Meteorological history of Hurricane Sandy

Last updated

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Eric S. Blake; Todd B. Kimberlain; Robert J. Berg; John P. Cangialosi; John L. Beven II (February 12, 2012). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Sandy (PDF) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
  2. Stacy R. Stewart (October 19, 2012). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  3. Eric S. Blake (October 20, 2012). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  4. Deitra Tate (October 21, 2012). "Great Start to Week...Watching Tropics". Local15TV. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  5. Jack L. Beven (October 21, 2012). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center . Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  6. Robert J. Berg (October 21, 2012). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  7. Stacy R. Stewart (October 22, 2012). Tropical Weather Outlook (TXT) (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  8. 1 2 Robert J. Berg; Lixion A. Avila (October 22, 2012). Tropical Depression Eighteen Discussion Number 1 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  9. Richard J. Pasch (October 22, 2012). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 2 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  10. Stacy R. Stewart (October 23, 2012). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 3 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 23, 2012.
  11. Daniel P. Brown (October 23, 2012). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 4 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  12. Jack L. Beven (October 24, 2012). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 7 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  13. 1 2 Michael J. Brennan (October 24, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 9 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  14. Todd B. Kimberlain; James L. Franklin (October 24, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 24, 2012.
  15. Stacy R. Stewart (October 25, 2012). "Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 25, 2012.
  16. Stacy R. Stewart; Dave Roberts (October 25, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  17. 1 2 Stacy R. Stewart (October 25, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 12 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  18. Michael J. Brennan (October 25, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 13 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  19. 1 2 Michael J. Brennan (October 25, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 14 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  20. Jack L. Beven (October 26, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 15 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  21. Michael J. Brennan (October 26, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 16 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  22. Michael J. Brennan (October 26, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Public Advisory Number 16 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  23. Richard J. Pasch (October 26, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 18 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  24. Jack L. Beven (October 26, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  25. Jack L. Beven (October 27, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 19 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  26. Jack L. Beven (October 27, 2012). Tropical Storm Sandy Discussion Number 20 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  27. Daniel P. Brown (October 27, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 21 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 27, 2012.
  28. Daniel P. Brown (October 27, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 22 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  29. Jack L. Beven (October 28, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 23 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  30. Richard J. Pasch; John P. Cangialosi (October 28, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 24 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  31. Stacy R. Stewart (October 29, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 25 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  32. Jack L. Beven (October 29, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 27 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  33. 1 2 Richard J. Pasch; John P. Cangialosi (October 29, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 28 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  34. 1 2 3 "Modeling Sandy: A High-Resolution Approach to Storm Surge" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions, Inc. October 2013. Retrieved October 10, 2020.
  35. 1 2 3 Stacy R. Stewart (October 29, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 29 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  36. Richard J. Knabb; James L. Franklin (October 29, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 30 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  37. Daniel P. Brown; Dave Roberts (October 29, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  38. Daniel P. Brown; Dave Roberts (October 30, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  39. Daniel P. Brown (October 30, 2012). Hurricane Sandy Discussion Number 31 (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  40. Daniel Petersen (October 30, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 32 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  41. Mary Berth Gerhardt; Jason Krekeler (October 30, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 33 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  42. Mary Beth Gerhardt; Jason Krekeler; Bruce Sullivan (October 30, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 34...Corrected (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  43. Daniel Petersen; Allison Monarski; Bruce Sullivan; Andrew Orrison (October 21, 2012). Post-Tropical Cyclone Sandy Advisory Number 35...Corrected (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  44. Daniel Petersen; Andrew Orrison; Bruce Terry (October 31, 2012). Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 36 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  45. Mary Beth Gerhardth (October 31, 2012). Remnants of Sandy Advisory Number 37 (Report). Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  46. "WPC surface analysis valid for 11/02/2017 at 18 UTC". NOAA's National Weather Service. November 2, 2011. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
  47. 1 2 Dan Vergano (October 30, 2012). "U.S. forecast's late arrival stirs weather tempest". USAToday. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  48. "British meteorologists predicted Sandy's course". TODAY. MSNBC. October 31, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  49. Kerry Emanual (October 28, 2012). "Why America Has Fallen Behind the World in Storm Forecasting". Speakeasy blog. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 1, 2012.
