Red Delicious

Red Delicious
Species	Malus domestica
Hybrid parentage	Chance seedling
Cultivar	'Red Delicious'
Origin	Peru, Iowa, United States

Rows of trees under hail nets

Ripe Red Delicious are uniformly red

Red Delicious is a type of apple with a red exterior and sweet taste that was first recognized in Madison County, Iowa, in 1872. Today, the name Red Delicious comprises more than 50 cultivars. It was the most produced cultivar in the United States from 1968 to 2018, when it was surpassed by Gala. ^{[1] [2] [3]}

History

The 'Red Delicious' originated at an orchard in 1872 as "a round, blushed yellow fruit of surpassing sweetness". ^{[4] [5]} Stark Nurseries held a competition in 1892 ^[6] to find an apple to replace the 'Black Ben Davis' apple. The winner was a red and yellow striped apple sent by Jesse Hiatt, a farmer in Peru, Iowa, who called it "Hawkeye". Stark Nurseries bought the rights from Hiatt, renamed the variety "Stark Delicious", and began propagating it. Another apple tree, later named the 'Golden Delicious', was also marketed by Stark Nurseries after it was purchased from a farmer in Clay County, West Virginia, ^[7] in 1914; the 'Delicious' became the 'Red Delicious' as a retronym. ^[5]

Selective breeding and decline in demand

Starting in the 1950s, changes in grocery buying habits led to consumers prioritizing visual appearance. As a result, commercial growers increasingly selected for longer storage and cosmetic appeal rather than flavor and palatability. ^{[5] [8] [2]} In particular the selection of redder fruit caused deselection of flavor, and the genes that produced the yellow stripes on the original fruit were on the same chromosomes as those for the flavor-producing compounds. ^[2] Breeding for uniformity and storability favored a thicker skin. ^[2] Later, as other cultivars entered supermarkets, demand for the 'Red Delicious' declined. ^{[8] [9]}

In the 1940s the apple was the most popular in the US. ^[10] In the 1980s, 'Red Delicious' represented three-quarters of the harvest in Washington state, but the selection of beauty and long storage over taste was making the apples less popular, and demand was declining as supermarkets started carrying other varieties. ^[10] By the 1990s, reliance on the now-unwanted 'Red Delicious' had helped to push Washington state's apple industry "to the edge" of collapse. ^[5] In 2000, Congress approved and President Bill Clinton signed a bill to bail out the apple industry, after apple growers had lost $760 million since 1997. ^[9]

Farmers began to replace their orchards with other cultivars such as Gala, Fuji, and Honeycrisp. ^[2] By 2000, this cultivar made up less than one half of the Washington state output, and in 2003, the crop had shrunk to 37 percent of the state's harvest, which totaled 103 million boxes. Although Red Delicious still remained the single largest variety produced in the state in 2005, others were growing in popularity, notably the Fuji and Gala varieties. ^{[5] [10]} By 2014 the Washington Apple Commission was recommending growers plan to export 60% or more of production. ^[10] In 2018 the Gala apple overtook US sales of the Red Delicious for the first time. ^[2] Through 2020 production continued to decline. ^[11] The COVID-19 pandemic was expected to further continue decline in demand as many cafeterias and other typical sales points for the apple were closed. ^[11]

Sports (mutations)

Over the years many propagable mutations, or sports, have been identified in 'Red Delicious' apple trees.

Patented

In addition to those propagated without any patent applications (or cut out because they were seen as inferior), 42 sports have been patented in the United States:

