table includes herbaria located in Poland.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences | 800,000 | IB PAN | Poland | Kraków | |
The following table includes herbaria located in European Russia.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Komarov Botanical Institute | 7,160,000 | LE | Russia | St. Petersburg | |
| Moscow State University | 1,011,253 | MW | Russia | Moscow | |
| Main Botanical Garden, Russia | 700,000 (644,337 mounted) | MHA | Russia | Moscow | |
| Saint Petersburg University | 700,000 (280,000 mounted) | LECB | Russia | Saint Petersburg | |
| N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry | 380,000 (179,000 mounted) | WIR | Russia | Saint Petersburg | |
| Southern Federal University | 350,000 (280,000 mounted) | RV | Russia | Rostov-on-Don | |
| Komi Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ural Department | 295,600 | SYKO | Russia | Syktyvkar, Komi Republic | |
| Saint Petersburg S. M. Kirov Forestry Academy, I. P. Borodin Herbarium | 200,000 | KFTA | Russia | Saint Petersburg | , |
The tables below list herbaria located in Northern Europe as defined by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe: Ireland, the British Isles, Baltic states, Scandinavia, and Iceland.
The following table includes herbaria located in the Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Estonian University of Life Sciences | 336,000 | TAA | Estonia | Tartu | |
| University of Tartu | 324,000 | TU | Estonia | Tartu | |
| Vilnius University | 300,000 | WI | Lithuania | Vilnius | |
| University of Latvia, Riga | 176,000 | RIG | Latvia | Riga | |
| University of Latvia, Salaspils | 175,000 | LATV | Latvia | Salaspils | |
| Institute of Botany, Lithuania | 130,000 | BILAS | Lithuania | Vilnius | |
| Estonian Museum of Natural History | 100,000 | TAM | Estonia | Tallinn | |
| Tallinn Botanic Garden | 85,000 | TALL | Estonia | Tallinn | |
| National Botanic Garden of Latvia | 50,000 | HBA | Latvia | Salaspils |
The following table includes herbaria located in Britain & Ireland.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kew Herbarium | 7,000,000 | K | UK | Kew, England | |
| Natural History Museum, London | 5,200,000 | BM | UK | London, England | |
| Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh | 2,000,000 | E | UK | Edinburgh, Scotland | |
| University of Cambridge | 1,000,000 | CGE | UK | Cambridge, England | |
| University of Manchester | 1,000,000 | MANCH | UK | Manchester, England | |
| National Botanic Gardens, Ireland | 600,000 | DBN | Ireland | Dublin | |
| National Museums & Galleries of Wales | 550,000 | NMW | UK | Cardiff, Wales | |
| Fielding-Druce Herbarium, University of Oxford | 500,000 | OXF | UK | Oxford, England | |
| University of Reading | 400,000 | RNG | UK | Reading, England | |
| CABI Bioscience UK Centre | 385,000 | IMI | UK | Surrey, England | |
| World Museum Liverpool | 350,000 | LIV | UK | Liverpool, England | |
| Daubeny Herbarium, University of Oxford | 300,000 | FHO | UK | Oxford, England | |
| Trinity College | 230,000 | TCD | Ireland | Dublin | |
| University of Birmingham | 150,000 | BIRM | UK | Birmingham, England | |
| Royal Horticultural Society (RHS Garden Wisley) | 140,000 | WSY | UK | Wisley, England | |
| University of Leicester | 125,000 | LTR | UK | Leicester, England | |
| University of Aberdeen | 120,000 | ABD | UK | Aberdeen, Scotland | |
| South London Botanical Institute | 100,000 | SLBI | UK | London, England | |
| Nottingham Natural History Museum | 91,000 | NOT | UK | Nottingham, England | |
| Leicestershire Museums | 90,000 | LSR | UK | Leicester, England | |
| British Antarctic Survey | 40,000 | AAS | UK | Cambridge, England | |
| Linnean Society | 14,000 [4] | LINN | UK | London, England | |