  50. Aaron Naparstek (July 20, 2005). "The Big One for New York City". The New York Press. Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  51. 1 2 Public Information Statement (Report). Mount Holly National Weather Service. October 31, 2012. Archived from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
  52. "Hurricane Sandy a record-breaker". AM New York. October 30, 2012. Archived from the original on December 4, 2012. Retrieved April 22, 2012.
  53. Masters, Jeff. "Will Global Warming Create Larger Hurricanes?". Weather Underground. Retrieved 7 May 2018.
  54. Jeff Masters (January 13, 2012). "NHC upgrades Sandy to a Cat 3 in reanalysis, affirms changes needed for warnings". Weather Underground. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  55. Carter Collins (October 30, 2012). "Hurricane Sandy breaks records: death toll and amount of damage unknown". Iowa State Daily. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  56. Harry J. Enten (October 30, 2012). "How Sandy stacked up: the storm in statistics" . Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  57. 1 2 Bryan Walsh (November 12, 2012). "Outsmarting the Surge". Time magazine . Vol. 180, no. 20. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
  58. "Sea Level Rise Mostly Caused By Melting Glaciers In Past Century, Experts Find". The Huffington Post . Associated Press. November 14, 2012. Retrieved November 15, 2012.
  59. 1 2 3 Kevin Trenberth. "Hurricane Sandy mixes super-storm conditions with climate change". The Conversation. Retrieved October 29, 2012. The sea surface temperatures along the Atlantic coast have been running at over 3°C above normal for a region extending 800 km off shore all the way from Florida to Canada. Global warming contributes 0.6°C to this. With every degree C, the water holding of the atmosphere goes up 7%, and the moisture provides fuel for the tropical storm, increases its intensity, and magnifies the rainfall by double that amount compared with normal conditions. Global climate change has contributed to the higher sea surface and ocean temperatures, and a warmer and moister atmosphere, and its effects are in the range of 5 to 10%. Natural variability and weather has provided the perhaps optimal conditions of a hurricane running into extra-tropical conditions to make for a huge intense storm, enhanced by global warming influences.
  60. Michael Marhsall (October 29, 2012). "Slow-moving hurricanes such as Sandy on the rise". New Scientist. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  61. 1 2 3 4 Jeff Masters (October 31, 2012). "Why did Hurricane Sandy take such an unusual track into New Jersey?". Weather Underground. Archived from the original on November 3, 2012. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  62. Mark Fischetti (October 30, 2012). "Did Climate Change Cause Hurricane Sandy?".
  63. 1 2 Andrew C. Revkin (October 28, 2012). "The #Frankenstorm in Climate Context". The New York Times.
  64. Bettina Boxall; Neela Banerjee (November 4, 2012). "Sandy a galvanizing moment for climate change?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 5, 2012.
  65. Edward Mason (November 6, 2012). "Hello again, climate change". Harvard Gazette. Retrieved November 7, 2012. He pointed out that since 2007, melted Arctic ice opened the Northwest Passage, a development that he believes could have a dramatic effect on weather patterns. Last spring's unseasonable warmth caused places like Rochester, Minn., to set record daytime highs. 'By midcentury, this will be the new normal,' Schrag predicted. 'How do you deal with extreme heat in the summer? It's going to be a challenge, but humans are adaptable. It's not going to be easy, just like a 13-foot storm surge will be the new norm on the Eastern seaboard.'
  66. Kevin Trenberth (March 2012). "Framing the way to relate climate extremes to climate change". Climatic Change. 115 (2): 283–290. Bibcode:2012ClCh..115..283T. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0441-5 .
  67. Noah Besser. "Steroids, baseball, and climate change". NCAR & UCAR Science.
  68. Lisa Palmer (October 29, 2012). "Hybrid Hell".
  69. Alley B. Richard; et al. Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (PDF). Cambridge University Press (Report). Cambridge, UK; New York, NY: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
  70. Ben Geman (October 31, 2012). "Rep. Waxman seeks lame-duck hearing on Sandy, climate change links". The Hill. Retrieved November 4, 2012.
  71. "Ranking Members Waxman and Rush Renew Request for Hearings on Science of Climate Change". Committee on Energy & Commerce Democrats. April 9, 2013. Archived from the original on February 20, 2014. Retrieved April 22, 2013.
Hurricane Sandy
Sandy 2012 path.png
Track of Hurricane Sandy