List of oral repositories

Last updated

Examples of oral repositories
Five-sangomas.jpg
Five sangomas in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
IVRLA 10443 O hEiniri.jpg
Seán Ó hEinirí, seanchaí from Mayo, Ireland
Papa1999.b.jpg
Mandinka jeli Al-Haji Papa Susso performing songs on the kora from the oral tradition of the Gambia
Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg
A manaschi performing the Epic of Manas in Karakol, Kyrgyzstan

Oral repositories are people who have been trusted with mentally recording information constituting oral tradition within a society. They serve an important role in oral cultures and illiterate societies as repositories of their culture's traditional knowledge, values, and morals. [1] [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Roles

People termed as "oral repositories" have been likened to "walking libraries", leading to the saying "whenever an old man dies, it is as though a library were burning down". [5] [6] [7] Roles vary, and can be titular, formal or informal, some professional specialists such as the Caucasian ashik , or more commonly amateurs and knowledgeable generalists such as the bulaam of the Kuba people. [8] : 36–39 

Types of information held by oral repositories includes lineages, oral law, mythology, oral literature and oral poetry (of which oral history is often entwined), folk songs and aural tradition, and traditional knowledge. In many indigenous societies, such as Native American and San, these roles are fulfilled in a general sense by elders. [9] [10] In some societies anyone could become a generalist or traditionalist regardless of their social class, and acquisition depends solely on individual aptitude, while in others the roles are hereditary and dependent on class or caste. [11] : 192–193 

These people usually hold authority within their respective societies, although musicians sometimes constitute a low caste/class. They can be religious figures playing roles in rituals and ceremonies. [12] With regard to narrative traditions, they usually perform from their repertoire and apply their distinct style while innovating on a well-known tale or work, seeking to create an experience by leading, involving, and responding to the audience. [8] : 34  Some participate in improvised poetry competitions such as the Central Asian aytysh , the North African Kabyle people's amusnaw , the Spanish repentismo  [ es ], or the West African Ewe people's halo. [13] [14] In parts of the world they remain as custodians of culture despite rising literacy rates. [15]

Africa

TermType/s of informationSociety/iesPeriodSources
Abacurabwenge Genealogy Rwandan [16] [17]
Abasizi Poetry/panegyrics Rwandan [16] [17]
Abateekerezi Royal memoirs Rwandan [16] [17]
Abiru Code of kingship Rwandan [16] [17]
Akewi Poetry, eg. oríkì Yoruba To present [18] [19]
Akomfo Religious lore Akan To present [20] [21]
Arókin (griot)General Yoruba To present [22]
Amdyaz Poetry Berber To present [23] [24]
Amusnaw General, eg. asefru Kabyle [25]
Anechchad Songs Berber To present [26]
Azmari Poetry and songs Amharic [27]
Babalawo Religious lore Yoruba To present [28]
Bambudye/Mbudye General Luba To present [29]
Bulaam History, literature, and poetry Kuba To present [30] : 17 
Debtera Religious lore Ethiopian and Eritrean [31] [32]
Gawlo (griot)General Fula and Toucouleur To present [33]
Gesere/Jaare (griot) General Soninke To present [34] [35]
Géwël (griot)General Wolof and Serer To present [36]
Halaiqui Literature Moroccan To present [37] [38]
Iggiw/Ighyuwn/Iggawen (griot)General Hassaniya To present [39]
Imbongi Poetry Southern African, eg. Xhosa and Zulu To present [40]
Jèli/Jali General Mandinka, Dyula, Mossi, and Bambara To present [41]
Hogon Religious lore Dogon To present [42]
Maalem Songs, religious lore Moroccan To present [43]
Mahosi  [ ve ]General Venda To present [44]
Maroka (griot)General Hausa To present [45]
Mbomo mvet Songs and literature Fang To present [46] [47]
Mganga Religious lore Swahili [48]
Mmoki Poetry Tswana To present [49]
Moaridi History Kuba [50]
Moreti Poetry Bapedi To present [51]
Mpikabary Public speaking Merina To present [52]
Mukhodi Poetry Venda To present [53]
Muphati Poetry Tsonga To present [54]
N'anga Religious lore Shona To present [55]
Ndzio Poetry, song Tio [56] : 166 
Nganga Religious lore Kongo To present [57]
Oday General, law Somali To present [58]
Ogbu Avu General Igbo To present [59] [60]
Okyeame General Akan [61]
Omwevugi General, eg poetry Banyankore and Bahima To present [62]
Sangoma Religious lore, general Nguni, Sotho, and Tsonga To present [63]
Sarungano Literature Shona To present [64]
Seroki Poetry, genealogies Sotho To present [65]
Svikiro Religious knowledge Shona [66]
Ughoro General Edo [67]
Ugogo Literature (ntsomi or izinganekwane  [ zu ]) Xhosa and Zulu To present [68]

