Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)

Last updated

Old Burying Ground
Welsford-Parker Monument at the entrance to the Old Burying Ground in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.jpg
Old Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)
Details
Established1749
Location
Country Canada
Coordinates 44°38′36″N63°34′22″W / 44.6434°N 63.5728°W / 44.6434; -63.5728
TypeClosed
Owned by St. Paul's Church (Halifax)
No. of graves12,000+
Official nameOld Burying Ground National Historic Site of Canada
Designated1991
TypeProvincially Registered Property
Designated1988

The Old Burying Ground (also known as St. Paul's Church Cemetery) is a historic cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located at the intersection of Barrington Street and Spring Garden Road in Downtown Halifax.

Contents

History

Old Burying Ground Old Burying Grounds.JPG
Old Burying Ground

The Old Burying Ground was founded in 1749, the same year as the settlement, as the town's first burial ground. It was originally non-denominational and for several decades was the only burial place for all Haligonians. (The burial ground was also used by St. Matthew's United Church). In 1793 it was turned over to the Anglican St. Paul's Church. The cemetery was closed in 1844 and the Camp Hill Cemetery established for subsequent burials. The site steadily declined until the 1980s when it was restored and refurbished by the Old Burying Ground Foundation, which now maintains the site and employ tour guides to interpret the site in the summer. Ongoing restoration of the rare 18th-century grave markers continues.

Over the decades some 12,000 people were interred in the Old Burial Ground. Today there are about 1,200 headstones, some having been lost and many others being buried with no headstone. Many notable residents are buried in the cemetery, including British Major General Robert Ross, who led the successful Washington Raid of 1814 and burned the White House before being killed in battle at Baltimore a few days later.

Commanders of three of the ships that served Governor Edward Cornwallis buried crew in unmarked graves: HMS Sphynx (1 crew), HMS Baltimore (1 crew) and HMS Albany (6 crew). HMS Sphynx was Cornwallis' own ship and the crew member was buried on the day his ship arrived in Halifax on 21 June 1749. HMS Albany was a 14-gun sloop commanded by Nova Scotia's senior naval officer, John Rous (1749–1753). [1]

There are four recorded Mi'kmaq buried in the burial ground, including a Mi'kmaw Chief Francis [Muis]. [2] There was also a "protestant indian" named John Tray, possibly from John Gorham's rangers. [3]

There are also 167 recorded Black people buried in the graveyard, all with unmarked graves. (There is a grave marker, however, of the Huntingdonian Missionary who taught at the first school for Black students in Halifax, Reverend William Furmage.) Black people arrived with New England Planters. During the arrival of the Planters, there were 54 Black people in Halifax. 7 were buried in the cemetery from 1763 to 1775. [4] Black Nova Scotians also arrived in Halifax with Boston Loyalists after the evacuation of Boston in 1776. During this period, 18 Black people were buried in the cemetery (1776–1782). Seventy-three free Black immigrants (and no slaves) also arrived in Halifax with the New York Loyalists after evacuation from New York in 1783. Of the 73 who arrived from New York, there were 4 burials that happened during this time period. Rev. John Breynton reported that in 1783 he baptized 40 Black people and buried many because of disease. [5] Between the years 1792–1817 there are no recorded burials of Black Nova Scotians. The largest number of burials happen in the 1820s (72 graves), presumably the graves of the 155 Black Refugees who arrived in Halifax during the War of 1812. [6] [7]

The last erected and most prominent burial marker is the Welsford-Parker Monument, a Triumphal arch standing at the entrance to the cemetery commemorating British victory in the Crimean War. This is the first public monument built in Nova Scotia and is the fourth oldest war monument in Canada. It is also the only monument to the Crimean War in North America. The arch was built in 1860, 16 years after the cemetery had officially closed. The arch was built by George Lang and is named after two Haligonians, Major Augustus Frederick Welsford and Captain William Buck Carthew Augustus Parker. Both Nova Scotians died in the Battle of the Great Redan during the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). This monument was the last grave marker in the cemetery.

In 1938, the Grand Lodge of Massachusetts presented and dedicated a granite monument to Erasmus James Philipps, who is the earliest known settler of Nova Scotia (c. 1721) to be buried in the cemetery. He was also the founder of Freemasonry in present-day Canada (1737). [8]

The Old Burying Ground was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1991. [9] It had earlier been designated a Provincially Registered Property in 1988 under Nova Scotia's Heritage Property Act. [10]

Prominent tombstones

Notable interments

Founding of Halifax (1749–1776)

Siege of Louisbourg (1745)

Many of those who first established Halifax arrived from Cape Breton, which the British of New England occupied since their Siege of Louisbourg (1745). The following participated in the Siege:

