Malus florentina

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Malus florentina
Malus florentina - Florentine crabapple - hawthorn-leaf crabapple - italienischer Zierapfel 09.jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Genus: Malus
Species:
M. florentina
Binomial name
Malus florentina
Synonyms [2]
18 synonyms

Malus florentina, the Florentine crabapple, Italian crabapple, or hawthorn-leaf crabapple, is a species of apple ( Malus ) in the rose family (Rosaceae). It was first described in 1806 as Crataegus florentina, however, the species' taxonomy was unclear for decades, and it was at times considered to be a natural hybrid between the wild service tree ( Torminalis glaberrima ) and the European wild apple (M. sylvestris). Today, its inclusion in Malus is undisputed. It is a small deciduous tree with dark-green leaves, characterised by large, white flowers, small fruit, and a late flowering season in early summer. It is native to Italy, the southern Balkan Peninsula and a limited area in northern Anatolia, but is occasionally grown elsewhere as an ornamental tree. The fruit is edible and can be eaten raw or cooked. M. florentina is comparably rare, but its overall population structure and conservation status are unknown.

Contents

Taxonomy and etymology

Taxonomic history

Malus florentina was initially described in 1806 as a species of hawthorn, Crataegus florentina, by the Florentine botanist Attilio Zuccagni  [ it ] (1754–1807), based on a specimen collected on Monte Cuccioli near Florence, Italy. [3] [2] Since then, the species has been classified in as many as eight different genera. [a] Some authors also treated it as a subspecies of the closely related Lebanese wild apple (M. trilobata). Additionally, the species was at times considered to have originated from an ancient hybridisation between the wild service tree (Torminalis glaberrima, formerly Sorbus torminalis) and the European wild apple (M. sylvestris), a view that was still widely accepted in the early 2000s. [4] [5] Prominently, the Polish dendrologist Kazimierz Browicz  [ pl ] held this view, and in 1970 classified the species in the nothogenus × Malosorbus, as × Malosorbus florentina(Zuccagni) Browicz. While he emphasised the species' lobed leaves, this characteristic is also present in some North American and East Asian Malus species, prompting Sutton and Dunn (2021) to remark: "It is tempting to speculate that this suggestion would never have been made if the tree were native to Sichuan rather than southern Europe." [6] [2]

Modern taxonomy and evolution

Since then, studies have firmly placed the species within the apple genus, Malus. In particular, a 2008 review by Qian and colleagues using morphological, phytochemical and molecular evidence came to the conclusion that it is a primary species of Malus, with no indication of a hybrid origin. [7] Accordingly, as of October 2025, Plants of the World Online includes the species in Malus. [2] Although its exact relationship to other species in the genus is yet unclear, [6] studies based on plastid and nuclear DNA suggest that M. florentina is closely related to M. trilobata from the eastern Mediterranean, often placing both species together on a branch that also contains the North American species prairie crabapple (M. ioensis), southern crabapple (M. angustifolia), and sweet crabapple (M. coronaria). [8] [9] [10]

A phylogenetic study by Liu and colleagues (2022) showed that this branch, called Clade II, changed position within the Maleae tribe, depending on whether the phylograms used were based on nuclear or plastid DNA. Whereas Clade II was sister to all other Malus in nuclear phylogenies, plastid phylogenies positioned it next to Pourthiaea , and thus closer to other Maleae such as Sorbus and Aronia than to Malus proper. [8] This discordance between nuclear and plastid phylogenies, the authors proposed, could be due to incomplete lineage sorting, allopolyploidy, or hybridisation, all of which were important mechanisms underlying the evolution of the Maleae. [8] [10] The authors proposed hybridisation as the most likely scenario, whereby the ancestor of Clade II hybridised with the ancestor of Pourthiaea, so that all its descendants, including M. florentina, inherited Pourthiaea's chloroplast DNA through a process known as chloroplast capture. [11] [12] On the other hand, in a 2017 study by Savelyeva and colleagues, these relationships were not supported, and two M. florentina samples did not even cluster together in one clade. [13] [3]

