The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Beta Theta Pi - Alpha Upsilon Chapter et al.
Decided
2017 to present
Verdict
Multiple defendants have pled guilty; two defendants have successfully filed a stay. Not guilty of 18 Pa. C.S. 2504 , a felony against Timothy J. Piazza, a human being. Involuntary manslaughter charges refiled by Centre County, Pennsylvania District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller and Attorney General of PennsylvaniaJosh Shapiro.
The Penn State fraternity hazing scandal is an ongoing issue[1] within the Greek life system at Pennsylvania State University. The scandal encompasses hazing, binge drinking, and secretive ritualistic behavior.[2] The scandal includes the separate deaths of college students Joseph Dado,[3] Marquise Braham,[4] and Timothy Piazza.
The scandal includes one of the largest criminal indictments against a fraternity and its members in American history. More than 1,000 counts were levied against 18 members of Beta Theta Pi, including eight who were charged with involuntary manslaughter and aggravated assault.[7] Additional charges were added later. Piazza's death became a turning point for America's fraternities.[8]
In March 2025, the State College Interfraternity Council (SCIFC) was established by ghost organizations[9] unhappy with the implementation of hazing prevention laws and policies stemming from the systemic issues encompassing the scandal. Organizations within the SCIFC have raised mass concerns with both Penn State leaders and parents.[10] The creation of the SCIFC coincides with a growing national movement to dismantle the United States Department of Education and deregulate schools across America following the passage of the Stop Campus Hazing Act.
Background
In October 1949, Penn State’s Interfraternity Council (IFC) passed legislation abolishing Hell Week, which then consisted of pledges performing embarrassing tasks in downtown State College. The IFC’s attempts to regulate hazing complaints continued into 1956, when the governing board passed legislation to change Hell Week to ‘Help Week’ and undertook the responsibility of investigating 100% of hazing complaints before initiation day. The 1956 legislation also required fraternities to allot a minimum of eight hours per day of sleep for pledges.
In October 1991, secret societies Parmi Nous and Skull and Bones Senior Honor Society came under police investigation by Officer David Scicchitano.[11] Multiple students witnessed hazing conducted by Skull and Bones, and the witnesses claimed the State College Police Department was afraid to prosecute Skull and Bones due to the organization’s powerful, international connections.[11] Police controversially closed the case on October 16, 1991. The crime involved students breaking into Engineering Unit C and destroying architecture students’ projects amid a fight involving eggs and water balloons. An investigation was commenced by the Undergraduate Student Government Supreme Court, which was sabotaged by secret society members in several ways.
A controlled survey was conducted by Penn State Pulse in 1986, which found that 66.5% of respondents had either witnessed hazing or been subject to hazing, and 70.3% of active pledges were hazing victims.
In 2005, Penn State alumnus Don Abbey, a member of Joe Paterno's first-ever Penn State Nittany Lions football scholarship class and a Beta Theta Pi alumnus, donated $1.2 million to renovate the Beta Theta Pi house. In 2006, Abbey raised another $3.5 million in renovation funds.[12]
The renovation was lauded by Paterno and his wife, Sue Paterno.[13] Throughout the renovation process, fraternity brothers smashed holes in the walls with baseball bats, leading Abbey to predict future damage to the property. He was a staunch critic of hazing. Due to the toxic culture he found in Beta Theta Pi, he installed an extensive video surveillance system to ensure he would be notified if an emergency ever occurred on the property.[14]
The Penn State chapter of Beta Theta Pi was known to have a deep history of hazing. Brothers once held a party on their front porch, yelling racial slurs at an African American Penn State student as he walked past the house. The house was once banned for having a front yard littered with used condoms, along with hot sauce covering the entire Great Hall.[15]
In April 2012, Asya Trowell, a pledge of fraternity Omega Essence, a subsidiary organization of Omega Psi Phi, was brutally hazed, resulting in the expulsions of three Penn State students.[16][17] Hazing events left Trowell wounded with black eyes, epistaxis, and bruising in the abdomen.[17] Trowell was force-fed mayonnaise and had hot sauce poured into her eyes as part of the hazing.[18] The extensive hazing endured caused Trowell to withdraw from Penn State, ceasing her studies at the university.[16]
