On November 17,2013,the deadliest and costliest November tornado outbreak in Illinois history took shape,becoming the fourth-largest for the state overall.[2] With more than 30 tornadoes in Indiana,it was that state's largest tornado outbreak for the month of November,and the second largest outbreak recorded in Indiana.[3] Associated with a strong trough in the upper levels of the atmosphere,the event resulted in 77tornadoes tracking across regions of the Midwest United States and Ohio River Valley,impacting seven states. Severe weather during the tornado outbreak caused over 100injuries and eleven fatalities,of which eight were tornado related. Two tornadoes—both in Illinois and rated EF4 on the Enhanced Fujita scale—were the strongest documented during the outbreak and combined for five deaths. In addition to tornadoes,the system associated with the outbreak produced sizeable hail peaking at 4.00in (10.2cm) in diameter in Bloomington,Illinois,as well as damaging winds estimated as strong as 100mph (160km/h) in three locations.
The development and progression of a severe weather event on November17 had been well anticipated,and appeared in Storm Prediction Center products as early as November12. The first storms associated with the event formed during the afternoon and evening hours of November16 over the Great Plains,primarily producing hail and strong winds. However,tornadic activity was limited to November17,as individual supercell thunderstorms tracked across the Midwest United States,at times producing long-tracked tornadoes. The first tornadoes formed over Illinois,while the final tornadoes developed over Tennessee. Towards the end of November17,these individual systems had merged into an extensive squall line that tracked eastward across the Mid-Atlantic states,producing damaging wind before exiting into the Atlantic Ocean early on November18.
With damage estimated at $1.6billion,the tornado outbreak became the seventh weather event and fifth tornado outbreak in the U.S. to accrue over $1billion in damage that year. Tornadoes alone were responsible for $1.067billion in damage,with the EF4tornado that struck Washington,Illinois accounting for $935million of the total. In addition to structural damage,widespread power outages affected thousands of electricity customers across the same regions impacted by the tornado outbreak and subsequent squall line.[4][5] Non-tornadic deaths and injured include one killed in Jackson County,Michigan,when a tree fell on a car,one killed by live wires in Shiawassee County,Michigan,one killed after touching a downed wire in Detroit,and two minor injuries in a home damaged by wind in Ohio.[6]
Meteorological synopsis and forecasts
Storm Prediction Center Day 1 Outlook on November 17
Based on computer models,the Storm Prediction Center(SPC) began to assess the possibility of a widespread severe weather event for November17 as early as November12,though too much uncertainty existed at the time to delineate the probability and scale of the event.[7] As models gained a better consensus,the SPC later anticipated substantial increase in atmospheric instability along the periphery of a potential cold front,indicating the risk of damaging wind gusts and tornadoes.[8] Additional confidence over the next 24 hours resulted in a substantial expanding of this risk area into the lower Great Lakes on November 14,valid for Day 4. The overlap of increasing moisture in the atmosphere,wind shear,and high levels of CAPE were expected to contribute to the potential severe weather.[9] The development supercells and later squall lines was anticipated,and was also expected to impact the Mid-Atlantic states.[10] At around midday on November15,the SPC issued a slight risk for severe weather for the 16th in regions concentrated primarily around Iowa and Missouri,forecasting the possibility of storms particularly during the evening to overnight hours of November16.[11] The system associated with those storms was to track eastward and strengthen,and as a result the SPC also issued a Day 3 slight risk earlier on November 15 for a large swath of the Eastern United States in effect for November17. The slight risk included a 30%chance of severe thunderstorm activity was forecast for an area concentrated on Indiana and Ohio.[11]
On November16 at around 0700 UTC,the SPC upgraded their maximum convective outlook for the following day to a "moderate" for areas of the Ohio River Valley and the Great Lakes region on the basis of destabilizing atmospheric conditions,favorable wind shear,and an approaching shortwave trough.[12] The outlook was maintained for the 1730 UTC Day 2 update on November 16,but was also expanded to the west and a mention of the risk for strong tornadoes was added to the discussion. Isolated storms began to form during the afternoon hours of November16 as the overall weather system swept across the West North Central region and into the East North Central region of the United States.[13] With development assisted by a dry line,[14] the storms did not produce any tornadoes,but caused strong winds in hail as large as softballs in northeastern Kansas.[15] The threat of additional severe activity that day was mitigated by cooling surface temperatures and marginal moisture and instability in the lower atmosphere.[16] By the end of the day,convection had moved closer to the Mississippi River,with the focus of intensifying storm activity shifting southeastwards to areas in and around the Ozark Plateau.[17]