American Revolution

Military figures

Boston Loyalists

The following were Loyalist refugees who settled in Halifax after they were banished from New York and Massachusetts. While most Loyalist came to the region from New York (over 66%), most of the Loyalists buried with grave markers are from Boston. [50] Reflective of the fate of many of the Loyalists, the grave of Edward Winslow (scholar) is inscribed: "his fortune suffered shipwreck in the storm of civil war." Part of the devastation of the war resulted from American family members having to choose sides. For example, the story of one American patriot listed below, Benjamin Kent. While in Boston he imprisoned his son-in-law Sampson Salter Blowers for being a Loyalist. Blowers and the rest of Kent's family (including his wife) escaped to Halifax (1776). After the war, Kent eventually moved to Halifax to be with his family, which included Chief Justice Blowers (1885). Both Blowers and Kent are buried in the Old Burying Ground.

Boston Patriot

New York Loyalists

French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1802)

During the French Revolutionary Wars, Prince Edward was stationed in Halifax and personally commemorated four military personnel who died while on duty in Halifax.

Prince Edward Commemorations

Prince Edward Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn by Sir William Beechey.jpg
Prince Edward

Other

Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815)

Battle of Trafalgar

Peninsular War

War of 1812

Privateers
  • Captain Benjamin Ellenwood, died 1815, murdered
  • Captain Ebenezer Herrington, died 1812, HMS Chub, friendly fire [120]

Battle of Waterloo

Military Officers (1816–1844)

Other

Sculptor James Hay

James Hay carving of Mary Bulkeley Grave. Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia Mary Bulkeley Grave. Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia.png
James Hay carving of Mary Bulkeley Grave. Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia
Mary Bulkeley's Grave, Gabriel, Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia Mary Bulkeley's Grave, Gabriel, Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia.jpg
Mary Bulkeley's Grave, Gabriel, Old Burying Ground, Halifax, Nova Scotia

There are various gravestones by stone carvers from London and the local region. Museum curator Deborah Trask asserts that one of the first stone sculptors, James Hay (1750–1842), likely made the gravestone of Richard Bulkeley's wife Mary. On one side Hay carved the angel Gabriel trumpeting, symbolic of the resurrection. The religious text: "In a moment, in a twinkling of an eye at the last trump; for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed" (1 Cor. 15:52). (The trumpeting motive is also on the gravestone of the Lawson children). On the opposite side of the gravestone is an image in the garden of Eden. The religious text: "For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ shall all be made alive." (1 Corinthians 15:22). The image is taken from "The Child's Guide" (London, 1725). [148] [149] [150]

Depictions in media

In Lucy Maud Montgomery's Anne of the Island , Anne moves to Kingsport (Halifax, Nova Scotia) on the mainland and enrols at Redmond (Dalhousie University). [151] She takes lodgings in an apartment that looks out over "Old St. John's Cemetery" – the Old Burying Ground:

They went in by the entrance gates, past the simple, massive, stone arch surmounted by the great lion of England.... They found themselves in a dim, cool, green place where winds were fond of purring. Up and down the long grassy aisles they wandered, reading the quaint, voluminous epitaphs, carved in an age that had more leisure than our own. [151]

The text goes into some depth about the gravestone carvings and styles:

Every citizen of Kingsport feels a thrill of possessive pride in Old St. John’s, for, if he be of any pretensions at all, he has an ancestor buried there, with a queer, crooked slab at his head, or else sprawling protectively over the grave, on which all the main facts of his history are recorded. For the most part no great art or skill was lavished on those old tombstones. The larger number are of roughly chiselled brown or gray native stone, and only in a few cases is there any attempt at ornamentation. Some are adorned with skull and cross-bones, and this grizzly decoration is frequently coupled with a cherub’s head. Many are prostrate and in ruins. Into almost all Time’s tooth has been gnawing, until some inscriptions have been completely effaced, and others can only be deciphered with difficulty. The graveyard is very full and very bowery, for it is surrounded and intersected by rows of elms and willows, beneath whose shade the sleepers must lie very dreamlessly, forever crooned to by the winds and leaves over them, and quite undisturbed by the clamor of traffic just beyond. [151]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Inglis (bishop)</span> Irish Anglican clergyman (1734–1816)

Charles Inglis was an Irish Anglican clergyman and ardent Tory who was consecrated the first Anglican bishop in North America for the Diocese of Nova Scotia. He died at Kingston, Nova Scotia. He is buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Church (Halifax).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Camp Hill Cemetery</span> Cemetery within Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Camp Hill Cemetery is a cemetery within Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located on Camp Hill, adjacent to Robie Street.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deadman's Island (Nova Scotia)</span> Peninsula in Nova Scotia, Canada

