A solid-propellant rocket or solid rocket is a rocket with a rocket engine that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer). The earliest rockets were solid-fuel rockets powered by gunpowder;The inception of gunpowder rockets in warfare can be credited to the ancient Chinese,and in the 13th century,the Mongols played a pivotal role in facilitating their westward adoption.
Specific impulse is a measure of how efficiently a reaction mass engine,such as a rocket using propellant or a jet engine using fuel,generates thrust.
Soyuz is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara,Russia. The Soyuz is the rocket with the most launches in the history of spaceflight.
The R-7 Semyorka,officially the GRAU index 8K71,was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War,and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile. The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961. A derivative,the R-7A,was operational from 1960 to 1968. To the West it was unknown until its launch. In modified form,it launched Sputnik 1,the first artificial satellite,into orbit,and became the basis for the R-7 family which includes Sputnik,Luna,Molniya,Vostok,and Voskhod space launchers,as well as later Soyuz variants. Various modifications are still in use and it has become the world's most reliable space launcher.
Vostok was a family of rockets derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka ICBM and was designed for the human spaceflight programme. This family of rockets launched the first artificial satellite and the first crewed spacecraft (Vostok) in human history. It was a subset of the R-7 family of rockets.
The Voskhod was a spacecraft built by the Soviet Union's space program for human spaceflight as part of the Voskhod programme. It was a development of and a follow-on to the Vostok spacecraft. Voskhod 1 was used for a three-man flight whereas Voskhod 2 had a crew of two. They consisted of a spherical descent module,which housed the cosmonauts,and instruments,and a conical equipment module,which contained propellant and the engine system. Voskhod was superseded by the Soyuz spacecraft in 1967.
A liquid-propellant rocket or liquid rocket uses a rocket engine burning liquid propellants. (Alternate approaches use gaseous or solid propellants.) Liquids are desirable propellants because they have reasonably high density and their combustion products have high specific impulse (Isp). This allows the volume of the propellant tanks to be relatively low.
The Titan IIIC was an expendable launch system used by the United States Air Force from 1965 until 1982. It was the first Titan booster to feature large solid rocket motors and was planned to be used as a launcher for the Dyna-Soar,though the spaceplane was cancelled before it could fly. The majority of the launcher's payloads were DoD satellites,for military communications and early warning,though one flight (ATS-6) was performed by NASA. The Titan IIIC was launched exclusively from Cape Canaveral while its sibling,the Titan IIID,was launched only from Vandenberg AFB.
The Vanguard rocket was intended to be the first launch vehicle the United States would use to place a satellite into orbit. Instead,the Sputnik crisis caused by the surprise launch of Sputnik 1 led the U.S.,after the failure of Vanguard TV-3,to quickly orbit the Explorer 1 satellite using a Juno I rocket,making Vanguard 1 the second successful U.S. orbital launch.
Valentin Petrovich Glushko was a Soviet engineer who was program manager of the Soviet space program from 1974 until 1989.
Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) is a class of expendable launch systems operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). GSLV has been used in fifteen launches since 2001.
The staged combustion cycle is a power cycle of a bipropellant rocket engine. In the staged combustion cycle,propellant flows through multiple combustion chambers,and is thus combusted in stages. The main advantage relative to other rocket engine power cycles is high fuel efficiency,measured through specific impulse,while its main disadvantage is engineering complexity.
The RD-58 is a rocket engine,developed in the 1960s by OKB-1,now RKK Energia. The project was managed by Mikhail Melnikov,and it was based on the previous S1.5400 which was the first staged combustion engine in the world. The engine was initially created to power the Block D stage of the Soviet Union's abortive N1 rocket. Derivatives of this stage are now used as upper stages on some Proton and Zenit rockets. An alternative version of the RD-58 chamber,featuring a shorter nozzle,was used as the N1's roll-control engine.
The Keldysh bomber was a Soviet design for a rocket-powered sub-orbital bomber spaceplane,which drew heavily upon work carried out by Eugen Sänger and Irene Bredt for the German Silbervogel project.
The Soviet RD-0120 (also designated 11D122) was the Energia core rocket engine,fueled by LH2/LOX,roughly equivalent to the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME). These were attached to the Energia core rather than the orbiter,so were not recoverable after a flight,but created a more modular design (the Energia core could be used for a variety of missions besides launching the shuttle). The RD-0120 and the SSME have both similarities and differences. The RD-0120 achieved a slightly higher specific impulse and combustion chamber pressure with reduced complexity and cost (but it was single-use),as compared to the SSME. It uses a fuel-rich staged combustion cycle and a single shaft to drive both the fuel and oxidizer turbopumps. Some of the Russian design features,such as the simpler and cheaper channel wall nozzles,were evaluated by Rocketdyne for possible upgrades to the SSME. It achieved combustion stability without the acoustic resonance chambers that the SSME required.
The RD-701 is a liquid-fuel rocket engine developed by Energomash,Russia. It was briefly proposed to propel the reusable MAKS space plane,but the project was cancelled shortly before the end of USSR. The RD-701 is a tripropellant engine that uses a staged combustion cycle with afterburning of oxidizer-rich hot turbine gas. The RD-701 has two modes. Mode 1 uses three components:LOX as an oxidizer and a fuel mixture of RP-1 / LH2 which is used in the lower atmosphere. Mode 2 also uses LOX,with LH2 as fuel in vacuum where atmospheric influence is negligible.
The Algol family of solid-fuel rocket stages and boosters is built by Aerojet and used on a variety of launch vehicles. It was developed by Aerojet from the earlier Jupiter Senior and the Navy Polaris programs. Upgrades to the Algol motor occurred from 1960 until the retirement of the Scout launch vehicle in 1994.
Liquid Fly-back Booster (LFBB) was a German Aerospace Center's (DLR's) project concept to develop a liquid rocket booster capable of reuse for Ariane 1 in order to significantly reduce the high cost of space transportation and increase environmental friendliness. lrb would replace the existing liquid rocket boosters,providing main thrust during the countdown. Once separated,two winged boosters would perform an atmospheric entry,go back autonomously to the French Guiana,and land horizontally on the airport like an aeroplane.
Soviet rocketry commenced in 1921 with development of Solid-fuel rockets,which resulted in the development of the Katyusha rocket launcher. Rocket scientists and engineers,particularly Valentin Glushko and Sergei Korolev,contributed to the development of Liquid-fuel rockets,which were first used for fighter aircraft. Developments continued in the late 1940s and 1950s with a variety of ballistic missiles and ICBMs,and later for space exploration which resulted in the launch of Sputnik 1 in 1957,the first artificial Earth satellite ever launched.
Raptor is a family of rocket engines developed and manufactured by SpaceX. It is the third rocket engine in history designed with a full-flow staged combustion (FFSC) fuel cycle,and the first such engine to power a vehicle in flight. The engine is powered by cryogenic liquid methane and liquid oxygen,a mixture known as methalox.