November 17
SPC storm reports for November17,showing the extent of the tornado outbreak and subsequent wind event
With the overall upper-level system expected to track eastward across the United States High Plains on November17,the SPC issued a slight risk for severe thunderstorm activity for an area surrounding the confluence of the Mississippi and Missouri rivers,valid for the early morning hours of the day on November 17. Model data indicated the weakening of the capping inversion coinciding with increasing instability and wind shear,which would lead to the enhanced potential for storms and tornadoes as the night progressed and the low-level jet strengthened.[18] This overnight severe weather largely failed to develop,leading to only a very few isolated reports. However,at 0600UTC on November17,the SPC upgraded to a high risk for severe weather on the 17th (the second latest date in the year a high risk has been issued since 2000,and the latest in the Midwest) for regions of Illinois,Indiana,southwestern Michigan,and western Ohio,in anticipation of conditions becoming increasingly favorable for a significant tornado outbreak;[19] this area of high risk was expanded at 1300 UTC to encompass a roughly circular region of the United States Midwest containing nearly 19million people.[20] Those same regions were listed as having at least a 30% chance of tornadoes,coupled with a 45% chance for wind. The issuance of a high-risk zone reflected the anticipation of an intense upper-level trough and a strong mid-level jet stream producing highly conducive conditions for the development and prolonging of severe weather.[19]
The first signs of convection associated with the broad weather system began to form around dawn on November17 over portions of Illinois,Iowa,and Missouri,triggered by a propagating cold front.[21] At 1440UTC,the SPC issued a PDStornado watch concentrated mostly around Illinois,citing the nearly certain likelihood for severe weather over the region.[22] Throughout the morning,discrete supercell thunderstorms developed ahead of the cold front across the length of Illinois;[23] their expected persistence eastward prompted the SPC to issue a second PDS tornado watch at 1621UTC,this time for areas of Indiana,Michigan,and Ohio.[24] One of these storms would maintain a mesocyclone over a 50mi (80km) path.[25] The first tornado during the outbreak touched down 1652UTC and tracked across Peoria and Tazewell counties in Illinois;the twister was later rated EF2.[26] This was followed shortly after by a long-tracked EF4tornado,the strongest and costliest of the day,which tracked through multiple Illinois counties.[27]
By around 1730UTC on November17,the system associated with the tornado outbreak had become centered near Milwaukee,Wisconsin. As intense storm cells propagated across Illinois and Indiana,strong low-level wind shear in the vicinity of a warm front coupled with the weather system made areas as far north as Northern Michigan a viable environment for tornado development.[28][29] Numerous tornadoes touched down as a result of the supercells,several of which were strong to violent. In addition to spreading northward and eastward,[30] severe thunderstorms later spread southward into the Cairo,Illinois area and later Kentucky as a result of falling barometric pressures paving the way for the spread of moisture over the area. Additional significant tornadoes occurred in that area as well.[31][32] At around the same time,preexisting storms over Indiana and Illinois had begun to consolidate into a somewhat disorganized albeit extensive squall line.[30] As a result of the merging,the threat of tornadoes generally decreased slowly as the storms moved from Indiana into Ohio while the development of a major wind event seemed more apparent,particularly in Ohio. Despite the change in storm mode,additional strong tornadoes still occurred as far east as Western Ohio due to circulations embedded in the squall line.[33] This trend in severe weather also took place in other areas as clusters of isolated supercells began to coalesce into singular lines of storms.[34]
By the 0100 UTC update of the convective outlook on November 18,storms had cleared the high risk area from the previous outlooks. However,a moderate risk for severe weather was maintained across parts of central/eastern Ohio,western Pennsylvania,and western New York ahead of the rapidly moving convective system. In addition to a 45% probability of wind,up to a 10% probability of tornadoes was maintained,with the highest threat in central/eastern Ohio,although owing to extremely marginal surfaced based instability,only one or two further isolated tornadoes were reported in this area beyond 0100 UTC. By the late evening,most of the discrete storms that existed earlier in the day had merged into squall lines and bow echoes,with any remaining mesocyclones embedded within these bands rather than individual storms.[35] Forced along the extent of a cold front,[36] the primary squall line raced eastward across Ohio at approximately 60mph (97km/h),reaching Pennsylvania by 0200UTC.[37] As a result of decreased atmospheric instability,the threat for tornadoes and hail had greatly diminished by this time,while the probability for damaging winds remained elevated to high;as a result,watches issued east of Ohio were severe thunderstorm watches rather than tornado watches.[38] The final tornado associated with the outbreak was an EF0 that dissipated at 0340UTC in Lincoln County,Tennessee (south of the area impacted by the main outbreak of tornadoes);based on Central Standard Time,this would have still occurred on November17.[39] By around 0800UTC,the line of storms was quickly approaching the United States East Coast before entering the Atlantic Ocean.[40]