Deadman's Island is a small peninsula containing a cemetery and park located in the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour in Nova Scotia, Canada. The area was first used as a training grounds for the British military, and later became a burial ground for dead prisoners of war from nearby Melville Island. In the early 1900s the site became an amusement park before being annexed to the city of Halifax in the 1960s. Though development projects were considered for the site, these plans met with popular protest, and instead Deadman's Island became a heritage park, Deadman's Island Park.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Paul's Church (Halifax, Nova Scotia)</span> Church in Nova Scotia, Canada

St. Paul's Church is a historically evangelical Anglican church in downtown Halifax, Nova Scotia, within the Diocese of Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island of the Anglican Church of Canada. It is located at the south end of the Grand Parade, an open square in downtown Halifax with Halifax City Hall at the northern end.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Nova Scotians</span> Black Canadians descended from American slaves, black Indigenous people, or freemen

Black Nova Scotians are Black Canadians whose ancestors primarily date back to the Colonial United States as slaves or freemen, later arriving in Nova Scotia, Canada, during the 18th and early 19th centuries. As of the 2021 Census of Canada, 28,220 Black people live in Nova Scotia, most in Halifax. Since the 1950s, numerous Black Nova Scotians have migrated to Toronto for its larger range of opportunities. The first recorded free African person in Nova Scotia, Mathieu da Costa, a Mikmaq interpreter, was recorded among the founders of Port Royal in 1604. West Africans escaped slavery by coming to Nova Scotia in early British and French Colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Many came as enslaved people, primarily from the French West Indies to Nova Scotia during the founding of Louisbourg. The second major migration of people to Nova Scotia happened following the American Revolution, when the British evacuated thousands of slaves who had fled to their lines during the war. They were given freedom by the Crown if they joined British lines, and some 3,000 African Americans were resettled in Nova Scotia after the war, where they were known as Black Loyalists. There was also the forced migration of the Jamaican Maroons in 1796, although the British supported the desire of a third of the Loyalists and nearly all of the Maroons to establish Freetown in Sierra Leone four years later, where they formed the Sierra Leone Creole ethnic identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rose Fortune</span> Canadian businesswoman

Rose Fortune was a child born in or around Philadelphia of runaway slaves. Her parents became Black Loyalists during the American Revolutionary War when they pledged to be loyal to the British Army in exchange for their freedom. At around the age of 10, Rose was among the approximately 3,000 Black Loyalists who sailed from New York City to Nova Scotia in 1783. She had at least three children and is thought to have been married twice. At about 50 years of age she began a business transporting luggage in a wheelbarrow from the Annapolis ferry docks to hotels and houses. By the early 1840s, she was using horse-drawn carriages to convey the luggage. She became the first female police officer in North America when she instituted and enforced curfews to keep the streets safe at night. Fortune is remembered for her business sense, strength, and courage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Parr (colonial governor)</span> 18th-century British Army general

John Parr was a British military officer and governor of Nova Scotia. He is buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Church.

Garrison Cemetery is a cemetery located on the grounds of Fort Anne in Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is located next to the old Court House, at the intersection of George St. and Nova Scotia Trunk 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Bulkeley (civil servant)</span> Irish-born administrator in Nova Scotia from 1749-1800

Richard Bulkeley was an influential administrator in Nova Scotia from 1749 to 1800. Historian Phyllis Blakeley writes that Bulkeley, "assisted 13 governors and lieutenant governors from Cornwallis to Wentworth. In half a century of service he took part in the founding of Halifax, the immigration of New Englanders and loyalists, and the prosperity of the French revolutionary wars." During his lifetime, known for hosting dignitaries and grand parties, he was known as "the Father of the Province." When he died, he was the last surviving settler who arrived with Cornwallis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Field (painter)</span> American painter (1769–1819)

Robert Field (1769–1819) was a painter who was born in London and died in Kingston, Jamaica. According to art historian Daphne Foskett, author of A Dictionary of British Miniature Painters (1972), Field was "one of the best American miniaturists of his time." During Field's time in Nova Scotia at the beginning of the nineteenth century, he was the most professionally trained painter in present-day Canada. He worked in the conventional neo-classic portrait style of Henry Raeburn and Gilbert Stuart. His most famous works are two groups of miniatures of George Washington, commissioned by his wife Martha Washington.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church</span> Church in Nova Scotia, Canada

The Little Dutch (Deutsch) Church is the second-oldest building in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, after St. Paul's Church. It was built for the Foreign Protestants, and is the oldest site in Canada associated with Lutheranism. It is a National Historic Site of Canada.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Carleton</span>

The Carleton is a building on Argyle Street in Halifax, Nova Scotia, built in 1760 as the home of Richard Bulkeley. Apart from two churches, Bulkeley's home is the oldest building in Halifax, Nova Scotia (1760). It was reported to have been made from the ruins of Fortress Louisbourg. Since 1786 his residence has been known as "The Carleton".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John James Snodgrass</span>