According to Liu and colleagues (2022), Malus originated in North America and East Asia, most likely in the middle Eocene, between 41.2 and 44.39 million years ago. [8] Also according to this study, Clade II, the clade M. florentina belongs to, originated in western North America and subsequently spread to Europe and western Asia in the late Eocene via the North Atlantic Land Bridge. The split between M. florentina and its sister M. trilobata, the two representatives of this clade in western Eurasia, was estimated to have occurred already in the early Oligocene, 32.81 million years ago. [9] Malus antiqua , a fossil species with lobed leaves from the Pliocene (5.33–2.58 Mya) of Europe, recovered in Romania, is thought to be ancestral to M. florentina or M. trilobata. [14] [8]

Traditionally, M. florentina has been included in the section Sorbomalus, alongside a number of other species with lobed leaves, including M. sieboldii, M. transitoria, M. kansuensis and M. fusca, [15] but the monophyly of this section is not supported by phylogenetic analyses. [16] [13] Alternatively, Qian and colleagues (2008) proposed a classification as the only species in the section Florentinae. [7] However, in a comprehensive 2022 revision of the genus Malus, Li and colleagues argued against the use of these traditional morphological groupings, due to their generally poor conformity with relationships established through phylogenetic studies. [3]

Etymology

Both the botanical and the common name Florentine crabapple refer to the municipality of Florence, Italy, [6] which lies within the species' natural distribution and has a major history of botanical collection in its famous Renaissance gardens. The other common name hawthorn-leaf refers to its distinct toothed [17] leaf shape, which resembles that of a hawthorn ( Crataegus ). [6]

Description

Young M. florentina tree Malus florentina Italienischner Zierapfel 01.jpg
Young M. florentina tree

Malus florentina tree is a small deciduous, upright and initially vase shaped or conical, but later rounded tree, growing up to 9 by 6 metres (30 by 20 feet) tall and wide. It may, however, also stay shrubby. [6] [17] A large tree recorded in the Ibar valley in Kosovo in 2001 was estimated to be over 7 metres (23 ft) tall and 80–90 years old, with a trunk girth closely approaching 90 centimetres (35 in). [18] The leaves are hawthorn-like and serrated, with 3–5 lobes on each side, and positioned on downy leaf stalks 0.5–2 centimetres (0.2–0.8 in) long. They are dark green, hairy above at first in spring but becoming virtually smooth above, grey-white and densely hairy below, 2–8 centimetres (0.8–3.1 in) long and 3–4 centimetres (1.2–1.6 in) wide, [19] [20] and resemble wild service tree ( Torminalis glaberrima ) leaves. [21]

The white flowers are 1.5–2 centimetres (0.6–0.8 in) in diameter, growing in loose clusters of between 2 and 7, and the tree blooms in early summer. [17] [6] [22] The species is monoecious, having hermaphrodite flowers. [20] The fruit grow on long fruit stalks around 3 centimetres (1.2 in) in length. They are small, around 1–1.2 centimetres (0.4–0.5 in) long, and round, becoming dull to bright red when ripe from October to November; the sepals are decidous. [19] [6] The seeds (apple pips) contain hydrogen cyanide, so can be toxic in large doses. [23] The bark is dark and fissured with age, but may also be light, flaky and smooth on young individuals. [6] [24] The species is cold hardy to RHS H6 and USDA hardiness zones 4–8, and is not frost tender. [6]

M. florentina can be differentiated from the sympatric M. sylvestris by its lobed leaves and long fruit stalks, which are usually longer than the fruit. It can further be distinguished from the closely related M. trilobata, with which it marginally overlaps in Anatolia, by its usually shorter leaf and longer fruit stalks, smaller fruit size, and different, less palmate leaves. [22]

The species is diploid, with a chromosome number of 2n=34. [25] [15]

