The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
There is a slow trend to return to the local name, which has been going on for a long time.[citation needed] In English Livorno is now used, the old English form of Leghorn having become antiquated at least a century ago. In some cases, such as the replacement of Danzig with Gdansk, the official name has been changed more recently. Since 1995, the government of Ukraine has encouraged the use of Kyiv rather than Kiev.[1]
Saint-Gall (French, Romanian), San Galo (Spanish*), San Gallo (Italian), Sankt Gallen (Dutch, German), São Galo (Portuguese*) Son Gagl (Romansh), Svatý Havel (Czech)
Sanktmorica (Latvian), Sankt Moritz (German)*, Saint-Moritz (French)*, San Maurizio (Italian)*, San Morittsu - サンモリッツ (Japanese)*, San Murezzan (Romansh), Svatý Mořic (Czech)
Groß Sankt Nikolaus or Großsanktnikolaus (German), Nagyszentmiklós (Hungarian), Sânnicolau Mare or Sân Nicolau Mare (Romanian), Sînnicolau Mare (former Romanian), Veliki Sveti Nikola (Serbian)
Donostia (Basque*, Estonian*), Donostia-San Sebastián (official name, combination of the names in both local languages: Donostia (Basque pronunciation:[doˈnos̺tia]) and San Sebastián (Spanish:[sanseβasˈtjan])),[3]Donostio (Esperanto)*, Saint-Sébastien (French)*, San Sebastian (most common English variant), San Sebastián (Spanish*, Portuguese*, Finnish*, Romanian), Sant Sebastià (Catalan)*, San Sebastijanas (Lithuanian), São Sebastião (Portuguese variant)*
Compostela (former Galician, current use also), Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle (French), Santiago de Compostela (Galician, Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish), Santiago de Compostel·la (Catalan), Santiago di Compostela (Italian), Santiago di Compostella or San Giacomo di Compostella (old Italian), Sant Jaume de Galícia (former Catalan), Šānt Yāqūb (Arabic)
Slupsk - Слупск (Russian and other languages written in Cyrillic script), Slupska (Latvian), Stolp (German), Stolpe (Latin), Stölpe (Swedish), Stôłpsk (Kashubian)
Igló (Hungarian), Noveysis (Romani), Nowa Wieś Spiska or Spiska Nowa Wieś (Polish), Spiska Nova Ves - Списка Нова Вес (Ukrainian), Spišská Nová Ves (Slovak), Villa Nova (Latin), (Zipser) Neu(-en-)dorf (German)
Castrum Danorum (Latin, 13th century),[9]Kolyvan - Колывань (in Old East Slavic chronicles, whose authenticity and connection with modern Tallinn is disputed),Lindanäs (late medieval Swedish, attested after the Livonian Crusade), Lyndanisse (late medieval Danish, attested in the 13th century),[10][11]Rääveli (former Finnish), Reval (former Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Norwegian, Swedish and Turkish), Revalia (former Latin), Revel' - Ревель (former Russian), Rēvele (former Latvian), Revl - רעוול (Yiddish), Rewel (former Polish), Taillinn (Irish), Tālīn - تالين (Arabic), Tǎlín - 塔林 (Chinese), Talin or Taline (alternative Portuguese, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, alternative Turkish), Talinas (Lithuanian), Tallin (Spanish), Tallin was also the alternative transliteration variant of Таллин (Russian) used in many languages during the second half of the 20th century, Tallin / T'allin - 탈린 (Korean), Tallíni - Ταλλίνη (Greek Katharevousa), Tallinn (Azeri, Basque, Catalan, Danish, Dutch, Estonian, French, German, Italian, Maltese, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Slovakian, Swedish and Turkish), Talinny (Hungarian), Tallina (Latvian), Tallinna (Finnish, former Estonian), Tarin - タリン (Japanese)*
Bisánthe - Βισάνθη or Bysánthe - Βυσάνθη (Ancient Greek name of a Thracian town very near the modern city), Raedestus / Rhaedestus (Latin), Rhaidestós - Ῥαιδεστός (Greek), Rodosçuk (early Ottoman Turkish), Rodosto (Italian and various European languages), Rodostó (Hungarian), Tekfurdağı (late Ottoman Turkish), Tekirdağ (Turkish), Visánthi - Βισάνθη (Modern Greek form of Bisánthe)
The Russian alphabet is the script used to write the Russian language. It is derived from the Cyrillic script, which was modified in the 9th century to capture accurately the phonology of the first Slavic literary language, Old Slavonic. Initially an old variant of the Bulgarian alphabet, it was used in Kievan Rus' from the 10th century onward to write what would become the modern Russian language.
Kyiv is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2022, its population was 2,952,301, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Kyiv is an important industrial, scientific, educational, and cultural center in Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions, and historical landmarks. The city has an extensive system of public transport and infrastructure, including the Kyiv Metro.
Kyi, Shchek and Khoryv were three legendary brothers—often mentioned along with their sister Lybеd'(Old East Slavic: Лыбѣдь, romanized: Lybed'; Ukrainian: Либідь, romanized: Lybid'; Russian: Лыбедь, romanized: Lybed') —who, according to the Primary Chronicle, founded the city of Kiev, which eventually became the capital of Kievan Rus', and is the present-day capital of Ukraine.