John James Snodgrass, was a British military officer, aide-de-camp and son-in-law to Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet and author. He fought in the Battle of Waterloo. The last seven years of his life were spent in Halifax, Nova Scotia where he died and is buried in the Old Burying Ground.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">John Connor (mariner)</span>

John Connor (1728–1757) was a mariner who ran the first ferry in Halifax Harbour, Nova Scotia, and was involved in the Attack at Mocodome during Father Le Loutre’s War, which effectively ended the Treaty of 1752.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Royal Navy Burying Ground (Halifax, Nova Scotia)</span>

The Royal Navy Burying Ground is part of the Naval Museum of Halifax and was the Naval Hospital cemetery for the North America and West Indies Station at Halifax, Nova Scotia. It is the oldest military burial ground in Canada. The cemetery has grave markers to those who died while serving at Halifax and were treated at the Naval medical facility or died at sea. Often shipmates and officers had the grave markers erected to mark the deaths of the crew members who died while in the port of Halifax.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Winslow (scholar)</span>

Edward Winslow was a loyalist who was a government official in Boston until he moved to Halifax, Nova Scotia in 1776 during the American Revolution. He was the great grandson of Mayflower Pilgrim Edward Winslow. During Father Rale's War, Winslows older brother Josiah was given the command of Fort St. George and was killed by natives of the Wabanaki Confederacy in the Northeast Coast Campaign (1724). He was also the father of loyalist Edward Winslow.

The Hillcrest Cemetery is the oldest protestant cemetery in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and one of the oldest in Canada. The cemetery is adjacent to the Lunenburg Academy. The oldest marker is dated 1761, eight years after Lunenburg was established. Hillcrest Cemetery contains 5 Commonwealth war graves from World War I and one from World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Old Parish Burying Ground (Windsor, Nova Scotia)</span> Historic site in Canada

The Old Parish Burying Ground is the oldest protestant cemetery in Windsor, Nova Scotia and one of the oldest in Canada. The graveyard was located adjacent to the first protestant church in Windsor (1788). The oldest marker of Rachel Kelley is dated 1771, twelve years after the New England Planters began to settle the area.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nova Scotia in the American Revolution</span>

The Province of Nova Scotia was heavily involved in the American Revolutionary War (1776–1783). At that time, Nova Scotia also included present-day New Brunswick until that colony was created in 1784. The Revolution had a significant impact on shaping Nova Scotia, "almost the 14th American Colony". At the beginning, there was ambivalence in Nova Scotia over whether the colony should join the Americans in the war against Britain. Largely as a result of American privateer raids on Nova Scotia villages, as the war continued, the population of Nova Scotia solidified their support for the British. Thousands of Loyalist refugees fled to Nova Scotia during the war, and many were resettled in the region after the signing of the 1783 Treaty of Paris as "United Empire Loyalists".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">St. Peter's Cemetery (Halifax, Nova Scotia)</span>

St. Peter's Cemetery, later St. Mary's Cemetery, is the oldest Catholic cemetery in Halifax, Nova Scotia, containing an estimated 3,000 graves dating from 1784 until 1843. It is located in Downtown Halifax at the corner of Spring Garden Road and Grafton Street under a parking lot beside the St. Mary's Basilica and owned by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Halifax-Yarmouth.