Distribution and ecology

Malus florentina has a disjunct, relictual distribution, found on both sides of the Adriatic Sea, on the Apennine Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. [b] Additionally, a few localities have also been reported from northern Anatolia, particularly from the Marmara region. [c] [5] In this respect, it bears a similarity to other woody species such as Hungarian oak ( Quercus frainetto ), Mount Tabor oak (Q. ithaburensis), Lobel's maple ( Acer lobelii ), Bosnian pine ( Pinus heldreichii ), and Oriental hornbeam ( Carpinus orientalis ). A general, albeit outdated, [22] [27] distribution map is available. [5] Following its initial description in 1806, M. florentina was only known to occur on the Apennine Peninsula, until further research revealed its occurrence in Anatolia and the Balkans in 1889 and 1918, respectively. [5] Thus, although it is not endemic to the Apennine Peninsula, it was at times [28] falsely believed to be so. While some authors suggest that the species is common in northern Italy [13] and North Macedonia, [22] researchers generally agree that it is a comparably rare, and probably overall declining species. [20] [22] [29] Throughout its range, M. florentina occurs as a scattered component of temperate and submediterranean oak woodlands and scrub, preferring moist soil. [6] [20] Like its close relative, M. trilobata, M. florentina is often considered a tertiary remnant of a formerly more species-rich genus Malus in Europe. [6] [5]

In Italy, the species is primarily found in the northern central and southern central parts, including in Emilia-Romagna, Tuscany, Umbria, Marche, Campania, and Basilicata, and is absent from the north. [20] [28] Here, it is a species of warm-temperate (thermophilic) oak woodlands, and a characteristic species of the Teucrio Siculi-Quercion cerridis vegetation alliance within the Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae order, which occupies slopes at medium elevations or ravines and valleys at lower elevations that are characterised by a cool climate with frost periods and substantial rainfall. These woodlands are dominated by Turkey oak ( Quercus cerris ), along with other oaks (Hungarian oak Q. frainetto, sessile oak Q. petraea, and downy oak Q. pubescens), maples (Montpelier maple Acer monspessulanum , Italian maple A. opalus subsp. obtusatum, and field maple A. campestre), European hornbeam ( Carpinus betulus ), wild service tree (Torminalis glaberrima) and, more rarely, European hop-hornbeam ( Ostrya carpinifolia ). Other typical species include tree heather ( Erica arborea ), green heather ( Erica scoparia ), evergreen rose ( Rosa sempervirens ), Etruscan honeysuckle ( Lonicera etrusca ), bramble ( Rubus hirtus ), midland hawthorn ( Crataegus laevigata ), globe thistle (Echinops siculus), white violet ( Viola alba subsp. dehnhardtii), wild madder ( Rubia peregrina), false broom ( Brachypodium sylvaticum), wood spurge ( Euphorbia amygdaloides ), wood melick ( Melica uniflora ), slender wood violet ( Viola reichenbachiana ), and spurge-laurel ( Daphne laureola ). [30]

A mixed oak forest in Bulgaria. Throughout its range, M. florentina occurs mainly around the edges of thermophilic oak forests. Gora (d'brava).jpg
A mixed oak forest in Bulgaria. Throughout its range, M. florentina occurs mainly around the edges of thermophilic oak forests.

