Rudolph Schindler (architect)

Last updated
Rudolph Michael Schindler
Rudolph Michael Schindler.jpg
Born(1887-09-10)September 10, 1887
DiedAugust 22, 1953(1953-08-22) (aged 65)
NationalityAustrian
American
OccupationArchitect
Spouse
(m. 1919;div. 1927)
Children1
Buildings Kings Road House, Lovell Beach House

Rudolph Michael Schindler (born Rudolf Michael Schlesinger; September 10, 1887 - August 22, 1953) was an Austrian-born American architect whose most important works were built in or near Los Angeles during the early to mid-twentieth century. [1]

Contents

Although he worked and trained with some of its foremost practitioners, he often is associated with the fringes of the modernist movement in architecture. His use of complex three-dimensional forms, "warm" materials, and striking colors, as well as his ability to work within tight budgets, however, have placed him as one of the mavericks of early twentieth century architecture. Reyner Banham said he designed "as if there had never been houses before." [2]

Early history

Lovell Beach House, Newport Beach, Balboa, California, designed by Rudolph Schindler in 1922 Lovell Beach House 02.jpg
Lovell Beach House, Newport Beach, Balboa, California, designed by Rudolph Schindler in 1922

Rudolf Michael Schindler was born on September 10, 1887, to a middle-class Jewish family in Vienna, Austria. His father was a wood and metal craftsman and an importer; his mother was a dressmaker. He attended the Imperial and Royal High School, from 1899 to 1906, and enrolled at the Vienna University of Technology before attending the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts, or Wagnerschule, being graduated in 1911 with a degree in architecture. For unknown reasons, his family changed their surname from 'Schlesinger' to 'Schindler' in 1901. [1]

Schindler was most influenced by professor Carl König, despite the presence of many other famous professors such as Otto Wagner and particularly, Adolf Loos. Most notably, in 1911, he was introduced to the work of Frank Lloyd Wright through the influential Wasmuth Portfolio.

Schindler also met his lifelong friend and rival Richard Neutra at the university in 1912, before completing his thesis project in 1913. Their careers would parallel each other: both would go to Los Angeles through Chicago, be recognized as important early modernists creating new styles suited to the Californian climate, and sometimes, both would work for the same clients. At one point, they and their wives shared a communal office and living structure that Schindler designed as his home and studio.

Early professional career

In Vienna, Schindler acquired experience in the firm of Hans Mayr and Theodore Mayer, working there from September 1911 to February 1914. Schindler then moved to Chicago to work in the firm of Ottenheimer, Stern, and Reichert (OSR), accepting a cut in pay to be in that progressive American city, which was the home of Frank Lloyd Wright. He found New York City, which he visited along the way, to be crowded, unattractive, and commercial. Chicago was more appealing to him, however, with less congestion and providing access to the architectural work of Henry Hobson Richardson, Louis Sullivan, and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Establishing contact with Wright

Schindler continued to seek contact with Wright, writing letters despite his limited English. He finally met him for the first time on December 30, 1914. Wright had little work at this stage, was still plagued by the destruction of Taliesin and the murder of his mistress earlier that year, and did not offer Schindler a job. Schindler continued work at OSR, keeping himself occupied with trips and study, notably familiarizing himself with the early tilt up slab work of Irving Gill.

Wright was able to hire Schindler after obtaining the commission for the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, a major project that would keep the architect in Japan for several years. Schindler's role was to continue Wright's American operations in his absence, working out of Wright's Oak Park studio. In 1919, Schindler met and married Pauline Gibling (1893–1977). In 1920, Wright summoned him to Los Angeles to work on the Barnsdall House.

Schindler Chase house in West Hollywood, California - 1922 Schindler-Chase house (Rudolf Schindler), 1922 b.jpg
Schindler Chase house in West Hollywood, California - 1922

Schindler was engaged to design several private commissions while in Los Angeles, notably, he completed what many think is his finest building, the Kings Road House, also known as the Schindler house or the Schindler-Chase house, as an office and home for two professional couples by late spring 1922. He and his wife were one of the couples living in the communal structure. He also started to take on several projects of his own.

During this time, fractures started to appear in the Schindler-Wright relationship. Schindler complained, with some validity, of being underpaid and exploited. As well as his architectural affairs, he was running Frank Lloyd Wright's businesses, such as the rental of the Oak Park houses.

Of the houses Wright built in this period, the Hollyhock House was undoubtedly the most significant, for which Schindler did most of the drawings and oversaw the construction of, while Frank Lloyd Wright still was in Japan. The client, Aline Barnsdall, subsequently chose Schindler as her architect to design a number of other small projects for her on Olive Hill and a spectacular beach-side 'translucent house' in 1927, which remains one of the great uncompleted projects of the twentieth century.

