# Range of a function

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In mathematics, the range of a function may refer to either of two closely related concepts:

## Contents

Given two sets X and Y, a binary relation f between X and Y is a (total) function (from X to Y) if for every x in X there is exactly one y in Y such that f relates x to y. The sets X and Y are called domain and codomain of f, respectively. The image of f is then the subset of Y consisting of only those elements y of Y such that there is at least one x in X with f(x) = y.

## Terminology

As the term "range" can have different meanings, it is considered a good practice to define it the first time it is used in a textbook or article. Older books, when they use the word "range", tend to use it to mean what is now called the codomain. [1] [2] More modern books, if they use the word "range" at all, generally use it to mean what is now called the image. [3] To avoid any confusion, a number of modern books don't use the word "range" at all. [4]

## Elaboration and example

Given a function

${\displaystyle f\colon X\to Y}$

with domain ${\displaystyle X}$, the range of ${\displaystyle f}$, sometimes denoted ${\displaystyle \operatorname {ran} (f)}$ or ${\displaystyle \operatorname {Range} (f)}$, [5] [6] may refer to the codomain or target set ${\displaystyle Y}$ (i.e., the set into which all of the output of ${\displaystyle f}$ is constrained to fall), or to ${\displaystyle f(X)}$, the image of the domain of ${\displaystyle f}$ under ${\displaystyle f}$ (i.e., the subset of ${\displaystyle Y}$ consisting of all actual outputs of ${\displaystyle f}$). The image of a function is always a subset of the codomain of the function. [7]

As an example of the two different usages, consider the function ${\displaystyle f(x)=x^{2}}$ as it is used in real analysis (that is, as a function that inputs a real number and outputs its square). In this case, its codomain is the set of real numbers ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} }$, but its image is the set of non-negative real numbers ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}}$, since ${\displaystyle x^{2}}$ is never negative if ${\displaystyle x}$ is real. For this function, if we use "range" to mean codomain, it refers to ${\displaystyle \mathbb {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{}} }$; if we use "range" to mean image, it refers to ${\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{+}}$.

In many cases, the image and the codomain can coincide. For example, consider the function ${\displaystyle f(x)=2x}$, which inputs a real number and outputs its double. For this function, the codomain and the image are the same (both being the set of real numbers), so the word range is unambiguous.

## Notes and References

1. Hungerford 1974, page 3.
2. Childs 1990, page 140.
3. Dummit and Foote 2004, page 2.
4. Rudin 1991, page 99.
5. "Compendium of Mathematical Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
6. Weisstein, Eric W. "Range". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-08-28.
7. Nykamp, Duane. "Range definition". Math Insight. Retrieved August 28, 2020.

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