| Derby Museum and Art Gallery | 8,000 | DBY | UK | Derby, England | |
The following table includes herbaria located in the Nordic countries:
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Swedish Museum of Natural History (Naturhistoriska riksmuseet) | 4,400,000 | S | Sweden | Stockholm | |
| University of Helsinki | 3,000,000 | H | Finland | Helsinki | |
| Uppsala University | 3,000,000 | UPS | Sweden | Uppsala | |
| University of Copenhagen | 2,510,000 | C | Denmark | Copenhagen | |
| Botanical Museum, Lund | 2,500,000 | LD | Sweden | Lund | |
| Botanical Museum, Oslo | 1,800,000 | O | Norway | Oslo | |
| Göteborg University | 1,600,000 | GB | Sweden | Göteborg | |
| University of Turku | 932,000 | TUR | Finland | Turku | |
| University of Aarhus | 700,000 | AAU | Denmark | Aarhus | |
| University of Bergen | 700,000 | BG | Norway | Bergen | |
| University of Oulu | 500,000 | OULU | Finland | Oulu | |
| Norwegian University of Science and Technology | 430,000 | TRH | Norway | Trondheim | |
| University of Tromsø | 320,000 | TROM | Norway | Tromsø | |
| Kuopio Natural History Museum | 253,000 | KUO | Finland | Kuopio | |
| University of Jyväskylä | 200,000 | JYV | Finland | Jyväskylä | |
| Icelandic Institute of Natural History | 170,000 | ICEL | Iceland | Reykjavík | |
| Umeå University | 170,000 | UME | Sweden | Umeå | |
| Biological Museum, Oskarshamn | 155,000 | OHN | Sweden | Oskarshamn | |
| Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University | 90,000 | CP | Denmark | Copenhagen | |
| Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Akureyri Division | 64,000 | AMNH | Iceland | Akureyri |
The tables below list herbaria located in Southern Europe as defined by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe.
The following table includes herbaria located in the western and southern Balkans, including Albania, Greece and nations formerly part of Yugoslavia.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Herbarium of the Balkan Peninsula, Natural History Museum | 490,000 | BEO | Serbia | Belgrade | |
| Goulandris Natural History Museum | 180,000 | ATH | Greece | Kifissia | |
| Herbarium Croaticum, University of Zagreb | 180,000 | ZA | Croatia | Zagreb | |
| University of Belgrade | 150,000 | BEOU | Serbia | Belgrade | |
| University of Ljubljana | 150,000 | LJU | Slovenia | Ljubljana | |
| University of Patras | 150,000 | UPA | Greece | Patras | |
| National and Kapodistrian University of Athens | 117,000 | ATHU | Greece | Athens | |
| Zemaljski Muzej Bosne I. Herzegovine | 110,000 | SARA | Bosnia and Herzegovina | Sarajevo | |
| Herbarium Ivo and Marija Horvat, University of Zagreb | 78,000 | ZAHO | Croatia | Zagreb | |
| University of Novi Sad | 60,000 | BUNS | Serbia | Novi Sad | |
| Prirodoslovni Muzej Slovenije | 50,000 | LJM | Slovenia | Ljubljana | |
| Aristotle University of Thessaloniki | 30,000 | TAU | Greece | Thessaloniki | |
| Rudjer Boskovic Institute | 20,000 | ADRZ | Croatia | Zagreb | |
| Croatian Mycological Society | 20,000 | CNF | Croatia | Zagreb | |
| Herbar Biokovskog Podrucja, Institut Planina i More | 20,000 | MAKAR | Croatia | Makarska | |
| Agricultural University of Athens | 15,000 | ACA | Greece | Athens |
The following table includes herbaria located in Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Museo di Storia Naturale dell'Università | 3,650,000 | FI | Italy | Florence | |
| Università degli Studi di Roma La Sapienza | 1,120,000 | RO | Italy | Rome | |
| Università degli Studi di Torino | 1,000,000 | TO | Italy | Torino | |
| Herbarium Mediterraneum Panormitanum | 500,000 | PAL | Italy | Palermo, Sicily | |
| Università degli Studi di Padova | 300,000 | PAD | Italy | Padua | |
| Università di Pisa | 300,000 | PI | Italy | Pisa | |