As Schindler was applying for a Los Angeles license to practice architecture in 1929, he mentioned his extensive work on the architectural and structural plans of the Imperial Hotel. Wright, however, refused to validate these claims. Eventually, disputes over whose work was whose, escalated until Schindler released a flier for a series of talks with Richard Neutra, describing himself as having been, "in charge of the architectural office of Frank Lloyd Wright for two years during his absence". Wright refuted this claim. The two split in 1931 and didn't reconcile until 1953, less than a year before Schindler's death.

Solo work

Schindler's early buildings usually are characterized by concrete construction. The Kings Road House, Pueblo Ribera Court, Lovell Beach House, Wolfe House, and How House are the projects most frequently identified among these.

The Kings Road house was designed as a studio and home for Schindler, his wife, and their friends Clyde and Marian DaCamara Chace. The floor plan worked itself around several L-shapes. Construction features included tilt up concrete panels cast on site, which contrasted with the more 'open' walls of redwood and glass. It has largely become the symbol of Schindler's architecture.

In a search to create a more inexpensive architecture, Schindler abandoned concrete and turned to the plaster-skin design. This type of construction is characteristic of his work throughout the 1930s and 1940s, but his interest in form and space never changed. The Rodriguez House appears in the film Pineapple Express .

He developed his own platform frame system, the Schindler Frame in 1945. His later work uses this system extensively as a basis for experimentation.

Recognition

Schindler's early work, such as the Kings Road House and Lovell Beach House, largely went unnoticed in the wider architectural world. As early and radical as they were for modernism, they may have been too different for recognition and Los Angeles was not a significant location on the architectural map. Schindler was not included in the highly influential International Style exhibit of 1932, while Richard Neutra was and, to add insult to injury, Neutra, incorrectly, was credited as the Austrian who worked on the Imperial Hotel with Wright.

His first major exposure came in Esther McCoy's 'Five California Architects' of 1960. His work is undergoing somewhat of a contemporary revaluation for its inventiveness, character, and formal qualities, which are making his designs familiar to a new generation of architects.

The Mackey Apartments and the Schindler Residence are maintained by the Friends of the Schindler House and the MAK Center for Art and Architecture. [3] The MAK Center offers a variety of exhibitions and events. The center also sponsors six-month residencies for emerging architects and artists who are housed in the Mackey Apartments.

Selected projects (existing)

Quotes

Wright to Schindler, July 1929

"My dear Rodolph Schindler: ...I am in receipt of a letter from the Board asking if you had made designs for me. The answer to that is,-- No you didn’t. Nobody makes designs for me. Sometimes if they are in luck, or rather if I am in luck, they make them with me. ...Nevertheless, I believe that you now are competent to design exceedingly good buildings. I believe that anything you would design would take rank in the new work being done in the country as worthy of respect."

  Frank Lloyd Wright [19]

Schindler to Wright, while attempting to apply for his license to practice architecture

"Can't you give me two lines, just two lines of recommendations without any hints at what a great man the boss is and what poor fishes they are in comparison."

 Rudolph Schindler [20]

Schindler to Mrs. Frantl at MOMA in response to an upcoming exhibition, September 1935

"You further called it an exhibition of ‘California Architects’. Now it has become one of ‘Neutra and others’. I am quite willing to give Neutra the crown for his ability as a publicity man, but I am not willing to sail under his flag as an architect."

 Rudolph Schindler [20]

Schindler to Elisabeth Mock at MOMA, August 1943

"I consider myself the first and still one of the few architects who consciously abandoned stylistic sculptural architecture in order to develop space as a medium of art. ... I believe that outside of Frank Lloyd Wright I am the only architect in U.S. who has attained a distinct local and personal form language."

 Rudolph Schindler [20]

"He has built quite a number of buildings in and around Los Angeles that seem to be admirable from the standpoint of design, and I have not heard of any of them falling down."

 Frank Lloyd Wright [19]

"He has a good mind, is affectionate in disposition, and is fairly honorable I believe. Personally, though strongly individual, he is not unduly eccentric and I, in common with many others, like him very much."

 Frank Lloyd Wright [19]

"Personally, I appreciate Rudolph. He is an incorrigible Bohemian and refuses to allow the Los Angeles barber to apply the razor to the scruff of his neck. He also has peculiarly simple and effective ideas regarding his own personal conduct. I believe, however, that he is capable as an artist. I have found him a too complacent and therefore a rotten superintendent. The buildings that he has recently built in Los Angeles are well designed, but badly executed. I suspect him of trying to give his clients too much for their money. I should say that was his extreme fault in these circumstances of endeavoring to build buildings."

