Honeycrisp (Malus pumila) is an apple cultivar (cultivated variety) developed at the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station's Horticultural Research Center at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. Designated as MN1711 in 1974, patented in 1988, and released in 1991, the Honeycrisp, once slated to be discarded, has rapidly become a prized commercial agricultural product, as its sweetness, firmness, and tartness make it an ideal apple for eating raw.[1] It could also be used to baking and making apple sauce.[2] The advent of the Honeycrisp marks a turning point in the history of the apple industry.[3] It is now the official state fruit of Minnesota.[4] A large-sized Honeycrisp contains about 116 kilocalories (490kJ).[5]
Pepin Heights Orchards delivered the first Honeycrisp apples to grocery stores in 1997.[6] The name Honeycrisp was trademarked by the University of Minnesota, but university officials were unsure of its patent status in 2007.[7] The US patent for the Honeycrisp cultivar expired in 2008, although patents in some countries will not expire until as late as 2031.[7] Patent royalties had generated more than $10 million by 2011, split three ways by the University of Minnesota between its inventors, the college and department in which the research was conducted, and a fund for other research.[8][7]
Genetics
U.S. Plant Patent 7197 and Report 225-1992 (AD-MR-5877-B) from the Horticultural Research Center indicated that the Honeycrisp was a hybrid of the apple cultivars Macoun and Honeygold.[1] However, genetic fingerprinting conducted in 2004 concluded that neither of these cultivars is a parent of the Honeycrisp. It found that one parent was a hybrid of the Keepsake (itself a cross of the Frostbite (MN447) and the Northern Spy)[9] while the other was identified in 2017 as the unreleased variety designated MN1627 by the University of Minnesota. The grandparents of Honeycrisp on the MN1627's side are the Duchess of Oldenburg and the Golden Delicious.[10]
The Honeycrisp was not developed for high yield, a long shelf life, or ease of transport, but rather for taste, a combination of sweetness and tartness, and its signature crispness.[11] It has larger cells than most other apple cultivars, a trait correlated with juiciness, as larger cells are more prone to rupturing instead of cleaving along the cell walls; this rupturing effect is likely what makes the apple taste juicier.[8][12] The Honeycrisp retains its pigment well and has a relatively long shelf life when stored in cool, dry conditions.[13]
However, it is a demanding variety for growers and its taste fades after a long period in storage. In order to remedy these defects, breeders have been searching for hybrids that not only appeal to consumers but are also less costly for farmers to cultivate and last longer in storage without losing its taste.[14] By the 2020s, about half of the new apple varieties available for sale in the United States and Canada are progeny of the Honeycrisp.[15] These varieties include the SweeTango (a cross of the Honeycrisp with Zestar) from the University of Minnesota;[16][8] the Cosmic Crisp (with the Enterprise)[17] and the Sunflare (Cripps Pink/Pink Lady) from Washington State University (WSU);[18] the EverCrisp (Fuji) from the Midwest Apple Improvement Association (MAIA);[19] the SugarBee (a chance seedling whose other parent remains unknown);[20] and the SnapDragon from Cornell University.[21]
Agriculture
Honeycrisp apple flowers are self-sterile, so another apple variety must be nearby as a pollenizer in order to get fruit. Most other apple varieties will pollenize Honeycrisp, as will varieties of crabapple.[22] Honeycrisp will not come true when grown from seed. Trees grown from the seeds of Honeycrisp apples will be hybrids of Honeycrisp and the pollenizer.[1]
Young trees typically have a lower density of large, well-colored fruit, while mature trees have higher fruit density of fruit with diminished size and color quality.[23] Moreover, due to its thin skin, a Honeycrisp apple might be pierced by the stalk of another.[24] Fruit density can be adjusted through removal of blossom clusters or young fruit to counteract the effect.[23] Flesh firmness is also generally better with lower crop densities.[23] But reducing crop density typically cuts yield in half.[24]Bitter pit, a consequence of calcium deficiency, disproportionately affects Honeycrisps; typically 23% of the harvest is affected.[25] This condition could be resolved by spraying.[24] Another major problem for farmers and distributors is that the Honeycrisp, unlike many other varieties, bruises easily and does not last long in (controlled-atmosphere) storage.[24]
In North America, the Honeycrisp harvested in the middle of September, roughly at the same time as the Gala, but before the Red Delicious.[26] Due to its profitability, the Honeycrisp has also been cultivated in relatively warm regions, resulting in a drop in quality.[27]
International growth
A Honeycrisp apple orchard in Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia, Canada (2009)
As a result of the Honeycrisp apple's growing popularity, the provincial government of Nova Scotia, Canada, spent over C$1.5 million funding a five-year Honeycrisp Orchard Renewal Program from 2005 to 2010 to subsidize apple producers to replace older trees (mainly McIntosh) with newer higher-return varieties of apples: the Honeycrisp, Gala, and Ambrosia.[28][29] By the late 2010s, these have become the three most popular varieties in Canada, taking away the market share of the Red Delicious.[30] The Honeycrisp in particular has been credited with reviving the apple farms of this province, bringing in multiple times more money per bin than older varieties, such as the McIntosh or Cortland apples.[31] Some Nova Scotia farmers even managed to export Honeycrisp apples to the United States.[32] In all, Canada's top Honeycrisp producers are the provinces of Ontario, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and Quebec.[33]:38
Apple growers in New Zealand'sSouth Island have begun growing Honeycrisp to supply consumers during the US off-season.[34] The first batch of New Zealand-grown Honeycrisp cultivars being introduced to the North American market have been branded using the "HoneyCrunch" registered trademark.[35][36]
The Honeycrisp continues to be one of the top apple varieties in the United States during the first half of the 2020s.
In the early 2000s, American farmers started replacing the Red Delicious in their orchards with newer cultivars, including the Honeycrisp,[37] which soon became one of the most popular apple varieties in the United States.[14][38] The Honeycrisp overtook the Golden Delicious as the fifth most grown variety in 2018.[39] In fact, between the early 2010s and the mid-2020s, production of the Honeycrisp grew by a factor of five.[27] Data from the US Apple Association shows that its popularity continues to rise during the mid-2020s. In 2025, the Honeycrisp accounted for 12% of the American apple market, behind only the Gala (16%) and Red Delicious (13%).[40] Many consumers know the Honeycrisp by name, and at pick-your-own orchards, it and its progeny, such as the EverCrisp, Rosalee, and Ludacrisp, draw a lot of customers.[3] The Honeycrisp also has a loyal fan base base online; social media posts about the Honeycrisp can quickly attract plenty of attention.[24] Most American Honeycrisp apples are harvested in Washington State, Michigan, and New York.[33]:20 In Washington State, which produces more than half of all American apples, the Honeycrisp was second only to the Gala in terms of the number of 42-pound bushels harvested in the 2025-26 season.[41]
This page is based on this Wikipedia article Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply. Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.
Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, 1960