Approximately 179 houses and 6 businesses suffered major damage (including some that lost their roofs), while 182 houses experienced minor roof damage. In addition, 3 apartment buildings lost their roofs, a power substation had minor damage, and hundreds of cars were damaged. Many trees and power lines were downed as well. 10 people were injured. This tornado was a precursor to the EF4 Washington tornado.[26][41]
There was photographic evidence of a large tornado; however, the tornado occurred over open fields, causing only minor damage to power poles, some trees, and a barn.[45][46]
Tornado formed immediately after the EF4 New Minden tornado had dissipated to the west. Multiple barns and outbuildings were either damaged or destroyed, a house sustained roof and chimney damage, a garage and a carport were damaged, a clubhouse at a ranch sustained major roof, siding, and window damage, and several trees were downed.[50][51]
Tornado touched down on the north side of Pana, where several homes suffered roof and siding damage. Trees were blown down, damaging 3 cars. Power poles were also downed. As the tornado traveled north-northeast out of town, it damaged a home, destroyed an outbuilding, and downed trees and power lines before dissipating.[52]
Tornado touched down southwest of St. Elmo, destroying a pole barn and scattering debris. It tracked northeast, damaging silos and either damaging or destroying numerous outbuildings. Three homes suffered significant damage, with two of the homes being moved off of their foundations. The tornado then destroyed a garage and two outbuildings and damaged several more outbuildings before moving into Effingham County and dissipating. Many trees were downed along the path.[53][54]
Worst damage occurred in the Coal City/Diamond area. Many homes suffered varying degrees of damage, ranging from minor exterior damage to partial roof and wall loss. Several businesses were damaged, along with numerous RVs and other vehicles. A two-story structure lost its roof and had portions of its walls ripped off. A model home was completely removed from its foundation on the north side of State Route 113. A manufactured building had its roof ripped off with all the walls collapsed. Several metal buildings were damaged and numerous trees and power lines were downed as well before the tornado dissipated. Five people were injured. This tornado formed from the same supercell that produced the Pekin and East Peoria/Washington tornadoes and it would go on to produce the Manhattan/Frankfort tornado.[55][56]
Several homes suffered mainly roof and siding damage, but an older home lost its entire roof and had a collapse of two exterior walls. A semi trailer was turned over, at least four power poles were downed, and roofs were blown off of several barns, with at least one barn being destroyed. Numerous trees were downed along the path.[57]
In Moultrie County, major roof damage occurred to 8 homes, while 1 garage was destroyed and 17 outbuildings were severely damaged. Numerous trees and power poles were damaged as well. In Douglas County, the tornado damaged the roofs of 3 homes and 5 outbuildings, as well as numerous trees and power poles. Before dissipating, the tornado struck the town of Garrett, where the roofs of about two dozen homes and mobile homes were damaged.[59][60]
Several homes were damaged, five of which were subsequently deemed uninhabitable, along with several other structures, including two barns. Four high-tension power line towers were bent, and several other power lines and trees were downed. This tornado formed from the same supercell that produced the Pekin, East Peoria/Washington, and Coal City tornadoes.[61]
Tornado crossed Interstate 57, damaging multiple farms along the path. Numerous trees and power poles were downed, and a mobile home was destroyed with the undercarriage twisted. A large brick home had its entire second story ripped off, and multiple garages and outbuildings were destroyed. Several vehicles were damaged and tossed as well. This tornado absorbed the weaker Tuscola/Villa Grove tornado, which formed at 1845 UTC, while the two tornadoes were northeast of Villa Grove.[62][63]