 Frank Lloyd Wright [19]

Wright at Schindler's Memorial Exhibition of 1954

"Rudolph was a patient assistant who seemed well aware of the significance of what I was then doing. His sympathetic appreciation never failed. His talents were adequate to any demands made upon them by me."

 Frank Lloyd Wright [19]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Neutra</span> Austrian-American architect (1892–1970)

Richard Joseph Neutra was an Austrian-American architect. Living and building for most of his career in Southern California, he came to be considered a prominent and important modernist architect. His notable works include the Kaufmann Desert House in Palm Springs, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Style</span> 20th-century modern architectural style

The International Style or internationalism is a major architectural style that was developed in the 1920s and 1930s and was closely related to modernism and modernist architecture. It was first defined by Museum of Modern Art curators Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson in 1932, based on works of architecture from the 1920s. The terms rationalist architecture and modern movement are often used interchangeably with International Style, although the former is mostly used in the English-speaking world to specifically refer to the Italian rationalism, or even the International Style that developed in Europe as a whole.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lloyd Wright</span> American architect

Frank Lloyd Wright Jr., commonly known as Lloyd Wright, was an American architect, active primarily in Los Angeles and Southern California. He was a landscape architect for various Los Angeles projects (1922–1924), provided the shells for the Hollywood Bowl (1926–1928), and produced the Swedenborg Memorial Chapel at Rancho Palos Verdes, California (1946–1971). His name is frequently confused with that of his more famous father, Frank Lloyd Wright.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lovell House</span> Historic house in California, United States

The Lovell House or Lovell Health House is an International style modernist residence designed and built by Richard Neutra between 1927 and 1929. The home, located at 4616 Dundee Drive in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, was built for the physician and naturopath Philip Lovell. It is considered a major monument in architectural history, and was a turning point in Neutra's career.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Schindler House</span> Historic house in California, United States

The Schindler House, also known as the Schindler Chace House or Kings Road House, is a house in West Hollywood, California, designed by architect Rudolph M. Schindler. The house serves as headquarters to the MAK Center for Art and Architecture, which operate and program three Schindler sites, and is owned and conserved by the Friends of Schindler House.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hollyhock House</span> Historic house in Los Angeles, California, U.S.

The Aline Barnsdall Hollyhock House in the East Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright originally as a residence for oil heiress Aline Barnsdall. The building is now the centerpiece of the city's Barnsdall Art Park. In July 2019, along with seven other buildings designed by Wright in the 20th century, it was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is the first time modern American architecture has been recognized on the World Heritage List. The Hollyhock House is noted for developing an influential architectural aesthetic, which combined indoor and outdoor living spaces.

Gregory Samuel Ain was an American architect active in the mid-20th century. Working primarily in the Los Angeles area, Ain is best known for bringing elements of modern architecture to lower- and medium-cost housing. He addressed "the common architectural problems of common people".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julius Shulman</span> American architectural photographer

Julius Shulman was an American architectural photographer best known for his photograph "Case Study House #22, Los Angeles, 1960. Pierre Koenig, Architect." The house is also known as the Stahl House. Shulman's photography spread the aesthetic of California's Mid-century modern architecture around the world. Through his many books, exhibits and personal appearances his work ushered in a new appreciation for the movement beginning in the 1990s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lovell Beach House</span> Historic house in California, United States

The Lovell Beach House is located on the Balboa Peninsula in Newport Beach, California. The building was completed in 1926 and is now recognized as one of the most important works by architect Rudolf Schindler, second only to the Schindler House, built four years earlier for his family as a show house and studio. Both of these early houses by Schindler are considered landmarks of early modern architecture in America.

Edward Hale Fickett, FAIA, was an American architect who was a consultant to federal and local governments in the United States and to President Dwight D. Eisenhower.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jardinette Apartments</span> United States historic place

Jardinette Apartments, now known as Marathon Apartments, is a four-story apartment building in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, designed by modernist Richard Neutra. It was Neutra's first commission in the United States. In his book Key Buildings of the Twentieth Century, Richard Weston called the Jardinette Apartments "one of the first Modernist buildings in America." It has also been called "America's first multi-family, International-style building."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Freeman House</span> Historic house in California, United States

The Samuel Freeman House is a Frank Lloyd Wright house in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, California built in 1923. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971. The house is also listed as California Historical Landmark #1011 and as Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #247.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neutra Office Building</span> United States historic place

The Neutra Office Building is a 4,800-square-foot (450 m2) office building in the Silver Lake section of Los Angeles, California. The building was owned and designed by Modernist architect Richard Neutra in 1950. It served as the studio and office for Neutra's architecture practice from 1950 until Neutra's death in 1970. The building has been declared a Historic Cultural Monument and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was listed for sale in 2007 at an asking price of $3,500,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Neutra VDL Studio and Residences</span> Historic buildings in California, United States

