Alternative names | Yuanxiao |
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Place of origin | China |
Region or state | East Asia |
Main ingredients | Glutinous rice flour |
Variations | Regional variants differing in ingredients and method |
Other information | Traditionally consumed during Yuanxiao (Lantern Festival) |
Tangyuan | |||||||||||||||||
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Traditional Chinese | 湯圓 | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 汤圆 | ||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | soup ball | ||||||||||||||||
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Yuanxiao | |||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 元宵 | ||||||||||||||||
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Hokkien name | |||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 圓仔/米圓 | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 圆仔/米圆 | ||||||||||||||||
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Wu Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||
Traditional Chinese | 湯團/湯糰 | ||||||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 汤团 | ||||||||||||||||
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Tangyuan are a traditional Chinese dessert made of glutinous rice shaped into balls that are served in a hot broth or syrup. They come in varying sizes,anything between a marble to a ping-pong ball, [1] and are sometimes stuffed with filling. Tangyuan are traditionally eaten during the Lantern Festival, [2] but because the name is a homophone for reunion (traditional Chinese :團圓; simplified Chinese :团圆; pinyin :tuányuán) and symbolizes togetherness and completeness,this dish is also served at weddings,family reunions,Chinese New Year,and the Dōngzhì(winter solstice) festival. [3]
Tangyuan is a versatile dessert with a delicate taste and soft,chewy texture. While it can be served in its simplest form as a plain white ball of glutinous rice,it can also be stuffed with either black sesame or other fillings such as crushed peanuts. They can also be colored,fried,and boiled. [4]
Tangyuan is made by wrapping the glutinous rice around the filling that is filled with lard oil and shaping it into a ball by hand. [4] Tangyuan can be sweet or savory by using more traditional fillings like black sesame. Sweet tangyuan can be served in ginger-infused syrup,whereas savory tangyuan are served in a clear soup broth. Unfilled tangyuan are served as part of a sweet dessert soup known in Cantonese cuisine as tong sui (literally:"sugar water").[ citation needed ]
This section needs additional citations for verification .(February 2021) |
The traditional filling for tangyuan is made from sesame, peanuts, sugar, and animal fat.
Tangyuan are traditionally eaten during the Lantern Festival, which falls on the 15th day of the first month of a lunar new year, which is the first full moon. The festival falls each year on a day in February in the Gregorian calendar. [1] People eat tangyuan for good luck and hopes of filling their life with fortune and joy. [1]
According to legend, there was a maid in the palace during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty named "Yuanxiao".
She was secluded in the palace for years, missing her parents and crying all day long. Minister Dongfang Shuo was determined to help her, so he lied to Emperor Wu of Han that the God of Fire was ordered by the Jade Emperor to burn Chang'an on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month. The only way to escape the disaster was to let "Yuanxiao Girl" make a lot of glutinous rice balls, which the God of Fire loved to eat, on the fifteenth day of the first lunar month, and all the subjects would light lanterns and offer sacrifices to her. Emperor Wu of Han approved the request, and the "Yuanxiao girl" finally saw her family. From then on, the Lantern Festival was formed. [5]
The practice of eating tangyuan has been around for over 2,000 years, and has had several names over the years. [1] During the Yongle era of the Ming dynasty, it was called yuanxiao in northern China. This name translates to 'first night', where yuan (元) means 'first' and xiao (宵) means 'night'.
During the Tang and Five Dynasties, people ate "noodle cocoons" and "round dumplings without corners" during the Lantern Festival. In the Southern Song Dynasty, "lactose dumplings" appeared. In the poem "Yuanxiao Boiled Floating Dumplings", there is a sentence like "stars shine in the dark clouds, pearls float in the turbid water". These foods can be regarded as the predecessors of glutinous rice balls. By the Ming Dynasty, "yuanxiao" had more names. [6]
People in southern China call the dish tangyuan or tangtuan. In the Hakka and Cantonese varieties of Chinese, tangyuan is pronounced as tong1 yan2 or tong1 jyun4-2, and the term tangtuan is not commonly used. [2] Legend has it that during Yuan Shikai's rule from 1912 to 1916, he disliked the name yuanxiao because it sounded identical to "remove Yuan" (Chinese :袁消; pinyin :yuán xiāo); thus he gave orders to change the name to tangyuan. [7] [8] This new moniker directly translates to 'round balls in soup' or 'round dumplings in soup'. Nowadays, tangyuan refers to the southern style, whereas yuanxiao refers to the northern style. The two are primarily differentiated by their method of preparation. [9]
Tangyuan originate from southern China, whereas people in the north call the dish yuanxiao. Like tangyuan, yuanxiao are glutinous rice balls stuffed with filling that are eaten during the Lantern Festival and other important gatherings. Although they look alike, they are two separate things. The fundamental difference lies in their making, fillings, cooking, and storage. [9] [ citation needed ]
Yuanxiao have sweet and solid fillings and are served in a thick broth. The surface tends to be dry and soft, and they have a short shelf life. [9] The process of making the dish begins with preparing the solid fillings that are then cut into small pieces. The filling is dipped into water then the dry glutinous rice flour repeatedly, until a round shape is achieved. [9]
Tangyuan can be stuffed with a variety of soft filling that are either sweet or salty, and are served in a thinner soup. The texture is smooth and glutinous, and they can be stored frozen for a long time. [9] Tangyuan are made by wrapping the soft filling in a glutinous rice "dough" and shaping it into a ball. [9] The southern variation is served in a broth that changes depending on the filling. Daikon radish and fish cake broth are used for savory fillings, tong sui for sweeter options. [10]
The taste of tangyuan is quite different between the north and the south in China.