| Museo Civico di Storia Naturale | 270,000 | VER | Italy | Verona | |
| Università di Camerino | 250,000 | CAME | Italy | Camerino | |
| Università di Catania | 200,000 | CAT | Italy | Catania, Sicily | |
| Centro Studi Erbario Tropicale, Università degli Studi di Firenze | 200,000 | FT | Italy | Florence | |
| Museo Tridentino di Scienze Naturali | 200,000 | TR | Italy | Trento, Trentino | |
| Università degli Studi di Trieste | 200,000 | TSB | Italy | Trieste | |
| Università di Pavia | 180,000 | PAV | Italy | Pavia | |
| Università Degli Studi di Napoli Federico II | 170,000 | NAP | Italy | Naples, Napoli | |
| Centro Ricerche Floristiche Marche | 150,000 | PESA | Italy | Pesaro | |
| Università di Bologna | 130,000 | BOLO | Italy | Bologna | |
| Museo Friulano di Storia Naturale | 130,000 | MFU | Italy | Udine | |
| Università degli Studi di Roma Tre | 118,000 | URT | Italy | Rome | |
| Università di Sassari | 100,000 | SS | Italy | Sassari, Sardinia | |
| Museo Civico di Storia Naturale | 100,000 | TSM | Italy | Trieste | |
| Università degli Studi di Cagliari | 80,000 | CAG | Italy | Cagliari, Sardinia | |
| Università di Genova | 75,000 | GE | Italy | Genoa | |
| Università di Siena | 75,000 | SIENA | Italy | Siena | |
| Università degli Studi di Milano | 60,000 | MI | Italy | Milan | |
| Museo Civico di Storia Naturale Giacomo Doria | 55,000 | GDOR | Italy | Genoa | |
| Museo Civico di Rovereto | 51,000 | ROV | Italy | Rovereto, Trentino | |
| Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali | 50,000 | MRSN | Italy | Torino | |
| Università degli Studi di Napoli | 50,000 | PORUN | Italy | Portici, Napoli |
The following table includes herbaria located in Spain and Portugal, including the Canary Islands.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Real Jardín Botánico | 850,000 | MA | Spain | Madrid | |
| University of Coimbra | 800,000 | COI | Portugal | Coimbra | |
| Institut Botànic de Barcelona | 700,000 | BC | Spain | Barcelona | |
| Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical | 300,000 | LISC | Portugal | Lisbon | |
| Universitat de Barcelona | 300,000 | BCN | Spain | Barcelona | |
| Universitat de Sevilla | 300,000 | SEV | Spain | Seville | |
| Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, C.S.I.C. | 260,000 | JACA | Spain | Jaca | |
| Museu Nacional de História Natural, Lisboa | 250,000 | LISU | Portugal | Lisbon | |
| Universidad Complutense | 175,000 | MAF | Spain | Madrid | |
| Universitat de València | 160,000 | VAL | Spain | Valencia | |
| Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Alava | 140,000 | VIT | Spain | Vitoria-Gasteiz | |
| Universidad de Salamanca | 110,000 | SALA | Spain | Salamanca | |
| Estação Agronómica Nacional | 90,000 | LISE | Portugal | Oeiras | |
| Universidad de La Laguna | 83,000 | TFC | Spain | La Laguna, Canary Islands | |
| Universidad de Córdoba | 80,000 | COA | Spain | Córdoba | |
| Universidad de León | 78,000 | LEB | Spain | León | |
| Alto de Zorroaga s.n. | 75,000 | ARAN | Spain | Donostia-San Sebastián | |
| Universidade do Porto | 73,800 | PO | Portugal | Porto | |
| Universidad de Santiago de Compostela | 71,000 | SANT | Spain | Santiago de Compostela, Galicia | |
| Universidad de Murcia | 61,000 | MUB | Spain | Murcia | |
| Universidad de Málaga | 55,000 | MGC | Spain | Málaga | |
| Universidad de Alicante | 50,000 | ABH | Spain | Alicante | |
| Jardín Botánico Atlántico, Ayuntamiento de Gijón | 50,000 | JBAG | Spain | Gijón, Asturias | |
| Universitat de Girona | 45,000 | HGI | Spain | Girona | |
| University of Algarve | 27,000 | ALGU | Portugal | Faro |
The tables below list herbaria located in Western Europe as defined by the United Nations geoscheme for Europe: France, Germany, Austria, Switzerland, and the Low Countries.