A large tornado struck Gifford, where nearly 30 homes were destroyed, more than 40 suffered major damage, and around 125 had minor damage. Around 15 businesses sustained moderate to major damage and the roof of a school was peeled back. Hundreds of vehicles were damaged or destroyed as well. Some of the homes in Gifford were pushed off of their foundations, and many trees and power lines were downed as well. Tornado left cycloidal marks in farm fields outside of town, and damaged or destroyed several rural homes and farms. One unanchored home at a farm was leveled, and cinder blocks were found impaled into the side of a nearby truck. In Iroquois County, the tornado was only at EF0 strength, causing damage to outbuildings and downing trees. Six people suffered minor injuries. This was the first tornado to hit Iroquois County in November since reliable records began in 1950.[64][65][66]
Tornado crossed Interstate 57, caused minor damage to two homes, and destroyed several outbuildings. The storm eventually merged with the more powerful EF3 Villa Grove/Broadlands tornado to the northwest of Villa Grove.[67]
A large barn sustained significant roof and wall damage and two metal buildings lost part of their roofs, with debris being tossed almost 1,000 yards (910m). A tractor blade weighing about 400 pounds (180kg) was thrown 60 feet (18m), a grain pipe was ripped from a silo and mangled, and several trees were downed.[68][69]
Near Allerton, the tornado did major damage to 2 homes, caused roof damage to 4 other homes, and destroyed 9 outbuildings, 4 garages, and 2 grain bins. Numerous trees and power poles were also snapped. The tornado then passed north of Westville and impacted the villages of Hegeler and Belgium, where 9 homes sustained major damage, 26 had significant roof damage, and more than 100 had minor roof damage. The tornado also damaged more than 50 mobile homes, numerous garages and vehicles, and destroyed about 25 outbuildings in that area. One person was injured in the Hegeler/Belgium area before the tornado dissipated.[70]
Several site-built homes and mobile homes were either damaged or destroyed, with some of the site-built homes having complete roof loss and downed walls. Also, a shed and a garage were destroyed, three empty railroad cars were overturned, and several irrigation systems were blown around. A vehicle was blown out of the destroyed garage of one of the homes and damaged. Nine power poles and dozens of trees were downed as well.[72]
A double-wide mobile home was destroyed, several other homes suffered mainly minor damage, and a building at a landfill was damaged. Several trees and power poles were downed as well.[73]
Tornado developed just inside the state line and moved northeast. A church was pushed off of its foundation and had exterior walls collapsed and a rail car was overturned in Rileysburg. A grain elevator in town was damaged as well. Trees were downed and a couple of mobile homes were destroyed west of Covington as well.[75][76]
A large grain elevator was heavily damaged, an outbuilding was destroyed, and small farm equipment was moved, with one piece being rolled 50 feet (15m) into a downed grain bin; debris was thrown about 1 mile (1.6km) away from this area. Multiple trees were downed along the path. This was the first time in November and the latest during the calendar year that a tornado had been recorded in Newton County since reliable records began in 1950.[77][78]
An addition to a new home and an attached garage were destroyed, with two vehicles in the garage being turned around. Two 100-year-old barns were destroyed. Other residences had minor damage and several trees were downed.[79][80]
Tornado touched down in Veedersburg where there was roof damage to a large manufacturing plant. The most extensive damage with this tornado occurred in the town of Mellott, where a mobile home was completely destroyed and four others were either damaged or rolled off of their foundations. Elsewhere, an old business with a cinder-block base had its exterior walls collapsed, a barn and garage were destroyed, and the entire roof was removed from a home.[81][82][83]
This tornado touched down just south of the previous Albion event (with the tornadoes occurring simultaneously) and destroyed two machine sheds and a barn. Many trees were downed as well.[84]
In Benton County, the tornado heavily damaged an outbuilding, with debris being thrown 3 miles (4.8km) downstream and wood beams from the building piercing the roof of a nearby garage. Another outbuilding was heavily damaged and multiple trees were downed. Moving into White County, it intensified and grew into a large multiple-vortex tornado, destroying 20 to 25 barns and scattering debris over 2 miles (3.2km) away. Ten wooden power poles were snapped and a small home lost its roof, with debris being thrown and stuck into the ground. This was the first time in November and the latest during the calendar year that a tornado had been recorded in Benton County since reliable records began in 1950.[85][86]
Four site-built homes were damaged and two mobile homes were destroyed, one of which was thrown across a road and wrapped around a tree, injuring the occupant. One of the damaged homes lost part of its roof, a nearby garage was destroyed (although many of the contents were left unharmed), and several outbuildings were destroyed.[87]
Multiple grain bins and outbuildings were destroyed, with debris being strewn about 2 miles (3.2km). Dozens of trees and several power poles were downed as well. This was the first November tornado in Jasper County since reliable records began in 1950.[90]