In May 2012, Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller opened an investigation into on-campus hazing that occurred inside Penn State’s dormitory quarters, Pennypacker Hall. The case, which is related to the Trowell hazing, involved Resident Life Coordinator Aaron Holloman corrupting his position of authority to haze victims in the dorm rooms he managed.[19] Police arrived to Pennypacker in March 2012 following a 9-1-1 call, and they observed loud paddling noises, which led them to discovering hidden paddles in the residence hall. This served as vital evidence for Trowell’s accusation of undergoing brutal hazing.[20] In September 2016, Kordel Davis, a Beta Theta Pi pledge, was driven to a clinic after a night of hazing that left a gash on his head.[21]
Death of Joseph Dado
Joseph Dado was an 18-year-old Penn State student who died after being served drugs and alcohol by fraternities Phi Gamma Delta and Alpha Tau Omega in September 2009.[22] Dado was found dead in a stairwell with a 0.169[clarification needed]blood alcohol content. Two Penn State students received criminal charges as a result of his death, and the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity stood trial.[22] The IFC, the self-governing body over Penn State’s fraternities, subsequently created a course for students to become ‘Greek Event Monitors’ at parties.[23]
Dado’s death led to Penn State President Graham Spanier presenting a 30-component strategy to the Board of Trustees on a plan to combat the university’s binge drinking epidemic.[23] The strategy included implementations for students to receive mandatory alcohol training after receiving an underage drinking citation or being treated for alcohol poisoning.[23] State Senator Jake Corman responded to Dado’s death with a statement of interest to raise alcohol-related fines to $1,000.[23]
Death of Marquise Braham
Marquise Braham was an 18-year-old student at Penn State Altoona who committed suicide on March 14, 2014, due to the trauma endured while being hazed at the Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.[24] Braham underwent a series of rituals while pledging the fraternity and was ‘marked’ by the organization, leading Braham to seek absolution.[24] The fraternity required Braham to kill squirrels, snort cocaine, and binge-drink alcohol until vomiting. Braham’s suicide occurred the day before students returned to school.[24]
A Centre County grand jury initially refused to recommend criminal charges following Braham’s death. However, Braham’s father, Richard Braham, sued the university and fraternity as a result of Marquise’s death. The lawsuit forced the university to disclose information indicating that two high-ranking university officials were aware of Braham’s emotional distress before his suicide.[24] Subsequent deaths at the university led the grand jury to take a closer look at the Braham case.[24]
Braham was a social critic within Phi Sigma Kappa and secretly recorded the rituals within the fraternity on his cell phone. Braham’s photographs indicated the fraternity forced pledges to consume up to 25 alcoholic drinks per night.[24]
Nine days before his death, Braham exchanged text messages with his dormitory resident assistant, indicating that he needed counseling as a result of the trauma endured within the fraternity. The assistant contacted his supervisor, who further notified Penn State authorities, although Braham’s family was never made aware of these developments.[24]
March 2015 Kappa Delta Rho investigation
On March 16, 2015, news broke of a secret Facebook group run by members of Penn State’s chapter of the Kappa Delta Rho fraternity.[25] The fraternity came under State College police investigation after it was discovered their pages titled ‘2.0’ and ‘Covert Business Transactions’ featured pictures of women who were naked and unconscious.[25] As a result of the police investigation, Penn State implemented the Fraternity and Sorority Life Task Force, which would not prevent a hazing death in February 2017. Investigators pursued invasion of privacy and harassment charges. The fraternity was known to pose severe issues to the campus community as early as 1992.
In June 2015, James Vivenzio filed a lawsuit against Penn State and Kappa Delta Rho.[26] Vivienzo’s suit alleges vigorous hazing at the hands of Kappa Delta Rho leadership, including being force fed concoctions of liquor, urine, vomit, cat food and hot sauce.[26][27] This concoction was known as ‘Beta Brew’ within the Beta Theta Pi fraternity, possibly inspired by Kappa Delta Rho’s ability to evade severe prosecution and reprimand following their investigation.