The following table includes herbaria located in Austria and Switzerland, as well as Liechtenstein.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève | 6,000,000 | G | Switzerland | Geneva | |
| Naturhistorisches Museum Wien | 5,000,000 | W | Austria | Vienna | |
| Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich | 2,000,000 | ZT | Switzerland | Zürich | |
| Universität Zürich | 1,500,000 | Z | Switzerland | Zürich | [ permanent dead link ] |
| Universität Wien | 1,400,000 | WU | Austria | Vienna | |
| Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz | 800,000 | GZU | Austria | Graz | |
| Musée et Jardins Botaniques Cantonaux | 800,000 | LAU | Switzerland | Lausanne | |
| Oberösterreichischen Landesmuseums | 700,000 | LI | Austria | Linz | |
| Universität Basel | 520,000 | BAS, BASBG | Switzerland | Basel | |
| Université de Neuchâtel | 455,000 | NEU | Switzerland | Neuchâtel | |
| University of Bern | 410,000 | BERN | Switzerland | Bern | |
| Steiermärkisches Landesmuseum Joanneum | 350,000 | GJO | Austria | Graz | |
| Tyrolean State Museum | 300,000 | IBF | Austria | Innsbruck | |
| Museo cantonale di storia naturale | 200,000 | LUG | Switzerland | Lugano | |
| Landesmuseum für Kärnten | 160,000 | KL | Austria | Klagenfurt | |
| Haus der Natur | 100,000 | SZB | Austria | Salzburg | |
| Universität Innsbruck | 100,000 | IB | Austria | Innsbruck | |
| Natur-Museum Luzern | 90,000 | NMLU | Switzerland | Lucerne | |
| University of Salzburg | 63,000 | SZU | Austria | Salzburg | |
| Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW) | 50,000 | WFBVA | Austria | Vienna |
The following table includes herbaria located in France (including Corsica) and Monaco.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle | 9,500,000 | P, PC | France | Paris | |
| Université Montpellier | 4,000,000 | MPU | France | Montpellier | |
| Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 | 4,000,000 | LY | France | Lyon | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Grenoble | 700,000 | GRM | France | Grenoble | |
| Institut des Herbiers Universitaires de Clermont-Ferrand | 550,000 | CLF | France | Clermont-Ferrand | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle d'Aix-en-Provence | 420,000 | AIX | France | Aix-en-Provence | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle d'Autun | 400,000 | AUT | France | Autun | |
| Muséum Requien | 400,000 | AV | France | Avignon | |
| Jardin Botanique de la Ville de Bordeaux | 350,000 | BORD | France | Bordeaux | |
| Muséum des sciences naturelles d'Angers | 350,000 | ANG | France | Angers | |
| Institut de Botanique | 300,000 | STR | France | Strasbourg | |
| Université Paul Sabatier | 300,000 | TL | France | Toulouse | |
| Muséum-Jardin des Sciences | 250,000 | MJSD | France | Dijon | |
| Université Catholiques de l'Ouest | 250,000 | ANG | France | Angers | |
| Centre d'Étude et de Conservation des Resources Végétales | 200,000 | GABAS | France | Bayonne | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nice | 200,000 | NICE | France | Nice | |
| Société Nationale des Sciences Naturelles et Mathématiques de Cherbourg | 200,000 | CHE | France | Cherbourg | |
| Jardin Botanique de la Ville de Lyon | 140,000 | LYJB | France | Lyon | |
| Campus scientifique de Beaulieu and Campus Villejean | 112,000 | REN | France | Rennes | |
| Conservatoire Botanique National Alpin | 100,000 | GAP | France | Gap | |
| Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nantes | 100,000 | NTM | France | Nantes |
The following table includes herbaria located in Germany.