Four power poles were snapped, roofing and siding was removed from a home, and two barns lost parts of their roofs. Another barn was destroyed, with debris being carried about 1 mile (1.6km) to the northeast.[92][93]
An elementary and middle school both sustained significant damage, with roof damage to both and a wall blown out of the gymnasium at the middle school. Some homes sustained roof and structural damage, and a few trees were downed as well.[94]
A large, strong tornado impacted a farm, destroying two barns and throwing the debris more than 0.5 miles (0.80km) away. In addition, it ripped the entire roof off a one-story home, with 2 by 4 feet (0.61 by 1.22m) boards driven into a field 250 yards (230m) away. The tornado crossed I-65, causing extensive barn and shed damage to another farm. Some power poles were damaged, but this may have been related to the tornado just to the north. Large trees were snapped.[95]
Strong, long-tracked tornado caused EF3 structural damage to a Voestalpine factory and a Subaru plant, both southeast of Lafayette. The tornado moved northeast out of Tippecanoe County, through Clinton County, and into Carroll County, downing trees and causing property damage in areas north of Dayton, northwest of Rossville, and southern and eastern Carroll County, where several buildings were damaged at a hog farm. The tornado moved into Cass County northwest of Young America and moved through the county at EF2 strength, causing extensive damage to several homes, destroying farm buildings, and downing trees and power lines before dissipating.[96][97][98][99]
One of several weak tornadoes that touched down along a 50mi (80km) path through Michigan. Mostly tree damage was incurred but there was also damage to several buildings and fences.[100]
Two barns were damaged and a house sustained roof and siding damage, with debris being scattered considerable distances from all three structures.[101]
A home had its second story removed and exterior walls collapsed north of Decker. Other homes sustained lesser damage, and tree damage occurred as well. Outbuildings were also damaged. One person was injured. The tornado dissipated just west of Monroe City.[102]
One of several weak tornadoes that touched down along a 50-mile (80km) path through Michigan. Mostly tree damage was incurred but there was also damage to several buildings and fences.[103]
A grain bin was blown off of its foundation and flattened, a center pivot was torn apart, and a large barn was destroyed. Several structures in Medaryville were damaged and numerous trees were downed as well. Twigs were also found speared into vinyl siding.[104]
Four sections of a center pivot irrigation system were flipped, the roof and some walls were removed from a mobile home, and numerous trees were downed. A metal outbuilding was damaged as well.[110]
First of two tornadoes to strike Kokomo during the outbreak. A hog farm and several other properties were damaged northeast of Michigantown and east of Rossville. The tornado then moved into southern Kokomo, causing extensive damage to many homes, a bank, numerous fast-food restaurants, and several other businesses. Vehicles were flipped and trees were snapped and uprooted as well.[111][112]
A warehouse sustained minor roof damage, a house lost its roof, several other homes sustained minor damage, and several trees were downed. Impact to the house that lost its roof occurred on a sunroom that had structural issues and aided in the wind being able to lift the roof of the house, preventing a higher rating. There was also damage in the southeast part of town; however, this was due to strong straight-line winds.[113]
One of several weak tornadoes that touched down along a 50mi (80km) path through Michigan. Mostly tree damage was incurred but there was also damage to several buildings and fences.[114]
Tornado started to the west-southwest of Washington and moved into town, knocking a home off of its foundation and damaging over 100 other structures, including a tire shop and several other businesses. Detached garages were destroyed and trees were snapped and uprooted as well.[115]
The second story of a barn was destroyed, another barn lost its roof, and a garage was destroyed. Debris from the garage was scattered up to 500 yards away. Many trees were downed as well.[116]
Second tornado to strike Kokomo during the outbreak. Touched down briefly in the southern part of the city, heavily damaging several well-built homes. A UAW building was damaged before the tornado lifted. In total, the two Kokomo tornadoes damaged or destroyed 300 homes. 30 businesses were damaged or destroyed as well. Five people were injured.[117]
Two hog barns lost their roofs, with one suffering collapsed walls. One part of the wall was thrown back into the rest of the barn, where it smashed the exhaust system. A mobile home's walls collapsed as well, with insulation scattered into a field. A billboard was blown over and a gas station's awning was damaged. Many trees were downed along the path as well.[118]