Date	Inventor	Marketed as	Mutated from	Assignee	Habit	Pattern	Earlier	Color	Plant patent number
Apr 3, 1934	Henry Shotwell	Shotwell Delicious	Delicious	C&O	standard	less stripe	2 wk.	3-4 times	US plant patent 90
May 18, 1954	Plough	Royalred1805	Richared	C&O	standard	blush	10 d.	lighter	US plant patent 1278
Aug 23, 1955	Brauns	Red King1811	Starking	Van Well	standard	stripe	2 wk.	more complete	US plant patent 1411
Feb 12, 1957	Bisbee	Starkrimson	Starking	Stark	spur	blush	"earlier"	similar	US plant patent 1565
Feb 3, 1959	Frazier & Jenkins		Starking	Elon J. Gilbert	standard	blush	10 d.	brighter	US plant patent 1805
Feb 17, 1959	Hamilton	Chelan Red [12]		Hamilton	standard	blush	2 wk.	darker	US plant patent 1811
Mar 24, 1959	Gilbert	Redspur	Starking	C&O	spur	blush	later	brighter	US plant patent 1822
Feb 23, 1960	Hutchinson	Top Red3556	Shotwell	C&O	standard	striped	2-3 wk.	darker	US plant patent 1916
Apr 5, 1960	Wood	Woods, Starkspur2606	Starking	Stark	spur	striped	1 wk.	deeper	US plant patent 1930
Sep 24, 1963	Gould		Red Delicious	Miller&Miller	standard	blush	"early"	more intense	US plant patent 2285
Aug 11, 1964	Gilbert Miller	Sturdyspur	Starking	Cons. Orch. Co	spur	blush	"early"	dark	US plant patent 2433
Aug 25, 1964	Frank Rypczynski	"Frank", Super Starking5569	Starking	Stark	standard	subdued stripes	30 d.	fuller	US plant patent 2440
Mar 15, 1966	C.L. Cooper, Washington, US	Regal Chelan Spur	Welspur		spur	stripe	10-14d.	more intense	US plant patent 2606
June 4, 1968	Trumbull	Oregon Spur4819	Red King	Van Well	spur	stripe	2 wk.	darker	US plant patent 2816
Dec 23, 1969	Herbert Diede Washington, US	Red Bouquet	Starking	Stark	standard			more intense	US plant patent 2956
Feb 2, 1971	Matson	Stark Earlibrite5547	Ryan Red	Stark	standard	blush	1 month	bright	US plant patent 3025
Mar 2, 1971	Maxam		Starking		standard	blush		deeper	US plant patent 3035
Apr 13, 1971	Norton		Vance		spur		2-3 wk.	brilliant	US plant patent 3040
Feb 19, 1974	Coke	Rose Red	Starking	Rose	spur	blush	from start	dark	US plant patent 3485
May 7, 1974	Pagnelli		Starking	Stark	spur	blush		brighter	US plant patent 3541
May 28, 1974	A.M. Ward, Washington, US	Early Red One4839	Brauns	Van Well	standard	stripe	4 wk.	darker blackish-purple	US plant patent 3556
May 28, 1974	Flanagan		Starking	Stark	spur	stripe	before Topred	brighter, lighter	US plant patent 3557
June 11, 1974	Slusarenko		unknown	Stark	standard	stripe	4 d. before #2440	red	US plant patent 3567
June 25, 1974	Fred Campbell, Washington, US	Red Chief3578	Starkrimson	Hilltop	spur	stripe	"earlier"	deeper, brighter	US plant patent 3578
Apr 13, 1976	A.G. Staniforth, B.C. Canada	Spured Royal Delicious	Royal Delicious	Okanogan Nursery					USPP 3864
May 11, 1976	C.L. Cooper, Washington, US	Starkspur Prime Red	Topred Delicious	Stark	tree smaller than Topred Delicious				USPP 3882
Nov. 29, 1977	Silvers	Silverspur	Hi Early	McCormick	spur	stripe	2 wk. before Hi Early	bright	US plant patent 4159
Jan 30, 1979	Craig		Bright 'N Early		spur	stripe	2 wk.	darker, heavier	US plant patent 4372
Aug 12, 1980	Perleberg	Ace	Starkrimson or Oregon Red		spur	stripe	18 d.	bright but deep	US plant patent 4587
Jan 19, 1982	Garretson		Starking	Carlton	<spur / dwarf	blush		bright	US plant patent 4801
Feb 2, 1982	Green	Oregon Spur II6190	Oregon Spur	Wells & Wade	spur	stripe	10 d.	dark	US plant patent 4819
Apr 20, 1982	Evans et al.	Scarlet Spur6190	Oregon Spur	Van Well	spur	blush	2 wk.	red stem	US plant patent 4839
Nov 9, 1982	Coke&Smith	Super Clone4926M	Starking	McCormick, Bountiful Ridge	spur, dwarfing	stripe	no change, late bloom	light	US plant patent 4926
Nov 13, 1984	Kemp	Top Spur5334	Starkrimson	C&O	spur	stripe	5-7 d.	deeper, brighter	US plant patent 5334
Mar 26, 1985	Hanners	Eve's Delight	Spokane Beauty		stripe			light	US plant patent 5421
May 21, 1985	Jenkins	Jenred,5472 Starkspur,5472 Ultrastripe5472	Oregon Spur	Stark	spur	stripe	15 d.	more consistent	US plant patent 5472
Sep 3, 1985	Hare	Hared,5547 Dixiered,5547 Starkspur5547	Oregon Spur	Stark	spur	blush	15-20 d.	dark	US plant patent 5547
Oct 8, 1985	Gonzalez	Rico7237	Sharp Red	Merleley & al.	standard	stripe	20 d.		US plant patent 5569
May 31, 1988	Sandidge	Super Chief	Red Chief	Van Well Nursery	spur	stripe	18 d.	red stem	US plant patent 6190
Mar 28, 1989	J. E. Valle, Washington, US	Vallee Spur6702	Red Chief		spur	blush	2 wk.	dark red with bloom	US plant patent 6702
May 29, 1990	Sali	Sali7237	Redspur		semi-spur	blush	"earliest"	purple tinge	US plant patent 7237
Aug 4, 1992	Arden Winkel, Michigan, US	Earlichief	Redchief	Inter-Plant Patent Marketing	spur	blush	5-10 d.	brighter	US plant patent 7928
Mar 23, 1999	Deutscher	Cumberland Spur10,832	Oregon Spur		spur	blush	10-14 d.	complete	US plant patent 10832
May 4, 2004	Burchinal	Adams Apple, Burchinal Red Delicious14,757	Oregon Spur II		spur	blush	immediately	more uniform, deeper, purple, bloom	US plant patent 14757

In 1977, the application for #4159 noted the "starchy and bland taste of some of the newer varieties".