People in the north call making yuanxiao "shaking yuanxiao". The climate in the north is dry, and if you use glutinous rice flour to wrap it, it will easily dry and crack, and when you cook it, it will become a mixed soup, and the skin and stuffing will separate. So in the north, people first prepare the stuffing and cut it into small cubes, put the glutinous rice flour with appropriate dryness and wetness in a basket, put the cut small cubes of stuffing on top, and shake the basket to let the wet glutinous rice flour evenly wrap the small stuffing, and slowly shake it from a small ball into a yuanxiao of appropriate size. This is what people often call shaking yuanxiao. The way yuanxiao is made makes the stuffing and the dough tightly wrapped together, which is different from the southern glutinous rice balls where the skin and stuffing are separated. [11]
Southerners eat glutinous rice balls. Yuanxiao is basically sweet, while glutinous rice balls are both sweet and salty. In Guizhou, there is also a dish called stir-fried glutinous rice balls with pickled vegetables. Glutinous rice balls are no longer a staple food or a snack, but a special dish that is both a dish and a meal. Southern China also have different kinds of tangyuan, such as Ningbo Tangyuan, Guangdong Chaoshan Tangyuan, Shandong sesame jujube paste tangyuan. Each region has its own unique flavor. [12]
For many Chinese families in mainland China as well as overseas, tangyuan are traditionally eaten during the Lantern Festival, Chinese New Year, and gatherings with family to celebrate. Their round shape and the bowls in which they are served hold cultural and symbolic significance, symbolizing togetherness, unity, and reunion. [2]
The most renowned varieties come from Ningbo in Zhejiang Province. [13] However, they are traditionally eaten throughout China.[ citation needed ]
Tangyuan has also come to be associated with the Winter Solstice and Chinese New Year in various regions. [13] Today, the food is eaten all year round. Mass-produced tangyuan is commonly found in the frozen food section of Asian supermarkets in China and overseas.[ citation needed ]
While tangyuan began as a traditional delicacy eaten during festivals, it has now evolved into a dessert that is consumed year-round. As it became more widespread, over the course of time tangyuan have changed in order to adapt to current tastes. Different renditions have been introduced to the traditional Chinese tangyuan to cater to consumers. New fillings, shapes, and coloring of the glutinous rice are introduced; chocolate and custard fillings are substituting traditional approaches.[ citation needed ]
Traditional fillings such as black sesame or red bean are not selling as well anymore because people don't want to eat similar flavors every year.[ citation needed ] Therefore, tangyuan manufacturers have invented new flavors, especially targeting young consumers.[ citation needed ] Several types of new fillings are starting to appear in stores and restaurants such as chocolate, matcha, taro, or coconut.
For convenience, tangyuan manufacturers also create frozen ready-to-cook tangyuan. These can be kept in the fridge for long periods of time.[ citation needed ]
As the Chinese dessert spread to other regions of Asia, a variety of renditions emerged from different cultures.
Jiandui , or sesame balls, are a variation of tangyuan. They are made with glutinous rice flour that is fried and coated with sesame seeds to achieve a crisp, chewy texture. The insides of the dessert are stuffed with lotus paste, black sesame, or red bean paste. [14]
Japanese daifuku-mochi are similar to tangyuan. They were initially introduced from Southeast Asia during the Heian period,. [15] This traditional Japanese dessert is mochi (glutinous rice) stuffed with sweet filling like anko, which is a sweetened red bean paste made from azuki beans. [16] While daifuku-mochi are similar to tangyuan, the preparation process is different. A process called wet milling is used to achieve a chewy texture that is less soft than their Chinese counterpart. [15]
South Korea has Gyeongdan. It is Korean rice cake balls made from glutinous rice flour, similar in texture but usually filled with red bean paste or rolled in toppings like powdered soybean, sesame seeds, or mugwort. They are especially popular during special occasions and Korean holidays
In Indonesia, an adapted version called wedang ronde (Javanese : ꦮꦺꦢꦁ ꦫꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦝꦺ, romanized: wédang rondhé, lit. 'round ball beverage') is a popular food eaten during cold temperatures. The round colored balls of glutinous rice can be filled with crushed peanuts and sugar, or left plain, and are served in a sweetened, mild ginger broth often boiled in fragrant pandan leaves. Crushed, toasted peanuts, tapioca pearls, and slices of coconut can also be added.
