| Plasmodium juxtanucleare | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Diaphoretickes |
| Clade: | SAR |
| Clade: | Alveolata |
| Phylum: | Apicomplexa |
| Class: | Aconoidasida |
| Order: | Haemospororida |
| Family: | Plasmodiidae |
| Genus: | Plasmodium |
| Species: | P. juxtanucleare |
| Binomial name | |
| Plasmodium juxtanucleare Versiani and Gomes, 1941 | |
Plasmodium juxtanucleare is a species of parasite in the family Plasmodiidae. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.
This species was first described in 1941 by Versiani and Gomes. [1] The subgenus is named after Professor Gordon F. Bennett.
Parasite densities tend to be low (0.1–1% infected erythrocytes). Multiple infections of the same erythrocyte may occur.
The trophozoites have scanty cytoplasm and are irregular in shape. When fully grown they may be round, oval or irregular. They adhere closely to the nucleus and have 1-2 pigment granules. While a vacuole may be present there is no ring form unlike that of other species.
The trophozoites produce two to six merozoites per erythrocyte. The merozoites have scanty cytoplasm and do not exceed the size of the nucleus when fully developed.
The schizonts are small and always found juxtaposed to the erythrocyte nucleus.
The gametocytes resemble those of Plasmodium relictum and may displace the nucleus. They are of variable shape:oval, round, elongated or even irregular. They do not exceed the size of the nucleus.
Perhaps the most characteristic feature of this genus is the formation of pedunculated oocyts in the mosquito midgut.
This species is found in a number of countries including Brasil, India, Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, Malaysia, Mexico, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Tanzania and Uruguay. It is thought that this species probably originated in South East Asia but this requires confirmation.
The disease caused by this parasite is similar to that caused by Leucocytozoon caulleryi .
P. juxtanucleare is one of the causes of chicken malaria. Clinical findings associated with high parasitemia are anemia, diarrhea and weight loss that may lead to death. Body temperature is not elevated. Increases in the thrombocyte number and total leukocyte and basophil count have been reported. [2]
The course of the parasitemia showed low levels initially and reaching a peak after 15 days; trophozoites were the most commonly observed form, followed by schizonts (first detected on day 12) and gametocytes (first seen on day 27). The typical distribution after the gametocytes have appeared is trophozoites (80%) schizonts (17%) and gametocytes (3%).
P. juxtanucleare also infects black-footed penguins. Five fatal cases were reported in a Sounth African zoo. Laboratory findings included parasitemia, splenomegaly, pulmonary oedema and schizonts in the reticuloendothelial system. [3]
This species infects the Chinese bamboo partridge, white eared-pheasant, Malayan jungle fowl ( Gallus gallus spadiceus ), Sri Lankan junglefowl, grey-winged francolin, crested francolin, wild turkey and the Indian peafowl.
Culex annulus
Culex gelidus
Culex molestus Forskal
Culex pipiens fatigens
Culex pipiens pallus
Culex pseudovishnui
Culex saltanensis Dyar 1928
Culex (Culex) sitiens Wiedmann
Culex tritaeniorhynchus
Bennettinia is a subgenus of Plasmodium created in 1997 by Valkiunas. [4] in honour of the parasitologist Gordon F. Bennett. [5] Plasmodium juxtanucleare is the sole species in this subgenus. [5]
The characteristic features are:
Plasmodium is a genus of unicellular eukaryotes that are obligate parasites of vertebrates and insects. The life cycles of Plasmodium species involve development in a blood-feeding insect host which then injects parasites into a vertebrate host during a blood meal. Parasites grow within a vertebrate body tissue before entering the bloodstream to infect red blood cells. The ensuing destruction of host red blood cells can result in malaria. During this infection, some parasites are picked up by a blood-feeding insect, continuing the life cycle.
Giovanolaia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium created by Corradetti et al. in 1963. The parasites within this subgenus infect birds.
Huffia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasites. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti et al.. Species in this subgenus infect birds with malaria.
Novyella is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasites. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti et al. Species in this subgenus infect birds. It unites the avian malaria parasites with small erythrocytic meronts and elongated gametocytes.
Plasmodium chiricahuae is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Paraplasmodium.
Plasmodium cnemidophori is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Sauramoeba. As in all Plasmodium species, P. cnemidophori has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are lizards.
Plasmodium eylesi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Plasmodium.
Sauramoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium, all of which are parasitic eukaryotes. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham. Species in this subgenus infect reptiles.
Plasmodium lemuris is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia.
Plasmodium basilisci is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.
Plasmodium clelandi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.
Plasmodium diminutivum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Carinamoeba.
Plasmodium uluguruense is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Lacertamoeba.
Plasmodium loveridgei is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Lacertamoeba.
Plasmodium narayani is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Vinckeia. As in all Plasmodium species, P. narayani has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are mammals.
Plasmodium fieldi is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium sub genus Plasmodium found in Malaysia. This species is related to Plasmodium ovale and Plasmodium simiovale. As in all Plasmodium species, P. fieldi has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are primates.
Plasmodium circumflexum is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium subgenus Giovannolaia.
Plasmodium vaughani is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium, and the type species of the subgenus Novyella. As in all Plasmodium species, P. vaughani has both vertebrate and insect hosts. The vertebrate hosts for this parasite are birds.
Plasmodium alaudae is a parasite of the genus Plasmodium.