The plant patent for #4926 promoted the sport as a dwarfing interstock, a dwarfing rootstock for pears, or to produce "crab apple"-sized 'Delicious' apples.

Unpatented sports

Unpatented sports

Name	Discovered / Introduced	Originated	Remarks
Adams Delicious	1954 / 1956	Oregon, US	darker red than Delicious
Clawson	1945/1952	Washington, US	about two-thirds size of a typical Starking Delicious
Dieterich Delicious	1950/1960	California, US	skin solid red
Evarts Delicious	/ c. 1950
Hardibrite Red Delicious	1970/1975	Oregon, US
'Hi Early'
Houser Red Delicious	1953 / 1958
Hubbs Delicious	1950/1950	Oregon, US	colors earlier and darker than parent
Huebner Starking	1957/1962	British Columbia, Canada	striped
Maehara Starking	1954/1955	British Columbia, Canada	red overcolor 10 days before than of parent.
'Mood2433' or 'Starking'			which colors about 2 weeks before "standard Delicious"1411
Morgan Spur Delicious	1957/1969	Washington, US
Morspur	1959/	Washington, US
Nured Royal Delicious	1966/1976	Washington, US
Parrish Delicious	1934 / 1946
Pittman Red Delicious	1948 / 1956
Red Stark	/ 1927
Redwin	1925 / 1928
'Richared'	/ 1926		brighter red than standard, blush, not stripe 1278
'Ryan'
'Sharp Red Delicious'	1963/1969	Washington, US
'Spokane Beauty'
'Wellspur'

References

1. 2018 Annual Review Archived 2019-01-24 at the Wayback Machine U.S. Apple Association.
2. "Red Delicious Apples Weren't Always the Worst". New England Today. 2019-09-24. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
3. Apple varieties by US Apple Association
4. Susan Dolan (2009). Fruitful Legacy: A Historic Context of Orchards in the United States, with Technical Information for Registering Orchards in the National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service, Olmsted Center for Landscape Preservation, Pacific West Regional Office, Cultural Resources, Park Historic Structures and Cultural Landscapes Program. p. 76. ISBN   978-0-16-082127-1.
5. Higgins, Adrian (August 5, 2005). "Why the Red Delicious No Longer Is. Decades of Makeovers Alter Apple to Its Core". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2008-07-27. The reliance on Red Delicious helped push Washington's apple industry to the edge in the late 1990s and into this decade. Depressed prices for Red Delicious, weaker foreign markets, and stiffer competition from abroad, including apple concentrate from China, contributed to major losses in the nation's apple industry, which mounted to $700 million in 2001, according to the U.S. Apple Association. The industry has recovered somewhat since then, in part because reduced harvests have buoyed prices.
6. Leona (Lee) Novy Jackson, "Delicious Apples and Their History" "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-13. Retrieved 2009-10-27., Apples, Apples Everywhere—Favorite Recipes From America's Orchards. ISBN   0-930643-11-9. Images Unlimited Publishing. Maryville, MO.
7. Mulcaster, Glenn (November 3, 2009). "History of a Golden Opportunity". THE AGE Epicure . The myth-making in US horticulture that consigned Johnny Appleseed to caricature has coloured the background of the 20th century's most enduring apple.
8. "Red Delicious Apples Didn't Always Suck. Here's What Happened". HuffPost. 2018-08-22. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
9. Egan, Timothy (November 4, 2000). "'Perfect' Apple Pushed Growers Into Debt". The New York Times . Archived from the original on 2018-08-24. Retrieved 2008-08-02. Losses piled up. And now the bill has come due. Last month, Congress approved and President Clinton signed the biggest bailout in the history of the apple industry after the government reported that apple growers had lost $760 million in the last three years. ... In trying to create the perfect apple for major supermarket chains, these farmers say, they may have sacrificed taste to cosmetics. The growers say their story is like a fable with lessons for how the nation produces its fresh food.
10. Sarah Yager (September 10, 2014). "The Awful Reign of the Red Delicious". The Atlantic. Retrieved September 10, 2014.
11. "Will the pandemic kill off more red delicious apples? – Produce Blue Book". 13 November 2020. Retrieved 2021-05-11.
12. Brooks and Olmo, Register of New Fruit and Nut Varieties, 1972