An endonym is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language, or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their place of origin, or their language.
Chicken Kiev, also known as chicken Kyiv and chicken à la Kyiv, is a dish made of chicken fillet pounded and rolled around cold butter, then coated with egg and bread crumbs, and either fried or baked. Since fillets are often referred to as suprêmes in professional cookery, the dish is also called "suprême de volaille à la Kiev". Stuffed chicken breast is generally known in Russian and Ukrainian cuisines as côtelette de volaille. Though it has disputed origins, the dish is particularly popular in the post-Soviet states, as well as in several other countries of the former Eastern Bloc, and in the English-speaking world.
The earliest known usage of the name Ukraine appears in the Hypatian Codex of c. 1425 under the year 1187 in reference to a part of the territory of Kievan Rus'. The use of "the Ukraine" has been officially deprecated by the Ukrainian government and many English-language media publications.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and parts of Italy and Spain.
The names used for some major European cities differ in different European and sometimes non-European languages. In some countries where there are two or more languages spoken, such as Belgium or Switzerland, dual forms may be used within the city itself, for example on signage. This is also the case in Ireland, despite a low level of actual usage of the Irish language. In other cases where a regional language is officially recognised, that form of the name may be used in the region, but not nationally. Examples include the Welsh language in Wales in the United Kingdom, and other languages in parts of Italy and Spain.
The Ukrainian orthography is the orthography for the Ukrainian language, a system of generally accepted rules that determine the ways of transmitting speech in writing.
Kiev Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire from 1796 to 1919 and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919 to 1925. It included the territory of the right-bank Ukraine and was formed after a division of the Kiev Viceroyalty into Kiev and Little Russia Governorates in 1796. Its capital was in Kiev. By the early 20th century, it consisted of 12 uyezds, 12 cities, 111 miasteczkos and 7344 other settlements. After the October Revolution, it became part of the administrative division of the Ukrainian SSR. In 1923 it was divided into several okrugs and on 6 June 1925 it was abolished by the Soviet administrative reforms.
The word Rus' referred initially to a group of Scandinavian Vikings, also known as Varangians, who founded the medieval state of Kievan Rus' in Eastern Europe in the 10th century. The term gradually acquired the meaning of the aforementioned dynastic polity itself, and also the geographic region of its heartlands Kiev, Pereiaslavl' and Chernihiv. Russia is a Hellenized rendition of the same word, and Ruthenia is its Latinized form.
Mikhail Pavlovich Bobyshov was a Soviet Russian painter and stage decorator, People's Artist of the Russian Federation, Honored Art worker of the Russian Federation, professor of the Repin Institute of Arts.
Atheistic Dictionary is a one-volume reference work devoted to various aspects of religion and atheism. It contains more than 2,500 terms.
Tyurya, sometimes known as murtsovka, is a traditional bread soup in the Russian cuisine, sometimes considered a variant of okroshka. It consists of chunks of bread, often stale or semi-stale, or dried/baked into sukhari biscuits/hardtack, soaked in a flavorful liquid or, alternatively, plain water, with some vegetables and vegetable oil added and flavored with salt and pepper. The base liquid could be anything that can be consumed cold, because unlike most other bread soups, tyurya was prepared and consumed without heat. Kvass was historically the most popular base for tyurya, due to it being cheap, plentiful and flavorful enough. A dairy base, like plain or sour milk, whey or kefir was considered fancy and was generally prepared for children, the elderly or the infirm. It is, along with pokhlyobka, a traditional Lenten soup.
Naddnistrianshchyna, also Podnistrovia, Naddnisteria, Podnistrianshchyna or Podnistria, is a Ukrainian ethnographic region located within several present-day oblasts of western Ukraine in the upper and middle reaches and basin of the Dniester River.
↑ Peter Kosta. Eine russische Kosmographie aus dem 17. Jahrhundert: sprachwissenschaftliche Analyse mit Textedition und Faksimile. Munich, Otto Sagner, 1982. ISBN978-3-87690-200-5.
↑ (in German) Reval's ältester Estnischer Name Lindanisse, Verhandlungen der gelehrten estnischen Gesellschaft zu Dorpat. Band 3, Heft 1. Dorpat 1854, p. 46–47
↑ Isaac Díaz Pardo; Víctor F. Freixanes; Antón Mascato, eds. (2007). Diciopedia do século 21 (in Galician). Editorial Galaxia. ISBN978-84-8289-360-0.
1 2 George Landmann. "Treves, or Triers."A universal Gazetteer; or geographical dictionary of the World. Founded on the works of Brookes and Walker, etc. 1835.
↑ Tuomo Pekkanen & Reijo Pitkäranta, Lexicon hodiernae Latinitatis Finno-Latino-Finnicum. Societas Litterarum Finnicarum, Helsinki, 2006; Ebbe Vilborg, Norstedts svensk-latinska ordbok. Andra upplagan. Norstedts akademiska förlag, Stockholm, 2009. (in Swedish)
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