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Zentraleinrichtung der Freien Universität Berlin | 3,000,000 | B | Germany | Berlin | |
| University of Jena | 3,000,000 | JE | Germany | Jena | |
| Botanische Staatssammlung München | 2,500,000 | M | Germany | Munich | |
| Biozentrum Klein-Flottbek | 1,400,000 | HBG | Germany | Hamburg | |
| Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg | 1,000,000 | FR | Germany | Frankfurt am Main | |
| Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde | 1,000,000 | STU | Germany | Stuttgart | |
| University of Göttingen | 750,000 | GOET | Germany | Göttingen | |
| Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research | 545,000 | GAT | Germany | Gatersleben | |
| University of Halle-Wittenberg | 450,000 | HAL | Germany | Halle | [ permanent dead link ] |
| Übersee-Museum | 375,000 | BREM | Germany | Bremen | |
| Technische Universität Dresden | 350,000 | DR | Germany | Dresden | |
| University of Marburg | 300,000 | MB | Germany | Marburg | |
| Westfälisches Museum für Naturkunde | 300,000 | MSTR | Germany | Münster | |
| Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe | 270,000 | KR | Germany | Karlsruhe | |
| University of Tübingen | 250,000 | TUB | Germany | Tübingen | |
| University of Greifswald | 250,000 | GFW | Germany | Greifswald | |
| University of Heidelberg | 250,000 | HEID | Germany | Heidelberg | |
| Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz | 178,000 | GLM | Germany | Görlitz | |
| University of Leipzig | 170,000 | LZ | Germany | Leipzig | |
| University of Erlangen-Nuremberg | 158,000 | ER | Germany | Erlangen | |
| Palatine Museum of Natural History (Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde) | 150,000 | POLL | Germany | Bad Dürkheim | |
| Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich | 140,000 | MSB | Germany | München | |
| University of Regensburg | 140,000 | REG | Germany | Regensburg | |
| Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin | 100,000 | BHUPM | Germany | Berlin | |
| Museum Wiesbaden | 100,000 | WIES | Germany | Wiesbaden | |
| Universität Hohenheim (210) | 100,000 | HOH | Germany | Stuttgart | |
| Bundesamt für Naturschutz | 90,000 | BNL | Germany | Bonn | |
| University of Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universität) | 90,000 | KIEL | Germany | Kiel |
The following table includes herbaria located in Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Cyprus
| Name | No. Specimens [1] | Abbr. | Country | City | Website | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Nationaal Herbarium Nederland) | 5,700,000 | L, U, WAG | Netherlands | Leiden | ||
| Meise Botanic Garden | 4,000,000 | BR | Belgium | Meise | ||
| Université de Liège | 400,000 | LG | Belgium | Liège | ||
| Ghent University | 250,000 | GENT | Belgium | Ghent | ||
| Université Libre de Bruxelles | 215,000 | BRLU | Belgium | Brussels | ||
| Adviesbureau voor Bryologie en Lichenologie | 50,000 | ABL | Netherlands | Soest | ||
| State University of Groningen | 50,000 | GRO | Netherlands | Haren | ||
| Musée national d'histoire naturelle | 50,000 | LUX | Luxembourg | Luxembourg | ||
| Natuurhistorisch Museum Maastricht | 50,000 | MAAS | Netherlands | Maastricht | ||
| Near East University Herbarium | 6,500 | NEUN | Cyprus | Nicosia |
Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition to "the East" and originally applied to the ancient Mediterranean world, the Roman Empire, and medieval "Christendom". Beginning with the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery, roughly from the 15th century, the concept of Europe as "the West" slowly became distinguished from and eventually replaced the dominant use of "Christendom" as the preferred endonym within the area. By the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the concepts of "Eastern Europe" and "Western Europe" were more regularly used. The distinctiveness of Western Europe became most apparent during the Cold War, when Europe was divided for 40 years by the Iron Curtain into the Western Bloc and Eastern Bloc, each characterised by distinct political and economical systems.