In the Balkans, M. florentina is distributed primarily in the southern central part, particularly in North Macedonia, Kosovo, southern Serbia, southwestern Bulgaria and northern Greece, however, isolated populations have also been recorded in central and southern Greece, Albania, and east Thrace. It occurs mainly in thermophilic deciduous oak woodlands within the Quercetalia pubescentis and Quercetalia roburi-petraeae vegetation alliances in hilly terrain, [5] [22] however, in Albania it has also been observed in Austrian pine ( Pinus nigra subsp. nigra) forests and in scrubland at altitudes of up to 1475 m. [31] In Kosovo and southern Serbia, the species is a member of forest communities along the Ibar river dominated by Turkey oak and Hungarian oak, alongside wild service tree, Oriental hornbeam ( Carpinus orientalis ), pears (European wild pear Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster and almond-leaved pear P. spinosa ), junipers (eastern prickly juniper Juniperus deltoides and common juniper J. communis), Tatar maple ( Acer tataricum ), dog rose ( Rosa canina ), European smoketree ( Cotinus coggygria ), hellebore ( Helleborus odorus ), milkvetch ( Astragalus glycyphyllos ), bladderseed (Physospermum cornubiense), owl-head clover ( Trifolium alpestre ), and black pea ( Lathyrus niger ). [18] In Bulgaria, the species is found in the Vlahina Mountains and the Struma river valley at 500–900 metres (1,600–3,000 ft) altitude in mixed forest communities consisting of downy oak ( Quercus pubescens ), European hop-hornbeam, Oriental hornbeam, manna ash ( Fraxinus ornus ), field elm ( Ulmus minor ), and St Lucie cherry ( Prunus mahaleb ), along with a number of smaller trees and shrubs. [22]

The species' pollination mechanism is not known, but other Malus are pollinated by insects, especially bees. [32] The species bears small, red fruit, and is reported to be dispersed by birds. Like other Malus species, it appears to follow a biennial fruiting pattern, bearing large crops only every other year. [22] M. florentina, like other rosaceous fruit trees, [33] is light-demanding, requiring an open canopy to thrive. [20] Canopy closure leads to the reduction or absence of flowers and fruit, and may lead to the absence of regeneration and the loss of trees. [18] [20] For example, in the former coppice woodlands surrounding Chiaravalle Abbey, Fiastra, Marche, now part of a protected area, the species is thought to have been aided by traditional management, but is now strictly limited to local canopy openings along pathways, forest edges and gaps. [20]

Status and conservation

Malus florentina is generally considered to be a rare species, however, since its overall population trend is insufficiently known, it was most recently (2017) assessed as data deficient (DD). [1] Local evidence, however, suggests that the species is declining. For example, it appears to be in regression in Marche, Italy, where some populations have recently disappeared as a result of canopy closure. [29] [20] The species can be propagated using microcuttings. [34] [35]

Uses

The fruit of the species can be eaten raw or cooked. When bletted, it has a mealy texture with a soft acidic flesh, and is refreshing in small quantities. [23] Although the species has been noted for its ornamental value, including its relatively late, attractive bloom, its autumn colour, and its bark, it is only rarely cultivated. [6] Nonetheless, M. florentina is hardy in temperate Europe, with specimens growing in several collections as far north as Trondheim, Norway. [6] The species is also relatively indifferent with respect to soil and soil pH, but prefers moist or wet soil that is well drained. It also prefers a sunny position, but can also manage when semi-shaded. [23] [17] M. florentina is resistant to powdery mildew, [36] but susceptible to fire blight, particularly in North America. [6]