Leadership within Kappa Delta Rho was prepared for students to become unconscious due to excessive alcohol consumption, reserving a special bedroom for unconscious partiers as part of their illegal risk management efforts.[27]
The Vivenzio suit notates Kappa Delta Rho’s illicit drug operation: Fraternity members would steal prescription drugs from pledges and sell them to Penn State students to raise money for alcohol.[26] The secret Facebook pages were utilized as a marketplace to distribute cocaine, marijuana, and other illegal drugs.[26]
February 2017 Beta Theta Pi hazing incident
Several students accepted bids to join Penn State’s Beta Theta Pi in spring 2017, including Tim Piazza, a 19-year-old sophomore engineering student. On the night of February 2, 2017, while undergoing hazing activities for the fraternity, Piazza, on an essentially empty stomach, drank large amounts of alcohol in a short time as part of an obstacle course called "The Gauntlet", which required each pledge to drink from a bottle of vodka, drink a beer, and finally drink from a bag of wine. It was later revealed that Piazza took prescription antidepressants, which contributed to his inebriation. The fraternity was supposed to be alcohol-free after a suspension in 2009.[5] St. Moritz Security Services failed to shut the party down, despite sending investigators to the house on February 2, 2017, and maintaining knowledge that Beta was supposed to remain alcohol-free.[28]
In this state of intoxication, Piazza fell on the basement stairs of the house, knocking him unconscious. He was carried to a couch, where surveillance cameras captured a conspicuous bruise that bloomed on his left abdomen; however, this was shown to have originated from another one of the alcohol-fueled rush events for fraternities that Piazza had attended a week earlier.
Some time later, Piazza regained consciousness and rolled off the couch. Three brothers picked him up and placed him back on the couch. Security footage shows them poking Piazza in the face, to determine if he was okay, but he remained unconscious and unresponsive. Kordel Davis, a newly initiated fraternity chapter member, attempted to render aid to Piazza, encouraging fraternity members to dial 9-1-1 and get an ambulance to the house. He was shoved up against a wall, and his attempts were ignored.
At around 3:30 am on February 3, 2017, Piazza tried to get up, but once he reached a standing position, he fell backward. He continued to stand up, only to repeatedly fall back down. Once he was finally able to maintain balance, he staggered toward the lobby area of the house, but fell again headfirst into an iron railing and landed on a stone floor, likely incurring serious head trauma. He got up and tried to reach the front door but fell headfirst into it, knocking himself unconscious again. He later tried once more to ascend the basement stairs and was missing until several of the fraternity brothers discovered him several hours later behind the bar in the basement, cold and breathing rapidly.
It was at this point that Piazza was carried upstairs. After several minutes of debating on what the next step should be, the conclusion was made that Piazza's injuries were indeed serious and that he would require medical attention. Before emergency assistance arrived, the brothers wiped blood from his face and attempted to dress him to warm him. Around 6:00 AM, the Penn State football head athletic trainer walked over to Piazza’s body to get to work. At 10:48 AM, emergency services arrived and Piazza was brought to Mount Nittany Medical Center, but was quickly transported to Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center because of the severity of his injuries.
Upon arrival, Piazza was rushed into surgery, where he was discovered to have a ruptured spleen and was in class IV hemorrhagic shock. His brain had swollen to the point that roughly half of his skull had to be removed to relieve the pressure. The surgeons attempting to save his life deemed the injuries to be likely non-recoverable, and Piazza was pronounced dead in the early morning of February 4, 2017. He is estimated to have had a blood alcohol content of nearly 0.40[clarification needed] on the night of the hazing incident.
Brendan Young claimed that, following the hazing incident, Piazza "looked fucking dead".[21]
Beta Theta Pi prosecutions
Bruce Castor investigated the initial case with District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller.
The scandal resulted in one of the largest hazing prosecutions in US history.[29] On May 5, 2017, following a comprehensive grand jury investigation conducted by Centre CountyDistrict AttorneyStacy Parks Miller, eighteen members of the fraternity were charged in connection with Piazza's death: eight were charged with involuntary manslaughter and the rest with other offenses, including hazing.
In addition to the fraternity brothers, the Beta Theta Pi fraternity itself was also charged. Its Penn State fraternity branch was closed after its president ordered it banned from campus indefinitely. In September 2017, the fraternity and its eighteen members faced a combined total of more than 850 criminal charges.[30]
In October 2018, Michael Angelo Schiavone pleaded guilty to conspiracy to commit furnishing alcohol to minors.[31] Investigators discovered texts in which Schiavone admitted to operating the fraternity's “Slush Fund.”[31] Schiavone states the “Slush Fund” was utilized to purchase alcohol for the fraternity's parties.[31]
Notable Philadelphia attorney Thomas R. Kline helped the Piazza family throughout the trial and media circus that ensued.