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54°N, or may be based on other geographical factors such as climate and ecology.
A landlocked country is a country that does not have any territory connected to an ocean or whose coastlines lie solely on endorheic basins. Currently, there are 45 landlocked countries, two of them doubly landlocked, and three landlocked de facto states in the world. Kazakhstan is the world's largest landlocked country, Kyrgyzstan is the furthest landlocked country from any ocean, while Ethiopia is the world's most populous landlocked country.
This page compares the sovereign states of Europe on economic, financial and social indicators.
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions of southern Europe include some or all of these countries and regions: Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Gibraltar, Greece, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, southern France, Spain, Turkey, and Vatican City.
Europe is often divided into regions and subregions based on geographical, cultural or historical factors. Since there is no universal agreement on Europe's regional composition, the placement of individual countries may vary based on criteria being used. For instance, the Balkans is a distinct geographical region within Europe, but individual countries may alternatively be grouped into South-eastern Europe or Southern Europe.
A subregion is a part of a larger geographical region or continent. Cardinal directions are commonly used to define subregions. There are many criteria for creating systems of subregions; this article is focusing on the United Nations geoscheme, which is a changing, constantly updated, UN tool based on specific political geography and demography considerations relevant in UN statistics.
The United Nations geoscheme is a system which divides 248 countries and territories in the world into six continental regions, 22 geographical subregions, and two intermediary regions. It was devised by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) based on the M49 coding classification. The creators note that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories".
The following is an alphabetical list of subregions in the United Nations geoscheme for Africa, used by the United Nations and maintained by the UNSD department for statistical purposes.
Nikolai Stepanovich Turczaninow was a Russian botanist and plant collector who first identified several genera, and many species, of plants.
The following is an alphabetical list of subregions in the United Nations geoscheme for Europe, created by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD). The scheme subdivides the continent into Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, and Western Europe. The UNSD notes that "the assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories".
The United Nations geoscheme for Oceania is an internal tool created and used by the UN's Statistics Division (UNSD) for the specific purpose of UN statistics.
The United Nations geoscheme for Asia is an internal tool created and used by the United Nations, maintained by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) for the specific purpose of UN statistics. The scheme's subregions are presented here in alphabetical order. Its subregions may not coincide with other geographic categorization schemes.
The State Herbarium of South Australia, sometimes called the South Australian Herbarium, and having the herbarium code, AD, is located in Adelaide, South Australia. It is one of several State and Commonwealth herbaria in Australia. The Department for Environment and Water is the state agency which is responsible for the Herbarium, but the Board of the Botanic Gardens and State Herbarium is charged with its establishment and maintenance.
The University of Michigan Herbarium is the herbarium of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in the United States. One of the most-extensive botanical collections in the world, the herbarium has some 1.7 million specimens of vascular plants, algae, bryophytes, fungi, and lichens, and is a valuable resource for teaching and research in biology and botany. The herbarium includes many rare and extinct species.
A scientific collection is a collection of items that are preserved, catalogued, and managed for the purpose of scientific study.
Patricia May Holmgren is an American botanist. Holmgren's main botanical interests are the flora of the U.S. intermountain west and the genera Tiarella and Thlaspi. Holmgren was the director of the herbarium at the New York Botanical Garden from 1981–2000, and editor of Index Herbariorum from 1974–2008.
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