References

  1. Burials until 1799
  2. St. Paul's Cemetery/ Old Burial Ground records (as transcribed in the Death, Burials & Probate of Nova Scotians)
  3. Williams, Paul B. (January 2003). "View of Raising the Dead: The Use of Osteo-Archaeology to Establish Identity at the Little Dutch Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia | Material Culture Review". Material Culture Review.
  4. 1763 Census indicates the Black population in Nova Scotia was 54 people.
  5. "Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society". Halifax, Nova Scotia Historical Society. September 9, 1880 via Internet Archive.
  6. St. Paul's Cemetery/ Old Burial Ground records (as transcribed in the Death, Burials & Probate of Nova Scotians
  7. C. B. Fergusson, "A Documentary Study of the Establishment of the Negroes in Nova Scotia Between the War of 1812 and the Winning of Responsible Government, "Public Archives of Nova Scotia, Halifax, Publication no. 8,1948, p. 1.
  8. "Erasmus J. Philipps". skirret.com.
  9. Old Burying Ground National Historic Site of Canada . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  10. Old Burying Ground . Canadian Register of Historic Places . Retrieved 13 April 2013.
  11. 1 2 "Acadiensis; a quarterly devoted to the interests of the maritime provinces of Canada". St. John, N.B. p. 74. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  12. 1 2 Bromley, J.; Bromley, D. (2015). Wellington's Men Remembered Volume 2: A Register of Memorials to Soldiers who Fought in the Peninsular War and at Waterloo- Volume II: M to Z. Vol. 2. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 296. ISBN   978-1473857698 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  13. Halifax Gazette, July 1752
  14. Holder, Jean. Baptisms, Marriages and Burials, 1749–1768. St. Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Genealogical Association of Nova Scotia. Halifax, 1983, p. 30
  15. A sermon occasioned by the death of the Honorable Abigail Belcher, late consort of Jonathan Belcher, esq ... delivered at Halifax ... October 20, 1771 (Boston, Mass., 1772);
  16. Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Halifax. 1878.
  17. "Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society Vol. 1, p. 44". Halifax. 1878. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  18. The location of both Charles Morris and Richard Bulkeley are unknown. Both Charles Morris and Richard Bulkeley have wives buried in the burial ground but they are not. Given the stature of both men, if they had tombstones, they would have been prominent. They both have a hatchment in the church. Given that everyone else who has a hatchment is buried in the church, the assumption is made Morris and Bulkeley are buried in the church. While a display inside the St. Paul's Church (Halifax) states that Bulkeley is buried in the crypt, according to J. Philip McAleer, author of A pictorial history of St. Paul's Anglican Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia, the evidence that Bulkeley was buried in the church is circumstantial. This circumstantial evidence rests on the fact that he helped establish the church and was an active member in it for 51 years. Also Bulkeley is reported to have had the largest funeral ceremony ever to be in Halifax up to that date. Further, his wife Mary Rous has a headstone in the St Paul's Church Cemetery, while Bulkeley does not. Rev Hill, however reports that Bulkeley's grave is marked by a rude stone in St. Paul's Church cemetery, presumably close to the gravestone of his wife Mary Rous. (See Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, Vol. 2, p. 69)
  19. 1 2 "Julien Gwyn. Female Litigants before the Civil Courts of Nova Scotia, p. 341".
  20. 1 2 3 St. Paul Cemetery Burial Records
  21. (Signed at Halifax, 9 November 1761, by Jonathan Belcher, President of His Majesty's Council and Francis Muis, Chief of the La Have and witnessed by "P. Maillard, Priest missionnary of indians." (See Treaty
  22. NSARM RG-1, v. 188, "August 22, Nova Scotia Council Minutes" pp. 406–407, in Donald Marshall Jr. Defence Document Books, vol. 6, doc. 152; NSARM, RG-1 v. 430, doc. 21, sigogne to Sherbrooke, 1812-05-09", p. 2 in R v. Donald Marshall Jr. Defence Document Books, vol. 8, doc 212
  23. Another possibility is Chief Francis Alexis who is referenced in a 1771 document. A Chief Francis Jeremiah also signed the 1752 Treaty.
  24. The Mi'kmaq Nation and the Embodiment of Political Ideologies. SMU thesis.
  25. See the Nova Scotia Chronicle and Weekly Advertiser and Halifax Journal. Feb. 1781 (mic 7013)
  26. Archives, Nova Scotia (April 20, 2020). "Nova Scotia Archives – Mi'kmaq Holdings Resource Guide". Nova Scotia Archives.
  27. "Keith Mercer" (PDF).
  28. The Whitehall Evening Post Or London Intelligencer: 1755. 18. Jan. – 1. Jan. 1756. 1755. p. 2.
  29. The gentleman's magazine. 1755. p. 333.
  30. Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History (2004). The Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, 1754–2004: From Imperial Bastion to Provincial Oracle. University of Toronto Press. p. 274. ISBN   978-0802080219.
  31. A sermon, occasioned by the death of Mrs. Margaret Green; consort of the late Honourable Benjamin Green, esq; delivered at Halifax, in the province of Nova-Scotia, February 1st, 1778 (Halifax, [1778?]).
  32. Jones, E. Alfred (1930). The loyalists of Massachusetts;their memorials, petitions and claims. London. p. 264.
  33. Sabine, Lorenzo (2009). Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution. Applewood Books. pp. 320–321. ISBN   978-1429019538.
  34. "Letter from David Phips to Colonel Jonathan Snelling regarding escort of Governor Hutchinson to Harvard Commencement, 1773 July 12 · Colonial North America Project at Harvard". colonialnorthamerica.library.harvard.edu. Archived from the original on 2018-02-07. Retrieved 2018-02-06.