Alleged perpetrators
Prosecutors filed the following charges in the alleged crime and its cover-up:[32]
Daniel Casey (age 19): 201 counts, including involuntary manslaughter; charges reduced to reckless endangerment, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor
Brendan Young (age 21): 200 counts, including involuntary manslaughter; charges reduced to reckless endangerment, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor
Jonah Neuman (age 19): 79 counts, including involuntary manslaughter; charges reduced to reckless endangerment, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor
Lars Kenyon (age 19): 52 counts, including reckless endangerment; charges reduced to furnishing alcohol to a minor
Michelangelo Schiavone (age 21): 52 counts, including reckless endangerment; charges reduced to hazing and furnishing alcohol
Nick Kubera (age 19): more than 50 counts, including involuntary manslaughter; charges reduced to hazing and furnishing alcohol
Ryan Foster (age 21): one count of tampering with evidence
Edward Gilmartin (age 20): one count of tampering with evidence
Tampering with evidence and endangerment charges have also been dismissed against three other students, Joseph Ems (ghost brother and leader of dangerous hazing events in the fall of 2016),[33] Ryan McCann, and Lucas Rockwell.
On November 14, 2017, ten more members were charged in connection with Piazza's death. The new charges were filed after the Centre County District Attorney announced that the Federal Bureau of Investigation had recovered video showing that Piazza had been given at least 18 drinks in 82 minutes that had been intentionally deleted from the original video.[5] The additional defendants are:[34]
Joshua Kurczewski (age 19): eight counts, including involuntary manslaughter, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor
Ryan Burke (age 21): eight counts, including involuntary manslaughter, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor; pleaded guilty on June 13, 2018
Jonathan Kanzler (age 19): eight counts, including involuntary manslaughter, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor
Aiden O'Brien: eight counts, including involuntary manslaughter, hazing, and furnishing alcohol to a minor
Brian Gelb: three counts, including hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor
Patrick Jackson: three counts, including hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor
Reggie Goeke: three counts, including hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor
Mike Fernandez: three counts, including hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor
Donald Prior: three counts, including hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor
Ems (age 19) gained additional charges: hazing, furnishing alcohol to a minor, and unlawful acts relative to liquor stemming from forcing a pledge to drink massive amounts of alcohol in September 2016, sending him to a clinic with blood gushing out of his forehead. Braxton Becker (age 20), who had the charge of tampering with evidence dropped against him, was charged with it again (and later acquitted) after new footage suggested he deleted the footage that led to these new charges. Becker was also charged with (and acquitted of) obstructing administration of law and charged with (and convicted of) hindering apprehension.[34][35] On November 1, 2017, Lars Kenyon claimed "the judge got it right" and Kenyon had to "[figure] some stuff out".[36] In November 2017, at least 26 members face charges.[5]
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Beta Theta Pi - Alpha Upsilon et al.
On August 11, 2017, on the fifth day of the preliminary hearing, it was announced by lead investigators that basement footage from the bid acceptance on February 2, 2017, had been deleted by a defendant already charged in the case. Lead prosecutor Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller noted that additional charges would be filed as a result of this finding.[37]
On the same day, defense attorneys for a number of the defendants started to blame Tim Bream, the Penn State Nittany Lions football head athletic trainer and Beta Theta Pi live-in advisor. He was present during the night of Tim Piazza's bid acceptance, although he has never been charged in the case. After unsuccessful attempts by attorneys to have Bream subpoenaed, the judge in the case ordered that Bream have his hearing on possible contempt of court and avoiding his subpoena.[38]
On February 8, 2019, Parks Miller received a law license suspension of one year and one day for communicating improperly with judges and defense attorneys.[39] Parks Miller was defended by Bruce Castor throughout the trial.[40] Parks Miller was reinstated to practice law in September 2021.[41]
Phi Beta Sigma prosecutions
In May 2025, Ferguson Township Chief of Police Shawn J. Morrison announced criminal hazing and assault charges against two members of Phi Beta Sigma who are accused of brutally hazing pledges. The ghost organization’s Dean, Jacob D. Francis, and the ghost organization’s President, Jayson Archer, hazed pledges by forced paddling and punching pledges in their chest. Leaders of the ghost organization stalked pledges, implementing a surveillance program in which pledges had to enable location tracking on their cellphones and share their location at all times with Francis and Archer.[42]