Tornado touched down southwest of Lebanon, damaged buildings in an industrial area, and crossed Interstate 65, flipping several cars and tractor-trailers. It then moved into the southern part of town, where a Starbucks was heavily damaged, along with multiple nearby homes. Two people were injured when their tractor-trailer was flipped at a truck stop in Lebanon.[119]
Two homes sustained significant roof damage, another home sustained roof, porch, and window damage, a barn was pushed off of its foundation and received structural damage, a metal shed had a wall blown out and roof damage, and a small outbuilding was lifted, with debris being carried up to 1 mile (1.6km) away. Over 50 trees were downed along the path, most of which were downed in a stand near the end of the path.[120]
A church roof was lifted and blown sideways, and frame homes sustained substantial structural damage. Many homes had roof damage as well, with one home losing its entire roof. Several barns and outbuildings were destroyed, some of which were large metal structures. A mobile home slid off its foundation, and another mobile home was disintegrated, with its undercarriage being thrown 50 yards (46m) and little debris recovered from the site. The tops were blown off of grain bins, and a well-built home had a two-car garage ripped off, with roof, siding, and window damage to the rest of home. Metal was wrapped around trees, and many trees and power poles were downed.[121][122]
A hog barn sustained roof damage, a house lost a wall and part of its roof, and another house lost its entire roof. A garage was destroyed, and projectiles from the structure were found impaled into the roof of a nearby house. A two-story home had its top floor nearly removed. Multiple other homes sustained lesser damage, and tree damage also occurred. Dozens of vehicles were either damaged or destroyed as well.[123][124]
Four farm buildings were completely destroyed, several cows were killed, and a two-story home lost part of its roof and had structural damage to a second-floor bedroom (the room was slightly shifted and a wall was buckled out). Power poles were snapped and trees were downed as well. Two people were injured, both by flying debris in the two-story house.[125][126]
A center pivot irrigation system was damaged, seven power poles were either snapped or bent, a home suffered roof damage, and many trees were downed, a few of which fell onto a home and two vehicles.[128]
Intermittent tornado tracked across the northern side of Bedford and caused roof and structural damage to several homes. Several trees and power lines were downed as well.[130]
A large metal building had partial roof and wall loss, the front porch of a house was lifted up, and several houses and businesses had partial shingle loss. Dozens of trees were downed and several power poles were snapped as well.[133]
Four homes were destroyed, including one double-wide mobile home. A dozen more homes had minor to moderate damage and several sheds and barns were destroyed. Hundreds of trees were downed as well. One person suffered minor injuries.[135]
A barn suffered extensive roof damage, including loss of trusses, while other barns sustained lesser roof damage. Trees were damaged, a horse trailer and some travel trailers were flipped, and some metal roofing was damaged near the end of the path.[137]
Fast-moving tornado tore parts of the roofs off of two mobile homes, buckled a door and blew out the side walls of a garage, and tore the roof and two walls off of a metal building. The roof of a patio was torn off and patio furniture was scattered over 100 yards (91m) as well. Many trees were downed along the path.[138]
In Paulding County, a barn sustained minor damage and a mobile home was shifted from its foundation. In Putnam County, two barns were damaged, with debris (including metal sheeting and wooden rafters) carried nearly a mile away. Several hay wagons were thrown as well. The tornado struck the town of Cloverdale before dissipating, where minor to moderate structural damage occurred, and many trees and power lines were downed. A church in town sustained extensive damage to its walls and roof, and a nearby home sustained collapse of a wall.[139][140][141]
Several site-built homes, mobile homes, and small outbuildings were suffered varying degrees of roof and wall damage and numerous trees were downed. One person was injured.[142]
Several homes, apartment buildings, and businesses were either damaged or destroyed. Gas station awnings and industrial buildings sustained major damage. Several vehicles were damaged and dozens of trees were downed as well.[144][145]
The roof was blown off of a fire hall and into apartment buildings, causing mostly window damage. A few homes and a church sustained minor damage as well.[149]
The front porch of a home was lifted up, taking a large portion of metal roof with it. Debris was thrown about 50 yards (46m). A two-story home sustained vinyl siding damage, a small wooden barn was lifted and thrown, and a piece of wood smashed into another house, leaving a hole. A carport was lifted and crushed and roofing was peeled off of a mobile home, with debris being strewn several hundred yards. Many trees were downed along the path, which was intermittent.[150]
Washington, Illinois
Washington, Illinois
Major damage and debarked trees in a residential area from the EF4 tornado in Washington,Illinois.