Asia

TermType/s of informationSociety/iesPeriodSources
Aqyn Poetry and songs Kazakh and Kyrgyz [69]
Ashik/Ashugh Poetry and songs Azerbaijani, Turkish, Georgian, and Armenian [70] [71] [72]
Babaylan Religious lore Filipino Until 20th century [73]
Bagshy Literature Turkmen To present [74]
Baxshi  [ uz ] Poetry Uzbek To present [75]
Bhanaka Religious texts Asian (Buddhist)Until 1st century BCE [76]
Bhāts Genealogy, sometimes poetry and storytelling Indian [77]
Bobohizan Religious knowledge Kadazan-Dusun (Malay)To present [78]
Bomoh Religious knowledge Malay and Sumatran To present [79]
Charan General, eg. Rajasthani and Gujarati literature Rajasthani, Gujurati, Baloch, and Sindhi [80] [81]
Dalang Literature Indonesian To present [82]
Dastango Literature Pakistani Until 20th century (revived) [83]
Dengbêj Literature and songs Kurdish [84]
Dukun Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present [85]
Gayen/Gain Poetry Bengali [86] [87]
Gusans Poetry Armenian [88] [89]
Hakawati Literature Arab To present [90]
Kamishibaiya Literature Japanese To present [91]
Kathakar Literature Indian To present [92]
Maggid Religious lore, literature Jewish [93]
Manaschi Literature Kyrgyz To present [94]
Manganiar Songs and music Rajasthani (Indian)To present [95] [96]
Meddah Literature Turkish Until 20th century [97]
Mo phi Religious knowledge Thai [98]
Naqqal Literature Iranian To present [99]
Pawang Religious knowledge Malay and Indonesian To present [100]
Qawwāl Religious songs Asian (Sufi)To present [101]
Rāwī Poetry, literature, and religious texts Arabic Until 8th century CE [102]
Sėsėn Literature Bashkir To present [103]
Sorikkun Pansori Korean [104]
Tuulchi Literature Mongolian To present [105]
Wu Religious lore Chinese Until ? [106]
Zajjalin Poetry Andalusian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Syrian,
Jordanian, Moroccan, and Algerian 		To present [107]
Zhyrau Poetry, eg. Kazakh literature Turkic, eg. Kazakh To present [108] [109]