Students filed reports to Penn State administrators in March 2025 indicating the perpetrators wanted to make pledges bleed. The extensive hazing included forced military influenced workouts, lineups, and unusually hot showers. One pledge informed police perpetrators paddled him twenty times in a row. The violence became so brutal that pledges would wear layers of clothing to hinder the pain of the paddles. Preliminary hearings for the defendants are set for June 4, 2025 and August 4, 2025.[43]
Shep Test
Throughout the Beta Theta Pi investigation, lead investigators discovered the fraternity required its pledges to pass the ‘Shep Test’ to become initiated into the fraternity. North American Interfraternity Conference (NIC) CEO Jud Horras denied the existence of the ‘Shep Test’ in America’s modern-day fraternities. However, social critic Caitlin Flanagan interviewed Penn State hazing victims and discovered the ‘Shep Test’ includes a fake branding ceremony in which fraternity members shout out the name of false idols, along with eating goldfish and walking through the fraternity house basement near-naked. The ‘Shep Test’ also includes mind games, in which active brothers ask pledges to drink "blood" (actually hot sauce) and walk over glass blindfolded (actually broken chips). The final step of the ‘Shep Test’ involves pledges being paddled on their gluteus maximus. The test was also once known as the ‘National Test,’ and was to be eliminated within Beta Theta Pi’s ‘Men of Principle’ strategy.[21]
Penn State Athletics connection
Tim Bream, the Penn State football Head Athletic Trainer and University Assistant Athletic Director, was the live-in advisor for Beta Theta Pi. State College Detective David Scicchitano testified that Bream lied under oath twice throughout the investigations. When Detectives interviewed Beta Theta Pi fraternity brothers, it was discovered that Bream had to approve all parties within the fraternity house and was aware of the fraternity’s alcohol presence. In December 2016, Bream arranged for a bartender to serve alcohol to minors within the fraternity house.[44]
Detective Scicchitano testified that after Tim Piazza fell down the stairs, Tim Bream stood ten feet away from Piazza and looked at his body, around 5:30 AM. These interactions were caught on video camera.[44]
Due to lying regarding his knowledge of events leading up to Tim Piazza’s death, Tim Bream came under investigation by Deputy District Attorney Sean McGraw and the Attorney General of Pennsylvania. Although government officials struggled to gather evidence against Bream, a private investigator lobbied to have Bream charged with perjury, recklessly endangering another individual, and furnishing alcohol to minors.
During a May 10, 2017, interview with Savannah Guthrie of Today Show, Penn State President Eric J. Barron alluded to Bream’s role within the Beta Theta Pi house, pointing out the ‘faculty advisors’ within the fraternity.[45] Despite a ‘model fraternity’ image and Bream’s appointment as an advisor, President Barron states Beta operated as a ‘secret society’ on Penn State’s campus.[45]
Joseph Dado’s case was discussed in the 2024 A&E documentary special Houses of Horror: Secrets of College Greek Life.[46]
Death of Marquise Braham
Marquise Braham’s case was discussed in the 2024 A&E documentary special Houses of Horror: Secrets of College Greek Life.[46]
Kappa Delta Rho
Kappa Delta Rho hazing victim James Vivenzio appeared in the 2022 PBS documentary Hazing.
Beta Theta Pi
Thomas R. Kline, the lawyer for the Piazza family, was featured on talk shows extensively.
On May 16, 2017, Mehmet Oz appeared on The Today Show to discuss warning signs of dangerous binge drinking.[47]
On June 12, 2017, Nancy Grace discussed the case on her podcast.[48]
The case was the headline of several magazine articles. On November 15, 2017, Caitlin Flanagan published the article "Death at a Penn State Fraternity" in The Atlantic.[49]The Atlantic article pointed out the ties between Beta Theta Pi and Joe Paterno. Vanity Fair published the article "How a Fatal Frat Hazing Became Penn State's Latest Campus Crisis" on October 3, 2017.[50]Time magazine published the article "'Those Families Are Changed Forever.' A Deadly Year in Fraternity Hazing Comes to a Close"[51]
The New York Times extensively covered the case including articles "18 Penn State Students Charged in Fraternity Death",[52] "Prosecutors Taking Tougher Stance in Fraternity Hazing Deaths",[53] and "Penn State Student's Dying Hours Play Out in Courtroom Video".[54]
On February 2, 2018, Vice News published the documentary "Penn State is Still Keeping Secrets on Frat Row".[55]
Hulu miniseries
On October 10, 2022, it was reported that Robert Greenblatt is developing a Hulu miniseries entitled Death at Penn State, based on Caitlin Flanagan's 2017 article in The Atlantic about the events surrounding the Piazza case.[56]
Guilty plea
The trials played out at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania and the Centre County Courthouse Annex.