A neighborhood in Washington destroyed by the EF4 tornado.
Tracking 46.36mi (74.61km) across four counties in Illinois,[151] the EF4 tornado that caused major damage in Washington, Illinois was the strongest tornado documented in the state for the month of November since reliable records began in 1950.[152] Up until that point, two other tornadoes in 1988 and 1991 were the strongest for that month.[153] The first tornado warning on the storm cell that produced the tornado was issued at 16:50 UTC for portions of Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford counties,[154] nine minutes before the tornado was estimated to have touched down.[27] By the time the tornado had developed, the tornado warning was still in effect for those areas, and at 17:06 UTC, the Particularly Dangerous Situation wording was included into the tornado warning text.[154] Several tornado warnings were issued as the tornado tracked towards the northeast, with the final warning expiring at 1818UTC, well after the tornado dissipated.[155]
The tornado initially touched down at 16:59 UTC roughly 2.4mi (3.9km) southeast of East Peoria in Tazewell County before moving directly into town. Damage was considerable in East Peoria, where the tornado accrued $110million in damage costs. Thousands of trees and power poles were destroyed, along with 20houses. Major damage was sustained by 75 houses, seven businesses, and five apartment buildings, while 137 other houses and three other businesses sustained minor damage. Over 400 vehicles were damaged in East Peoria. The tornado then strengthened and broadened to its peak intensity as a high-end EF4 with winds estimated at 190mph (310km/h) and a damage width extending 0.5mi (0.80km) in diameter as it moved into the nearby town of Washington.[42] A debris ball was detected on weather radar in association with the tornado as it moved over the city.[156] Entire neighborhoods in Washington were leveled, and some homes were swept clean from their foundations. The Georgetown Common Apartments were severely damaged, and a pickup truck in the parking lot was found wrapped around a tree. Trees in Washington were denuded and partially debarked, vehicles were thrown, and an auto parts store was completely leveled.[157] A total of 633 homes, seven more businesses and apartment buildings, and 2,500 vehicles were destroyed in Washington, while minor to significant damage was sustained by numerous other structures. Though 5,000people were in the path of the tornado, only one person was killed during the storm's initial passage, while two others died of injuries sustained during the tornado in the days following November 17. The low fatality count was attributed to people successfully seeking shelter. Damage costs in Washington amounted to $800 million. Alongside the three fatalities were 121injuries throughout Tazewell County.[27]
The tornado then moved into Woodford County, where it maintained its size but slightly weakened to EF3intensity as it passed near the towns of Roanoke, Benson, and Minonk. The tornado passed very close to the Parsons manufacturing plant that was destroyed in the 2004 Roanoke tornado.[157] Despite tracking mostly across open fields, 70 farm buildings and seven homes were destroyed, with major damage sustained to 17 more. One unanchored farmhouse near Benson was swept away at EF3 intensity, and a car parked in the driveway was thrown into the basement.[157] Roughly 100 vehicles were damaged, including several semis at a truck stop located north of Minonk, where three people were injured. Hundreds of power lines and trees were snapped, and a cell tower collapsed. Damage in Woodford County totaled $25 million.[42] The EF3 tornado weakened further to EF2status as it briefly tracked over LaSalle County, where damage totaled $150,000. Numerous power poles were snapped in this area, and two homes sustained significant damage. Various small outbuildings and a machine shed were also destroyed. Similar damage occurred in Livingston County, where in addition to outbuilding and power pole damage, an extensive swath of trees was sheared off, and a fire engine that was being stored in a garage was blown over as the structure was destroyed. The tornado finally dissipated 2mi (3.2km) east-northeast of Long Point at 17:47 UTC, after remaining on the ground for 48 minutes.[43] In total, the tornado caused three fatalities and 125 injuries in two counties and $935 million in damage across four counties. This made it the 10th costliest tornado in United States history.[citation needed] This was the first violent tornado in Illinois in November, but Illinois has seen violent tornadoes in December.[158]