  35. Chapin, Howard M. (1928). Privateering in King Georges̕ War, 1739–1748. E.A. Johnson Company. p. 86.
  36. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay". p. 625. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  37. p. 19
  38. "Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society – image of brother Stephen Hall Binney". Halifax. 1878. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  39. "Hon. Hibbert Newton Binney". Jo Edkins. Retrieved 2023-02-12.
  40. Public Archives of Nova Scotia, RG 20A, Volume 2, No. 1784–24
  41. Beck, J. Murray (1983). "Creighton, John". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  42. Binney, Charles James Fox (1886). Genealogy of the Binney family in the United States. Albany, N. Y., J. Munsell's sons.
  43. Note Stephen Hall's older brother was also named Stephen Hall Binney (1749–1760), but he lived in Boston and died two days after his younger brother Stephen Hall was born in Halifax. The older brother Stephen is buried in King's Chapel, Boston.
  44. "The genealogical record of the Boggs family, the descendants of Ezekiel Boggs". FamilySearch.org. p. 16. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  45. The United Service Magazine. Vol. 2. H. Colburn. 1835. p. 143.
  46. 1 2 Mackay, Donald C. (1987). "Etter, Benjamin". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 McConnell, Brian (2016). "TLoyalists in the Old Burying Ground at Halifax" (PDF). United Empire Loyalists' Association of Canada. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  48. Marble, A.E. (1997). Surgeons, Smallpox and the Poor: A History of Medicine and Social Conditions in Nova Scotia, 1749–1799. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 142. ISBN   978-0773516397 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  49. "Lt. Charles Grant |".
  50. Flick, Alexander Clarence (September 9, 1901). "Loyalism in New York during the American revolution". New York : The Columbia University Press via Internet Archive.
  51. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay". p. 174. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  52. Shipton, C.K. (1995). New England Life in the Eighteenth Century: Representative Biographies from Sibley's Harvard Graduates. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 198. ISBN   978-0674612518 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  53. "William Brattle, born 18 Apr 1706, chr. 21 Apr 1706, died Oct 1776". freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  54. James Murray (1713–1781) Letters of James Murray, Loyalist. There is also a Jacob Murray buried 1781.
  55. "Murray, James | NCpedia – Dictionary of North Carolina Biography". ncpedia.org. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  56. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay". p. 711. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  57. Father of Edward Winslow (loyalist) who was one of the founders of New Brunswick; his former home now belongs to the Mayflower House Museum
  58. Winslow's tombstone is inscribed in part "his fortune suffered shipwreck in the storm of civil war", the "civil war" being the American Revolution, American Patriots fighting American Loyalists.
  59. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Eaton, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton (1919). Chapters in the history of Halifax, Nova Scotia: Rhode Island Settlers in Hants County, Nova Scotia: Alexander McNutt the Colonizer. p. 786.
  60. "Winslow memorial : family records of the Winslows and their descendants in America, with the English ancestry as far as known. Kenelm Winslow ..." 1877. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  61. "Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society". 1792. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  62. There were four judges of the Superior Court in Massachusetts at the time of the revolution. Foster Sr. was among the four judges who were Loyalists. See American Loyalists, p. 491
  63. Adams, J. (1965). Legal Papers of John Adams. Vol. 1. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  64. Hutchinson, T. (2010). The Diary and Letters of His Excellency Thomas Hutchinson. Vol. 1. Applewood Books. p. 342. ISBN   978-1429022996 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  65. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay". p. 376. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  66. grandchild of Mass. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson (governor); son Hon Foster Hutchinson Sr., died 1799; decedent of Anne Hutchinson
  67. Nichols, J. (1816). Gentleman's Magazine and Historical Chronicle. E. Cave. p. 179. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  68. "The Loyalists of Massachusetts and the other side of the American Revolution". p. 177. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  69. Another Grandchild of NS Gov. Paul Mascarene was William Handfield Snelling
  70. Nova Scotia. Courts; Congdon, F.T. (1890). A Digest of the Nova Scotia Common Law, Equity, Vice-admiralty and Election Reports: With Notes of Many Unreported Cases and of Cases Appealed to the Privy Council and Supreme Court of Canada from Nova Scotia. Containing Also Rules of Court, and an Index of the Imperial, Dominion and Nova Scotia Statutes, Referred to in the Reports, with the Notes and Comments Thereon. Carswell. ISBN   9780665007439 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  71. 1 2 "The life of Sir William Pepperrell, bart., the only native of New England who was created a baronet during our connection with the mother country". p. 338. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  72. According to a 1767 return, there were 54 Blacks in Halifax and area (See Archives)According to a 1783 report, 73 Blacks arrived in Halifax from New York. (Whitfield, p. 43) Of the 4007 Blacks that came to Nova Scotia in 1783, 69% (2775) were free, 35% (1423) were former British soldiers and 31% (1232) were slaves. While 41 slaves were sent to Dartmouth, none were sent to Halifax (Pachai, pp. 11–12). 550 Jamaican Maroons lived in Halifax for four years (1796–1800) (Pachai, p. 21). A return in December 1816 indicates there were 155 Blacks who migrated to Halifax during the War of 1812 (see Pachai, p. 23)