Europe

TermType/s of informationSociety/iesPeriodSources
Aoidos Poetry and songs Ancient Greek Until ? [110]
Aois-dàna Genealogy Scottish Highlander Until 17th century [111]
Bard General Scottish, Irish, and Welsh Until ? [112]
Bertsolaris Poetry Basque To present [113]
Cuntisti Literature Sicilian (Italian) [114] [115]
Druid Religious lore Celtic Until ? [116]
Drut'syla Literature Jewish To present [117]
Dziady Songs Slavic eg. Polish [118]
Filí Poetry Irish and Scottish Until 15th century [119]
Fulesta  [ it ]Literature Romagnol (Italian)To present? [120]
Kobzar Songs Ukrainian Until 20th century (revived). [121] [122]
Lahutar Poetry Albanian [123]
Lăutari Songs Romanian and Romani To present [124]
Lirnyk Literature and songs Ukrainian Until 20th century [125]
Klezmer Songs Jewish [126]
Makar General Scottish [127]
Minstrel Songs European Until 19th century [128]
Ollam General Irish Until ? [129]
Piitárides Songs Cypriot [130]
Rhapsode Poetry Ancient Greek Until ? [131]
Rimadóri Songs Cretan (Greek) [130]
Seanchai Literature and history Irish, Manx, and Scottish Highlander To present [132]
Scop Poetry English Until ? [133]
Skald Poetry Scandinavian Until 16th century [134]
Skomorokh Songs Russian Until 18th century [135]
Spelman Songs Swedish [136]
Spielmann Songs German [137]
Thyle General Scandinavian and Anglo-Saxon Until 7th century [138] [139]
Tietäjä General, Poetry Finnish Until 20th century [140]

North America

TermType/s of informationSociety/iesPeriodSources
Calypsonian Songs Trinidadian [141]
Iyalawo Religious knowledge Afro-Cuban To present [142]
Medicine man Religious knowledge Native American To present [143]
North American Indigenous elder General North American Indigenous To present [144]
Oungan and Manbo Religious lore Afro-Haitian To present [145] [146]
Paleros Religious lore Afro-Cuban [147]

South America

TermType/s of informationSociety/iesPeriodSources
Amauta General Incan Until ? [148]
Yatiri Religious knowledge Aymara To present [149]