References

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  3. 1 2 3 Li, Jing-chao; Liu, Jian-quan; Gao, Xin-fen (28 December 2022). "A revision of the genus Malus Mill. (Rosaceae)". European Journal of Taxonomy (853): 1–127. Bibcode:2022EJTax.853....1L. doi:10.5852/ejt.2022.853.2019. ISSN   2118-9773.
  4. ↑ Ișık, S.; Dönmez, A.A. (2004). "Pollen morphology of the three pomoid genera ×Malosorbus Browicz, Mespilus L., and Eriolobus (Ser.) Roemer (Rosaceae)" (PDF). Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry. 33: 65–75.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tomović, Gordana [in Serbian]; Niketić, Marjan [in Serbian]; Stevanović, Vladimir [in Serbian] (29 December 2003). "×Malosorbus florentina (Rosaceae-Maloideae) - Distribution, Synecology and Threatened Status in Serbia" (PDF). Phyton - Annales Rei Botanicae. 43 (2). Horn, Austria: Verlag Ferdinand Berger & Söhne: 295–306. ISSN   0079-2047. OCLC   896856644. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 8 November 2025– via ZOBODAT.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sutton, Julian; Dunn, Nick (2021). "Malus florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid". Trees and Shrubs Online. Kington, Herefordshire: International Dendrology Society. Archived from the original on 23 June 2025. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  7. 1 2 Qian, Guan-Ze; Liu, Lian-Fen; Hong, De-Yuan; Tang, Geng-Guo (2008). "Taxonomic study of Malus sect. Florentinae (Rosaceae)". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 158 (2): 223–227. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2008.00841.x.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Liu, Bin-Bin; Ren, Chen; Kwak, Myounghai; Hodel, Richard G.J.; Xu, Chao; He, Jian; Zhou, Wen-Bin; Huang, Chien-Hsun; Ma, Hong; Qian, Guan-Ze; Hong, De-Yuan; Wen, Jun (2022). "Phylogenomic conflict analyses in the apple genus Malus s.l. reveal widespread hybridization and allopolyploidy driving diversification, with insights into the complex biogeographic history in the Northern Hemisphere" . Journal of Integrative Plant Biology. 64 (5): 1020–1043. Bibcode:2022JIPB...64.1020L. doi:10.1111/jipb.13246. ISSN   1744-7909. PMID   35274452.
  9. 1 2 Liu, Bin-Bin; Liu, Guang-Ning; Hong, De-Yuan; Wen, Jun (7 February 2020). "Eriobotrya Belongs to Rhaphiolepis (Maleae, Rosaceae): Evidence From Chloroplast Genome and Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Data". Frontiers in Plant Science . 10 1731. Bibcode:2020FrPS...10.1731L. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01731 . ISSN   1664-462X. PMC   7019104 . PMID   32117331.
  10. 1 2 Liu, Bin-Bin; Campbell, Christopher S.; Hong, De-Yuan; Wen, Jun (1 June 2020). "Phylogenetic relationships and chloroplast capture in the Amelanchier-Malacomeles-Peraphyllum clade (Maleae, Rosaceae): Evidence from chloroplast genome and nuclear ribosomal DNA data using genome skimming". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . 147 106784. Bibcode:2020MolPE.14706784L. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.106784 . ISSN   1055-7903. PMID   32135308.
  11. ↑ Wang, Hui; Li, Xiao-Ya; Jiang, Yan; Jin, Ze-Tao; Ma, Dai-Kun; Liu, Bing; Xu, Chao; Ge, Bin-Jie; Wang, Ting; Fan, Qiang; Jin, Shui-Hu; Liu, Guang-Ning; Liu, Bin-Bin (2024). "Refining the phylogeny and taxonomy of the apple tribe Maleae (Rosaceae): insights from phylogenomic analyses of 563 plastomes and a taxonomic synopsis of Photinia and its allies in the Old World". PhytoKeys (242): 161–227. Bibcode:2024PhytK.242..161W. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.242.117481 . ISSN   1314-2011. PMC   11161682 . PMID   38854497.