  73. The school for Black students was the only charitable school in Halifax for the next 26 years. Whites were not allowed to attend. (See Griffith)
  74. pp. 71–72
  75. Bradford, John (1788). An address to the inhabitants of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, in North America. Hughes and Walsh ... ISBN   9780665206979.
  76. History of Methodism, p. 174
  77. Jack C. Whytock. The Huntingdonian Missionaries to Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, c. 1785–1792
  78. Kernaghan, Lois K. (1983). "Almon, William James". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  79. Deputy Commissary General at Halifax
  80. Nova Scotia Historical Society, Halifax (1891). Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Nova Scotia Historical Society. p. 226. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  81. "Theophilus Lillie". Revolutionary Characters.
  82. Halifax, Nova Scotia Historical Society (September 9, 1891). "Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society". Nova Scotia Historical Society. via Google Books.
  83. Stark, James Henry (1972). The Loyalists of Massachusetts And the Other Side of the American Revolution. Library of Alexandria. ISBN   978-1465573919 via Google Books.
  84. Kaiser, Leo M. (1984). Early American Latin verse, 1625–1825: an anthology. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. ISBN   978-0865160309 via Google Books.
  85. Minot, Joseph Grafton (September 9, 1897). "A genealogical record of the Minot family in America and England". Boston, Mass. : Priv. print. via Internet Archive.
  86. Sabine, Lorenzo (2009). Biographical Sketches of Loyalists of the American Revolution. Applewood Books. ISBN   978-1429019538 via Google Books.
  87. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay". p. 650. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  88. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay". p. 186. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  89. Sutherland, D.A. (1987). "Hartshorne, Lawrence". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Also see Hartshorne's portrait by Robert Field (painter)
  90. Book of Negros – Hawshorne
  91. Morris, Julie; Thorpe, Wendy L. (1987). "Debois, Sarah". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  92. "The genealogical record of the Boggs family, the descendants of Ezekiel Boggs". www.familysearch.org.
  93. "Annals, North British Society, Halifax, Nova Scotia : with portraits and biographical notes, 1768–1903" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  94. "The American loyalists : or, Biographical sketches of adherents to the British crown in the war of the revolution, alphabetically arranged, with a preliminary historical essay | Geddes – Loyalist" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  95. Fryer, Mary Beacock (1980). King's Men: The Soldier Founders of Ontario. ISBN   978-1554882052.
  96. "History of the county of Annapolis. p. 350". ourroots.ca. Retrieved 2017-03-10.[ permanent dead link ]
  97. "The Nova Scotia Calendar or an Almanack" . myheritage.com. Retrieved 2019-09-09.
  98. War Office, Great Britain (1798). A List of the Officers of the Army and of the Corps of Royal Marines (forty-sixth ed.). G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. p. 114.
  99. Prince Edward was his commander and etched on his stone: "This Stone Sacred to the Memory of Lieut. Chales Thomas of His Majesty's Royal Fusilier Regiment who departed this Life on the 16 August 1797, Aged 24 years; is placed as a Testimony of His Friendship and Esteem by Lieut. General His Royal Highness Prince Edward his Colonel."
  100. Halifax Acadian Recorder, April 15, 1920
  101. Clarke, J.S.; Jones, S.; Jones, J. (1799). The Naval Chronicle. Vol. 1. J. Gold. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  102. "James Brace Sutherland (died 1798)". threedecks.org. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  103. History of the Royal Sappers and Miners [microform] : from the formation of the corps in March 1772 to the date when its designation was changed to that of Royal Engineers in October 1856. ISBN   9780665167669 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  104. "Westmacott, Capt. John | Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada". dictionaryofarchitectsincanada.org. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  105. The Gentleman's Magazine. Vol. 119. 1816. p. 566. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  106. True Stories from Nova Scotia's Past By Dianne Marshall
  107. Harris. The Church of St. Paul in Halifax, p. 230
  108. "Captain Sir Thomas Ussher (1779–1848) | Art UKArt UK | Discover Artworks Captain Sir Thomas Ussher (1779–1848)". artuk.org. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  109. Archives, Nova Scotia (April 20, 2020). "Nova Scotia Archives – Nova Scotia Historical Newspapers". Nova Scotia Archives.
  110. Great Britain. War Office (1821). A List of the Officers of the Army and of the Corps of Royal Marines. G.E. Eyre and W. Spottiswoode. p. 230.
  111. Authority (1818). The Army List for September 1818.
  112. "Fleiger, John Henry". Biographical Dictionary of Architects in Canada.