One of the fraternity brothers charged in the death of Piazza pleaded guilty on June 13, 2018, to nine charges, making him the first in the case to enter a guilty plea. Ryan Burke, age 21, pleaded guilty to four counts of hazing and five counts relating to unlawful acts involving liquor in the deadly injuries Piazza sustained following a night of heavy drinking and hazing. Burke was accused of giving Piazza a bottle of vodka at the Beta Theta Pi party. Burke admitted his role in the hazing of Piazza, which included being present for and actively encouraging a gauntlet of drinking games and an obstacle course involving Piazza and other pledges.[57]
On July 31, 2018, Burke was sentenced to three months of house arrest for his role in the hazing death of Piazza. He pleaded guilty to nine misdemeanor charges, including four counts of hazing and five counts involving unlawful acts related to alcoholic beverages. In addition to the house arrest, Burke was sentenced to 27 months of probation and was ordered to pay fines, costs, and restitution.[58]
Timothy J. Piazza Anti-Hazing Law
On October 19, 2018, Pennsylvania Governor Tom Wolf signed the Timothy J. Piazza Antihazing Law into immediate effect.
The grand jury that recommended charges against the brothers also directed Centre County District Attorney Stacy Parks Miller to investigate Penn State University and its role and response to hazing. During many months of testimony from multiple witnesses, including former pledges and others with first-hand experience, the Grand Jury collected evidence about the University's response and handling of hazing across the board. The Grand Jury received testimony regarding the prior Penn State fraternity hazing-related death of Joe Dado and a suicide linked to hazing pressures at the Altoona branch of Penn State. Witnesses aware of the ongoing hazing and extreme drinking over the years say they notified Penn State authorities, but little was done, despite extensive records documenting the hazing, abuse, and other dangerous behavior. Pledges that testified confirmed that hazing had become routine behind the closed doors of the fraternity houses, with Penn State turning a blind eye and adopting a hands-off approach.[59]
The testimony revealed that pledges were routinely forced to drink extreme and potentially deadly levels, and brothers would inflict physical and mental abuse on pledges, including violence and sleep deprivation. More extreme behaviors, including sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, and the killing of small animals, were documented. The pledges were threatened that if they told anyone of the activities, there would be consequences. As a result of this evidence, the Grand Jury released a scathing 236-page report regarding hazing and excessive alcohol consumption at Penn State fraternities.[60]
The report recommended sweeping changes to Pennsylvania's hazing law and Penn State's inadequate manner of handling hazing. The report called for the legislature to establish "Tim's Law", creating more severe punishments for hazing. It directed Penn State to strengthen its hazing policies. The report recommended a zero-tolerance policy against those who violated hazing laws and the implementation and enforcement of severe restrictions for underage drinking. The report recommended strengthening laws against furnishing alcohol to minors and that Penn State create a "pledge's bill of rights" that outlines acceptable and unacceptable behavior during the pledge process. Finally, the report recommended that Penn State establish a confidential hazing hotline.[59]
The anti-hazing legislation was subsequently submitted for consideration in the full state Senate.[61]
Lawmakers named the anti-hazing legislation after Tim Piazza.[62]
Timothy J. Piazza's Law
On August 24, 2021, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed into law S84/2093, requiring public and non-public middle schools and high schools, as well as higher education institutions, to adopt anti-hazing policies and penalties for violations of the policies. S84/2093 is nicknamed the “Timothy J. Piazza Law” after Timothy Piazza.[63]
With Timothy J. Piazza's Law in effect, hazing in New Jersey is upgraded from a fourth-degree crime to a third-degree crime when it results in death or serious bodily injury; and hazing in New Jersey is upgraded from a disorderly persons offense to a fourth-degree crime if it results in bodily injury.[63]
Educational response
Rutgers Law School led a legal analysis into the Pennsylvania laws created and amended as a result of Piazza's death.