  12. ↑ Zhang, Xin; Rong, Chunxiao; Qin, Ling; Mo, Chuanyuan; Fan, Lu; Yan, Jie; Zhang, Manrang (8 November 2018). "Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Malus hupehensis: Genome Structure, Comparative Analysis, and Phylogenetic Relationships". Molecules . 23 (11). Basel: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). doi: 10.3390/molecules23112917 . ISSN   1420-3049. OCLC   7908750573. PMC   6278565 . PMID   30413097. Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2025.
  13. 1 2 3 Savelyeva, Ekaterina; Kalegina, Anna; Boris, Ksenia; Kochieva, Elena; Kudryavtsev, Alexander (1 October 2017). "Retrotransposon-based sequence-specific amplified polymorphism markers for the analysis of genetic diversity and phylogeny in Malus Mill. (Rosaceae)" . Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 64 (7): 1499–1511. Bibcode:2017GRCEv..64.1499S. doi:10.1007/s10722-016-0449-1. ISSN   1573-5109.
  14. ↑ Doweld, Alexander B. (27 November 2018). "Palaeoflora Europaea: Notulae Systematicae ad Palaeofloram Europaeam spectantes I. New names of fossil magnoliophytes of the European Tertiary. I. Miscellaneous families". Phytotaxa . 379 (1): 78–94. Bibcode:2018Phytx.379...78D. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.379.1.8. ISSN   1179-3163.
  15. 1 2 Höfer, Monika; Meister, Armin (2010). "Genome Size Variation in Malus Species". Journal of Botany. 2010 (1) 480873. doi: 10.1155/2010/480873 . ISSN   2090-0139.
  16. ↑ Cho, Myong-Suk; Kim, Jin Hyeong; Yamada, Takayuki; Maki, Masayuki; Kim, Seung-Chul (26 August 2021). "Plastome characterization and comparative analyses of wild crabapples (Malus baccata and M. toringo): insights into infraspecific plastome variation and phylogenetic relationships" . Tree Genetics & Genomes. 17 (5): 41. doi:10.1007/s11295-021-01520-z. ISSN   1614-2950.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Leeth, Fredrick (21 September 2016). "Malus florentina (Italian Crabapple)". Backyard Gardener. Retrieved 3 November 2025.
  18. 1 2 3 Prodanović, D.; Krivošej, Z.; Amidžić, L.; Bartula, L. (2013). "Floristic and chorological news from northern Kosovo, in the Ibar river valley". Natura Montenegrina. 12 (2): 257–269 – via ResearchGate.
  19. 1 2 Rushforth, Keith (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. London: Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 827–828. ISBN   0-00-220013-9.
  20. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Maccaroni, Luca (13 February 2020). Studio del popolamento di Malus florentina e dei principali driver ecologici responsabili del suo assetto all’interno della riserva naturale dell'Abbadia di Fiastra (MC) [Study of the population of Malus florentina and the main ecological drivers responsible for its structure within the nature reserve of the Abbey of Fiastra (MC)]. Dip. Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences (Thesis) (in Italian). Ancona: Università Politecnica delle Marche [Marche Polytechnic University]. Archived from the original on 3 August 2025.
  21. 1 2 Bärtels, Andreas (2021). Wild- und Zieräpfel: Üppige Pracht für Gärten und Parks (in German). Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer. pp. 113–116. ISBN   978-3-494-01830-0.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Aneva, Ina; Zhelev, Petar (2023). "Malus florentina (Rosaceae): a new species for the Bulgarian dendroflora" (PDF). Phytologia Balcanica. 29 (2): 179–184. doi:10.7546/PhB.29.2.2023.4.
  23. 1 2 3 "Malus florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid". Plants for a Future .
  24. ↑ Wilson, Ernest Henry (1930). "Malus florentina". Bulletin of Popular Information (Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University). 4 (9): 34. doi: 10.5962/p.322173 . ISSN   0196-6057. JSTOR   42962399.
  25. ↑ Schuster, Mirko; Büttner, Rolf (1 December 1995). "Chromosome numbers in the Malus wild species collection of the genebank Dresden-Pillnitz" . Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 42 (4): 353–361. Bibcode:1995GRCEv..42..353S. doi:10.1007/BF02432139. ISSN   1573-5109.