Neutra VDL Studio and Residences, the home of architect Richard Neutra, is located in Los Angeles, California. It is also known as the Neutra Research House, the Van der Leeuw House, the Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Research House II, or the Richard and Dion Neutra VDL Research Houses and Studio. It was designed by Richard Neutra and his son Dion Neutra. The house is currently owned by California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, and is maintained by its College of Environmental Design. The property was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2009, and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dion Neutra</span> American architect (1926–2019)

Dion Neutra was a modernist / International style American architect and consultant who worked originally with his father, Richard Neutra (1892–1970).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Galka Scheyer</span> German-American painter

Galka Scheyer was a German-American painter, art dealer, art collector, and teacher. She was the founder of the "Blue Four," an artists' group that consisted of Lyonel Feininger, Wassily Kandinsky, Paul Klee and Alexej von Jawlensky.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hollywood Heights, Los Angeles</span> Neighborhood of Los Angeles in California, United States

Hollywood Heights is a neighborhood in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles, bounded by the Hollywood Bowl on the north, Highland Avenue on the east, Outpost Estates on the west, and Franklin Avenue on the south. It includes a number of notable historic homes and buildings and has been home to numerous people in the film and music industries, dating back to the silent film era.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pauline Gibling Schindler</span>

Pauline Gibling Schindler was an American composer, educator, editor, and arts promoter, especially influential in supporting modern art in Southern California. Her husband was architect Rudolph Schindler.

Michael Rotondi is an American architect and educator. He has been a member of two international practices. He attended the Southern California Institute of Architecture when it began (SCI-Arc) in 1972 and, later, was director of the graduate program there.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAK Center for Art and Architecture</span> Art museum in West Hollywood, California

The MAK Center for Art and Architecture is an art museum and cultural center headquartered in the Schindler House in West Hollywood, California, United States. It is affiliated with the Museum of Applied Arts, Vienna (MAK). The Center is situated in three architectural landmarks, designed by Austrian-American architect R.M. Schindler. The center operates a residency program and exhibition space at the Mackey Apartments and runs residencies and a study center at the Fitzpatrick-Leland House.

References

  1. 1 2 Sweeney, R.; Scheine, Judith (2012). Schindler, Kings Road, and Southern California Modernism. University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-27194-4.
  2. Lunenfeld, Peter (June 2008). "Gidget on the Couch". The Believer. San Francisco: McSweeney's.
  3. MAK-Center for Art and Architecture in the "Schindler-House", L.A.
  4. Smith, Kathryn (2001). Schindler House. Harry N. Abrams. ISBN   0-8109-2985-6.
  5. Sarnitz, August E. (December 1986). "Proportion and BeautyThe Lovell Beach House by Rudolph Michael Schindler, Newport Beach, 1922-1926". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (4): 374–388. doi:10.2307/990208. JSTOR   990208.,
  6. "Lovell Beach House, Newport Beach, Orange County, CA". HABS and The Library of Congress: American Memory.
  7. "Pueblo Ribera Court, La Jolla, San Diego County, CA". HABS and The Library of Congress: American Memory.
  8. Colby, Anne (May 12, 2014). "Tour of Schindler-designed homes in Silver Lake to benefit MAK Center". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  9. Crawford, M. (March 4, 2003). "Our Life with Schindler". Los Angeles Times.
  10. "Bubeshko Apartments". www.laconservancy.org. Los Angeles Conservancy.
  11. Walker, Alissa (March 23, 2016). "The Restored Rudolph Schindler Project That Was Inspired by a Greek Village". Dwell.
  12. "Bubeshko Apartments".
  13. "R. M SCHINDLER". Vandekker House.
  14. "Small Schindler house in Inglewood remodeled for a new era", Los Angeles Times, accessed 2011-11-05.
  15. "Schindler House on Ellis Avenue – Inglewood, CA", American Institute of Architects, California Council, accessed 2011-11-05.
  16. "Roth House". Architecture and Design Collection at the Art, Design & Architecture Museum at the University of California, Santa Barbara.
  17. Zap, Claudine (October 5, 2017). "Author Susan Orlean Selling Mid-Century Modern in Studio City for $2.3M". Realtor.com.
  18. "No. 228 - Laurelwood Apartments". Big Orange Landmarks. Retrieved January 19, 2010.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Frank Lloyd Wright correspondence with R. M. Schindler, 1914-1929". Getty Research Collections. July 1929. Retrieved 2023-07-10.
  20. 1 2 3 "Finding Aid for the R. M. (Rudolph M.) Schindler papers, 1904-1954". Online Archive of California. Santa Barbara, California. 1904–1954. Retrieved 2023-07-10.

Other sources