In Malaysia, buah Melaka (lit. ' Malacca fruit') or "onde-onde" is a dessert mainly made of glutinous rice flour which is popular among Malay Malaysians. The green pandan-colored ball is sprinkled with dry coconut shavings and filled with semi-liquefied sweet gula Melaka (lit. 'Malacca sugar'), a type of molasses made from palm nectar. [17] It is enjoyed throughout the tropical summer year and usually sold by Malay street hawkers and the Melaka straits-born Chinese community. It is usually enjoyed during teatime and breakfast. A common accompaniment is hot Darjeeling tea. Buah Melaka most likely originated from Straits-born Chinese Baba–Nyonya in Malacca, hence the name. [18]
In Myanmar, mont lone yay baw (မုန့်လုံးရေပေါ်) is a traditional festive dish, served during Thingyan, and filled with pieces of jaggery and served with coconut shavings.
In the Philippines, traditional Chinese tangyuan is called chiōng-uân-îⁿ (Chinese :狀元圓; lit.' zhuangyuan ball') or siōng-guân-îⁿ (Chinese :上元圓; lit.' Lantern Festival ball') in Philippine Hokkien by Chinese Filipinos.
In Thailand, bua loi (บัวลอย) is a sweet glutinous rice flour balls in the coconut milk or ginger syrup.
This section needs additional citations for verification .(July 2023) |
In southern Vietnam, a similar dish called chè trôi nước , is served in a mild, sweet liquid flavored with grated ginger root. In northern Vietnam, bánh trôi (also called bánh trôi nước) and bánh chay are analogous, with the latter being served with coconut milk. The Hmong people in northern Vietnam also have a similar dessert called thắng dền, made with glutinous rice for the balls, mung beans, coconut meat, or sesame for the filling, served in hot grated ginger root soup, sometimes with roasted peanuts. [19]
Mochi is a Japanese rice cake made of mochigome (もち米), a short-grain japonica glutinous rice, and sometimes other ingredients such as water, sugar, and cornstarch. The steamed rice is pounded into paste and molded into the desired shape. In Japan, it is traditionally made in a ceremony called mochitsuki. While eaten year-round, mochi is a traditional food for the Japanese New Year, and is commonly sold and eaten during that time.
Glutinous rice is a type of rice grown mainly in Southeast East Asia, the northeastern regions of India and Bhutan which has opaque grains, very low amylose content, and is especially sticky when cooked. It is widely consumed across Asia.
Malaysian cuisine consists of cooking traditions and practices found in Malaysia, and reflects the multi-ethnic makeup of its population. The vast majority of Malaysia's population can roughly be divided among three major ethnic groups: Malays, Chinese and Indians. The remainder consists of the indigenous peoples of Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia, the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia, the Peranakan and Eurasian creole communities, as well as a significant number of foreign workers and expatriates.
Malaysian Chinese cuisine is derived from the culinary traditions of Chinese Malaysian immigrants and their descendants, who have adapted or modified their culinary traditions under the influence of Malaysian culture as well as immigration patterns of Chinese to Malaysia. Malaysian Chinese cuisine is predominantly based on an eclectic repertoire of dishes with roots from Fujian, Cantonese, Hakka and Teochew cuisines.
A rice cake may be any kind of food item made from rice that has been shaped, condensed, or otherwise combined into a single object. A wide variety of rice cakes exist in many different cultures in which rice is eaten. Common variations include cakes made with rice flour, those made from ground rice, and those made from whole grains of rice compressed together or combined with some other binding substance.
Jiandui or sesame balls are a type of fried Chinese pastry made from glutinous rice flour. The pastry is coated with sesame seeds on the outside and is crisp and chewy after immediately being cooked. Inside the pastry is a large hollow, caused by the expansion of the dough. The hollow of the pastry is filled with a filling usually consisting of lotus paste, or alternatively, sweet black bean paste, or red bean paste.