Legal scholars continually point to the Piazza case as grounds for change in hazing prevention legislation. The Journal of College and University Law, published in conjunction with Rutgers Law School, analyzed the Pennsylvania laws created out of the Piazza case and determined that not enough legal changes have yet been made.[64]
Many sociologists and psychologists pointed towards the prevalence of groupthink in the Piazza case. This scenario has been analyzed in several books, including Discover Sociology: Core Concepts[65] and Harvard University Press's Why We Act: Turning Bystanders Into Moral Rebels.[66]
The Chronicle of Higher Education pointed out that four pledges died in 2017 alone, but the added media coverage the Piazza case has attracted can help lead to monumental change for the first time.[67]
In 2020, the Villanova University School of Law analyzed a Penn State football hazing lawsuit in which a victim sued head coach James Franklin. The scholars of the Moorad Sports Law Journal, point to the Timothy J. Piazza law as precedent and indicate that 95% of college students do not report hazing. The scholars believe that the student who sued Coach Franklin should be taken seriously, given the new Pennsylvania anti-hazing laws created out of the Piazza case.[68]
Suspended chapters
Due to the severity and international recognition of the scandal, Penn State now publicizes a continuously updated list of Greek letter organizations whose university recognition has been revoked. Suspended chapters may not operate on campus as an active student organization and are banned from participating in university-sponsored events.
Ghost organizations
Ghost organizations, pledges, and brothers operate on college and university campuses without any direct supervision from university oversight.[69] This can lead to dangerous behaviors due to deregulation and lack of an authoritative incentive. Multiple organizations have chosen to disavow their affiliation with Penn State and move towards an independent, ghost structure: Sigma Chi Fraternity, Lambda Phi Fraternity, Inc., and Tau Kappa Epsilon Fraternity.
Wyatt DuBois, Director of University Public Relations, emailed Penn State parents in October 2024, notifying the parents of Penn State’s sudden rise in hazing complaints filed by students. Ghost organization Sigma Chi was among the named perpetrators listed in DuBois’ email.
In January 2025, the Parents Program for Penn State Student Affairs held a meeting in which leaders urged community members within Penn State to avoid the fraternity Phi Kappa Sigma, known popularly as ‘Skulls.’ Phi Kappa Sigma operates on Penn State’s campus with a ghost status, even though the organization has been suspended through 2027 due to rampant and pervasive hazing violations. Although university officials are not supporting the fraternity, alumni from the organization continue to assist with member operations.[70]
In March 2025, the State College Interfraternity Council (SCIFC) was founded by ghost organizations Sigma Chi, Pi Kappa Alpha, and Tau Kappa Epsilon. All three founding organizations of the SCIFC have separated from Penn State and the IFC with plans to run their organizations independently, separate from university oversight and leadership entirely.[71] Jim Edwards, President of the Lion Fraternity Alumni Association, stated the SCIFC will recruit freshman students, which is forbidden by Penn State for safety reasons.[71] Edwards also states the SCIFC will have an independent judicial system, separate from the officially recognized Office of Student Conduct.[71]
Aftermath
On September 1, 2017, Beta Theta Pi defendant Joseph G. Ems appeared on ABC News with his lawyer.[72] He has since been sued by the Piazza family.[73]
Jim and Evelyn Piazza have gone on to speak to thousands of college students throughout the United States to end hazing on campuses.[74]
Kordel Davis, Beta Theta Pi pledge, led a hazing prevention tour in fall 2019 entitled "One Night a Pledge".[75]
Penn State settled with the Piazza family to avoid further civil litigation.[76]
Tim Bream, the Penn State Nittany Lions football head athletic trainer, attempted to sue Penn State for wrongful termination, but the judge ruled against him, citing prescription drugs being stolen right out of his work desk.[77] In March 2021, Bream sued Penn State a second time, claiming the university violated his contract and created "intolerable" working conditions as a result of his role in the Beta Theta Pi house.[78]
On March 30, 2021, settlements were reached with 25 defendants and third party defendants in civil suits.[79]
Penn State President Eric J. Barron attempted to transform Penn State's Greek life system following Piazza's death; he announced his retirement in June 2022.[80] In March 2023, Spotlight PA reported on an internal memo, which indicated Penn State planned to roll back certain oversights of campus Greek life, including changes that would "end the regular monitoring of chapter houses" and "allow first-semester recruitment." The university later denied those changes had been officially implemented.[81]
In December 2021, Centre County Judge Brian Marshall ruled that Penn State could take ownership of the Beta Theta Pi house.[82]
In July 2024, Beta Theta Pi defendants Brendan Young and Daniel Casey both pleaded guilty to 14 counts of hazing and one count of reckless endangerment. In October 2024, the two were sentenced to two to four months in prison, along with three years of probation and community service.[83]
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