  113. "The Naval Chronicle, for 1813: Containing a General and Biographical History of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom; with a Variety of Original Papers on Nautical Subjects. Under the Guidance of Several Literary and Professional Men. Vol. XXIX. (from January to June.)" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  114. "Richard Smith 104th Regiment of Foot | Graveside Project". 1812veterans.ca. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  115. "Two tough War of 1812 vets to be lauded at Halifax cemetery | The Chronicle Herald". thechronicleherald.ca. Archived from the original on 2017-05-10. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  116. "The 104th (New Brunswick) Regiment of Foot in the War of 1812 John R. Grodzinski". gooselane.com. Archived from the original on 2016-10-18. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  117. Burke, J. (1838). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Commoners of Great Britain and Ireland, Enjoying Territorial Possessions Or High Official Rank: But Uninvested with Heritable Honours. Vol. 4. Henry Colburn. p. 435. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  118. "The Royal military calendar, or Army service and commission book. Containing the services and progress of promotion of the generals, lieutenant-generals, major-generals, colonels, lieutenant-colonels, and majors of the army, according to seniority: with details of the principal military events of the last century" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  119. "History of the county of Lunenburg". 1895. p. 325. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  120. Deborah Trask. Putting the War of 1812 to Rest. Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Journal. Vol. 18, 2015, p. 49
  121. Philippart, John (1820). The Royal Military Calendar, Or Army Service and Commission Book. A. J. Valpy. p.  362.
  122. "Portrait of James Orde".
  123. Sylvanus Urban (1850). The Gentleman's Magazine. p. 93.
  124. (99th Regiment, 1811–18: Nova Scotia, New Brunswick.); Johnson Thornhill Born Tempemore, Tipperary Served in 99th Foot Regiment
  125. James, Charles (1820). A Collection of the Charges, Opinions, and Sentences of General Courts Martial: As Published by Authority; from the Year 1795 to the Present Time; Intended to Serve as an Appendix to Tytler's Treatise on Military Law, and Forming a Book of Cases and References; with a Copious Index. London: T. Egerton. pp.  477–478.
  126. p. 79 – Plaque in St. Paul's Church, Halifax, Nova Scotia
  127. Acadian Recorder 21 April 1838 Vol. 26 No. 16 Nova Scotia Historical Newspapers
  128. "John George Dewar d. Yes, date unknown: MacFarlane Clan & Families Genealogy". www.clanmacfarlanegenealogy.info.
  129. Jack, David Russell (September 8, 2019). "Acadiensis; a quarterly devoted to the interests of the maritime provinces of Canada". [St. John, N.B.] via Internet Archive.
  130. "The Pepperrells in America" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  131. "Annals, North British Society, Halifax, Nova Scotia : with portraits and biographical notes, 1768–1903" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  132. "Cochran-Inglis family of Halifax by Eaton, Arthur Wentworth Hamilton, 1899". 1899. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  133. "Annals, North British Society, Halifax, Nova Scotia : with portraits and biographical notes, 1768–1903 | Image and Bio of Bowie" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  134. DesBrisay, M.B. (1895). History of the County of Lunenburg. W. Briggs. p.  86 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  135. Note he was the grandfather of Charles Aitkens (see here)
  136. Note both children are also named on their father's grave stone in Camp Hill Cemetery.
  137. Inauguration of the Welsford and Parker Monument at Halifax, on Tuesday, 17th July, 1860 [microform] : committee, H. Pryor ... [et al.]. 1860. p. 16. ISBN   9780665562877 . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  138. Pryke, K. G. (1988). "Head, Samuel". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. VII (1836–1850) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  139. "Untitled". brookhousepress.ca. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  140. Nova Scotia Historical Society, Halifax (1891). Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Nova Scotia Historical Society. pp. 1–152. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  141. Cahill, J.B. (1987). "Hill, Charles". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. VI (1821–1835) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  142. Fingard, Judith (1985). "Twining, John Thomas". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. VIII (1851–1860) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  143. Rev. Perkins was born at Horton, Nova Scotia, and studied at Kings College, Windsor, Nova Scotia to become a missionary for the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. He died inTorbay, Devon, England. (See Nova Scotia Archives
  144. "A Geography and History of the County of Digby, Nova Scotia" . Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  145. Howley, William (1817-02-21). A sermon [on Matth. xxviii, 18–20] preached ... February 21, 1817, by William, bishop of London. p. 45.
  146. Archives, Nova Scotia (April 17, 2003). "Nova Scotia Archives – Notman Studio, Halifax, N.S." novascotia.ca.
  147. Perkins, Caroline Erickson; Derby, Perley (February 26, 1914). "The Descendants of Edward Perkins of New Haven, Conn". Rochester, NY: [s.n.] via Internet Archive.
  148. Deborah Trask, p. 61
  149. "Markers". [Worcester?, Mass.] : Association for Gravestone Studies. September 9, 1980 via Internet Archive.
  150. Ford, Paul Leicester (September 9, 1897). "The New-England primer; a history of its origin and development; with a reprint of the unique copy of the earliest known edition and many facsimile illustrations and reproductions". New York : Printed for Dodd, Mead and co. via Internet Archive.
  151. 1 2 3 "Anne of the Island, by Lucy Maud Montgomery". www.gutenberg.org. Retrieved 2016-11-20.