Lo mai chi, known in Mandarin as nuomici, is a type of Chinese pastry. It is one of the most standard pastries in Hong Kong. It can also be found in most Chinatown bakery shops overseas. It is also referred to as glutinous rice dumpling. Today there are many different modern variations such as green tea flavor, mango flavor, etc.
In Vietnamese, the term bánh translates loosely as "cake" or "bread", but refers to a wide variety of prepared foods that can easily be eaten by hands or chopsticks. With the addition of qualifying adjectives, bánh refers to a wide variety of sweet or savory, distinct cakes, buns, pastries, sandwiches, and other food items, which may be cooked by steaming, baking, frying, deep-frying, or boiling. Foods made from wheat flour or rice flour are generally called bánh, but the term may also refer to certain varieties of noodle and fish cake dishes, such as bánh canh and bánh hỏi.
Chè is any traditional Vietnamese sweet beverage, dessert soup or stew, or pudding. Chè includes a wide variety of distinct soups or puddings. Varieties of Chè can be made with mung beans, black-eyed peas, kidney beans, tapioca, jelly, fruit, and coconut cream. Other types are made with ingredients such as salt, aloe vera, seaweed, lotus seed, sesame seed, sugar palm seeds, taro, cassava and pandan leaf extract. Some varieties, such as chè trôi nước, may also include dumplings. Chè are often prepared with one of a number of varieties of beans, tubers, and/or glutinous rice, cooked in water and sweetened with sugar. In southern Vietnam, chè are often garnished with coconut creme.
Javanese cuisine is the cuisine of Javanese people, a major ethnic group in Indonesia, more precisely the province of Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java.
Klepon, kelepon or kalalapun, is a traditional Javanese and Balinese rice cake ball filled with molten Javan sugar and coated in grated coconut. Of Javanese origin, these green-coloured glutinous rice balls are one of the popular traditional snacks in Indonesian cuisine.
Yuanxiao are dumplings of glutinous rice flour, filled with sesame or peanut powder and sugar, or sweet red bean paste, eaten in a soup during the Lantern Festival, the fifteenth day of the Chinese New Year. They are similar to tangyuan, but are traditionally prepared in a basket, and served mainly in Northern China.
Betawi cuisine is rich, diverse and eclectic, in part because the Betawi people that create them were composed from numbers of regional immigrants that came from various places in the Indonesian archipelago, as well as Chinese, Indian, Arab, and European traders, visitors and immigrants that were attracted to the port city of Batavia since centuries ago.
Bua loi or bua loy is a Thai dessert. It consists of rice flour rolled into small balls, and cooked in coconut milk and sugar. Some Bua loi also adds sweet egg into the recipe. It was inspired by Tangyuan, a Chinese dessert that is traditionally eaten around the Lantern festival. Bua Loi is also traditionally eaten during the Dongzhi Festival in Thailand, which is a festival for the Chinese-Thai bloodline. There are a variety of versions of Bua loi such as ones that use food coloring instead of natural color, use soy milk instead of Coconut cream, add sliced pumpkin inside the rice balls, et cetera. There are other types of Bua loi from other countries such as China, Japan, Indonesia, Myanmar, Philippines, Southern Vietnam and Malaysia. 1 cup of Bua Loy has total calories of 295.5 kilocalories, protein of 10.4 grams, carbohydrate of 6.3 grams, and fat of 25 grams.
Dumpling is a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of cooked dough, often wrapped around a filling. The dough can be based on bread, wheat or other flours, or potatoes, and it may be filled with meat, fish, tofu, cheese, vegetables, or a combination. Dumplings may be prepared using a variety of cooking methods and are found in many world cuisines.
Red bean paste or red bean jam, also called adzuki bean paste or anko, is a paste made of red beans, used in East Asian cuisine. The paste is prepared by boiling the beans, then mashing or grinding them. At this stage, the paste can be sweetened or left as it is. The color of the paste is usually dark red, which comes from the husk of the beans. In Korean cuisine, the adzuki beans can also be husked prior to cooking, resulting in a white paste. It is also possible to remove the husk by sieving after cooking, but before sweetening, resulting in a red paste that is smoother and more homogeneous.
Tong but lut is a Cantonese dessert. Glutinous rice flour balls in sugar syrup are sprinkled with crushed roasted peanuts. The stickiness of the balls prevents the topping from coming off, hence the name.
In the Burmese language, the term mont translates to "snack", and refers to a wide variety of prepared foods, ranging from sweet desserts to savory food items that may be cooked by steaming, baking, frying, deep-frying, or boiling. Foods made from wheat or rice flour are generally called mont, but the term may also refer to certain varieties of noodle dishes, such as mohinga. Burmese mont are typically eaten with tea during breakfast or afternoon tea time.
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