Oceania

TermType/s of informationSociety/iesPeriodSources
Australian Aboriginal elder General Australian Aboriginal To present [150] [151]
Fāgogo Literature Samoan To present [152]
Ha'atufunga Royal rituals Tongan To present [153] [154]
Haku mo'olelo Literature Hawaiian [155]
Kahuna Religious lore Polynesian, eg. Hawaiian [156]
Mea hula Literature Hawaiian To present [157]
Tulafale General Samoan To present [158]
Wānanga General Māori To present [159]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ikuenobe, Polycarp (2018). "Oral Tradition, Epistemic Dependence, and Knowledge in African Cultures" (PDF). Synthesis Philisophica. 33 (1): 23–40. doi:10.21464/SP33102. S2CID   195540414.
  2. ↑ Amadi, Adolphe O. (January 1981). "The emergence of a library tradition in pre- and post-colonial Africa". International Library Review. 13 (1): 65–72. doi:10.1016/0020-7837(81)90029-7.
  3. ↑ Thieme, John (2016), Head, Dominic (ed.), "After Empire: Postcolonial Short Fiction and the Oral Tradition", The Cambridge History of the English Short Story, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 377–394, ISBN   978-1-107-16742-1 , retrieved 2024-08-19
  4. ↑ "Process for Meaningful Consultation of Indigenous Peoples". caid.ca. Retrieved 2024-08-19.
  5. ↑ Jolly, Margaretta (2013). Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms. Routledge. ISBN   9781136787447.
  6. ↑ John, Magnus (July 1979). "Libraries in oral-traditional societies". International Library Review. 11 (3): 321–339. doi:10.1016/0020-7837(79)90003-7.
  7. ↑ Chisita, Collence; Abdullahi, Ismaili (2010). The Challenges and Opportunities of preparing LIS Students for Orally based communities (PDF). WORLD LIBRARY AND INFORMATION CONGRESS: 76TH IFLA GENERAL CONFERENCE AND ASSEMBLY.
  8. 1 2 Vansina, Jan (1985). Oral tradition as history. Internet Archive. Madison, Wis. : University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN   978-0-299-10213-5.
  9. ↑ Backwell, Lucinda; d'Errico, Francesco (2021-07-01). San Elders Speak: Ancestral knowledge of the Kalahari San. NYU Press. ISBN   978-1-77614-665-9.
  10. ↑ Brill de Ramírez, Susan Berry (2015). "The Historical and Literary Role of Folklore, Storytelling, and the Oral Tradition in Native American Literatures". In Madsen, Deborah L. (ed.). The Routledge Companion to Native American Literature. doi:10.4324/9781315777344. ISBN   978-1-317-69319-2.
  11. ↑ Ba, Amadou (1981). "The living tradition". General History of Africa: Volume 1. UNESCO Publishing.
  12. ↑ Goody, Jack (2010-10-14). Myth, Ritual and the Oral. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-1-139-49303-1.
  13. ↑ Pimienta, Alexis Díaz (1998). Teoría de la improvisación: primeras páginas para el estudio del repentismo (in Spanish). Sendoa. ISBN   978-84-89080-74-4.[ page needed ]
  14. ↑ Missihoun, Honoré (2023). "Halo: The Ewe Battle Tradition of Music, Songs, and Performance". African Battle Traditions of Insult. African Histories and Modernities. pp. 37–54. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15617-5_3. ISBN   978-3-031-15616-8.
  15. ↑ Anderson, Carol (2018-01-01). "Comparing literate and oral cultures with a view to improving understanding of students from oral traditions: an autoethnographic approach". EWU Masters Thesis Collection.
  16. 1 2 3 4 Jessee, Erin; Watkins, Sarah E. (2014). "Good Kings, Bloody Tyrants, and Everything In Between: Representations of the Monarchy in Post-Genocide Rwanda" (PDF). History in Africa. 41: 35–62. doi:10.1017/hia.2014.7. JSTOR   26362083.
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  75. ↑ Imomnazarova, Shahodatxon Xabitovna; Jo'rayeva, Guliruxsor Ulug'bek qizi (2024-07-06). "BO'RI BAXSHI SODIQ O'G'LI - VODIY BAXSHICHILIGI NAMOYONDASI". Oriental Art and Culture. 5 (3): 542–545.
  76. ↑ Norman, Kenneth Roy (2012). A Philological Approach to Buddhism: The Bukkyō Dendō Kyōkai Lectures 1994. Berkeley: The Institute of Buddhist Studies. pp. 41–56. ISBN   978-0-7286-0276-2.
  77. ↑ Piliavsky 2020, p. 147, chapter 4: The Perils of Masterless People
  78. ↑ Keat Gin, Ooi (2009). Historical Dictionary of Malaysia. Scarecrow Press. p. 37. ISBN   978-0810863057.
  79. ↑ Edwin R. Van Teijlingen; George W. Lowis; Peter McCaffery; Maureen Porter (1 January 2004). Midwifery and the Medicalization of Childbirth: Comparative Perspectives. Nova Publishers. pp. 243–. ISBN   978-1-59454-031-8.
  80. ↑ Palriwala, Rajni (1993). "Economics and Patriliny: Consumption and Authority within the Household". Social Scientist. 21 (9/11): 47–73. doi:10.2307/3520426. JSTOR   3520426.
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  82. ↑ Sedana, I Nyoman; Foley, Kathy (1993). "The Education of a Balinese Dalang". Asian Theatre Journal. 10 (1): 81–100. doi:10.2307/1124218. JSTOR   1124218.
  83. ↑ Farooqui, Mahmood (Autumn 2011). "Dastangoi: Revival of the Mughal Art of storytelling". Context. 8 (2): 31–36. ProQuest   1353087567.
  84. ↑ Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence (29 December 2009). "The Invention of a Tradition: Diyarbakır's Dengbêj Project". European Journal of Turkish Studies (10). doi: 10.4000/ejts.4055 .
  85. ↑ Woodward, Mark (2011). "The Javanese Dukun: Healing and Moral Ambiguity". Java, Indonesia and Islam. pp. 69–112. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0056-7_2. ISBN   978-94-007-0055-0.
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