  26. ↑ Kuzmanović, Nevena; Lakušić, Dmitar; Stevanoski, Ivana; Barfuss, Michael H. J.; Schönswetter, Peter; Frajman, Božo (1 September 2024). "Carpinus austrobalcanica – A new highly polyploid species from the Balkan Peninsula closely related to European hornbeam". de:Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics . 64 125812. Bibcode:2024PPEES..6425812K. doi: 10.1016/j.ppees.2024.125812 . ISSN   1433-8319.
  27. ↑ Bergmeier, Erwin; Fanourios-Nikolaos, Sakellarakis; Strid, Arne; Swinkels, Constant (2020). "New additions to the flora of Prespa, Greece". Phytologia Balcanica. 26 (1): 103–130 – via ResearchGate.
  28. 1 2 Bolognini, Gloria; Nimis, Pier Luigi (1993). "Phytogeography of Italian deciduous oak woods based on numerical classification of plant distribution ranges". Journal of Vegetation Science. 4: 847–860. doi:10.2307/3235624.
  29. 1 2 Mei, G.; Maccaroni, L.; Oreskovic, M.; Taffetani, F. (2021). "A study on the Malus florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid. populations in the Abbadia di Fiastra (MC) Natural Reserve with insight on the main ecological drivers responsible for their current structural pattern" (PDF). 54h SISV Congress, 28-29th September 2021: 21.
  30. ↑ Blasi, C.; Die Pietro, R.; Filesi, L. (2004). "Syntaxonomical revision of Quercetalia pubescenti-petraeae in the Italian Peninsula" (PDF). Fitosociologia. 41 (1): 87–164.
  31. ↑ Barina, Zoltán; Pifkó, Daniel; Mesterházy, Attila (2010). "Contributions to the flora of Albania". Willdenowia. 39 (2). Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin: 293–299. doi: 10.3372/wi.39.39208 .
  32. ↑ Balaska, Konstantina; Adamidis, George; Varsamis, Georgios; Papalazarou, Kyriaki; Karanikola, Paraskevi; Manolis, Apostolos; Karapetsas, Athanasios; Eliades, Nicolas-George; Sandaltzopoulos, Raphael; Papamatthaiakis, Nikolaos; Poirazidis, Kostas; Korakis, Georgios; Papageorgiou, Aristotelis (2021). "Genetic diversity and spatial structure of the imperiled European population of Malus trilobata in Greece". Genetika. 53 (1): 103–119. doi: 10.2298/GENSR2101103B . ISSN   0534-0012.
  33. ↑ Pyttel, Patrick; Kunz, Jörg; Bauhus, Jürgen (1 December 2013). "Growth, regeneration and shade tolerance of the Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) in aged oak coppice forests" . Trees. 27 (6): 1609–1619. Bibcode:2013Trees..27.1609P. doi:10.1007/s00468-013-0908-7. ISSN   1432-2285.
  34. ↑ Martini, Aekaterini N.; Papafotiou, Maria; Vemmos, Stavros N. (2013). "Season and Explant Origin Affect Phenolic Content, Browning of Explants, and Micropropagation of ×Malosorbus florentina (Zuccagni) Browicz". HortScience . 48 (1): 102–107. doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.48.1.102 . ISSN   0018-5345.
  35. ↑ Martini, A.N.; Papafotiou, M. (2013). "Micropropagation as means for the conservation of the rare and endangered ×Malosorbus florentina (Zuccagni) Browicz (Rosaceae)" . Acta Horticulturae (990): 409–414. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2013.990.52. ISSN   0567-7572.
  36. ↑ Schuster, M. (2000). "Genetics of powdery mildew resistance in Malus species" . Acta Horticulturae (538): 593–595. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2000.538.103. ISSN   0567-7572.

Notes

  1. ↑ Namely Cormus, as Cormus florentina(Zuccagni) Decne. , Eriolobus , as Eriolobus florentinus(Zuccagni) Stapf , Mespilus , as Mespilus florentina(Zuccagni) Bertol. , Pyrus, as Pyrus florentina(Zuccagni) Targ.Tozz. , Sorbus , as Sorbus florentina(Zuccagni) K.Koch , and Torminaria, as Torminaria florentina(Zuccagni) M.Roem.
  2. ↑ This distribution type is referred to as amphi-adriatic, and is seen in a number of plant species of the central Mediterranean. [26]
  3. ↑ Davis (1972) reported the populations in northern Anatolia to be sterile. [21]

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