At around noon on November17,an EF4tornado tracked across portions of Washington County,Illinois and resulted in the deaths of two people,becoming the second tornado that day to cause fatalities. The St. Louis,Missouri Weather Forecast Office first issued a tornado warning for areas of Clinton County and northern Washington County,Illinois at 1753UTC,due to the tornadic threat of a rapidly moving severe thunderstorm in the region.[159] A tornado was estimated to have touched down 4.4mi (7.1km) southwest of New Minden near I-64 at 18:04UTC,11minutes after the issuance of the initial tornado warning. A semi-trailer truck was blown off of the highway near this point,injuring the driver.[160] Just past the interstate,a farm home sustained EF1 damage and a man sustained minor cuts at that location. A nearby hay barn was destroyed at EF2 intensity.[161][162] The tornado rapidly intensified as it tracked northeastward,striking a small farm at mid-range EF4 intensity with maximum winds estimated to have been 180mph (290km/h).[163] The homestead there was completely swept away with little debris left behind,and other buildings on the farm grounds sustained various degrees of damage. Several vehicles on the property were rolled as well. An elderly couple were killed in the house as it was swept from its foundation.[160][161][162]
By 18:07UTC,the tornado continued through rural areas towards New Minden at EF2 strength,snapping power poles,destroying outbuildings,and removing much of the roof from a site-built home and a garage. A truck was overturned as well.[162] The tornado then struck the north side of New Minden directly,[162][163] inflicting significant damage to a church and several homes,two of which sustained EF3 damage with total roof loss and collapse of exterior walls. East of New Minden,a farm sustained EF2 damage,where outbuildings were completely destroyed and the farmhouse was shifted from its foundation. Trees were snapped and a grain bin was destroyed in this area as well. Moderate damage continued as the tornado crossed through rural areas northwest of Hoyleton. A mobile home 2mi (3.2km) north of Hoyleton was completely destroyed at EF2 intensity and a nearby outbuilding was damaged before the tornado dissipated at 18:13UTC,2.6mi (4.2km) north-northeast of Hoyleton.[160] In total,the twister,which peaked at EF4intensity,lasted for nine minutes and tracked across 10.59mi (17.04km).[49] Though initial damage surveys suggested a much longer damage path associated with one tornado,the damage was later reassessed to indicate the existence of two separate albeit consecutive tornadoes,[163] with the EF4tornado followed by an EF1tornado that lasted for five minutes and had a path 4.76mi (7.66km) long.[161][50] The tornado warning for Washington and Clinton counties expired at 1830UTC,after both tornadoes dissipated.[163]
The final killer tornado of the outbreak was a long-tracked,heavily rain-wrapped EF3 that moved along the Ohio River through parts of Kentucky and Illinois and devastated the small town of Brookport,along with nearby rural communities.[164][106]
The tornado initially touched down just inside western McCracken County,Kentucky northeast of Kevil and moved across the northern fringes of Paducah. The tornado was at EF2 strength in McCracken County,demolishing an abandoned mobile home,causing roof and siding damage to many structures (most of them being homes),destroying the foyer of a church,bending road signs,ripping a wooden fence out of the ground,and blowing over chain-link fences. At one building,three metal roll-up doors were blown in and part of a wall was blown out. The tops of three steel power transmission towers were bent over,power lines were downed,train car covers were blown off,and a sports utility vehicle was blown 30 yards (27m) into a ditch as well. Some damage to buildings and cooling towers at the Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant was noted,though no hazardous materials were released. The tornado crossed the Ohio River into Massac County,Illinois where it went through Brookport at low-end EF3 strength and completely destroyed dozens of mobile homes,many of which were blown over 100 feet (30m). Also in Brookport,a frail site-built home was leveled,and dozens of homes,garages,storage buildings,and businesses sustained structural damage. Hundreds of trees were downed and cars were tossed as well. The tornado caused some minor damage to guard rails on the Ohio River bridge that carries traffic from Paducah to Brookport on U.S. Highway 45. East of Brookport,the tornado maintained EF3 strength as it impacted the small rural community of Shady Grove. Mobile homes in Shady Grove were obliterated,with their frames wrapped around trees. An empty school bus was picked up and thrown,and a two-story home was pushed off of its foundation and had many of its first floor walls ripped off,along with its porch. Past Shady Grove,the tornado struck the neighboring community of Unionville,where additional low-end EF3 damage occurred. Many trees in Unionville were snapped,and a large double-wide mobile home was obliterated and swept away,with debris scattered 500 feet. The home's heavy 7-by-12-foot concrete porch slab was lifted and moved by the tornado. The tornado weakened to EF2 strength as it moved briefly through Pope County and then back across the Ohio River into Livingston County,Kentucky,destroying several mobile homes and barns in this area and snapping numerous trees. In Lyon County the tornado downed additional trees before dissipating. Three people were killed and 33 additional people were injured along the tornado's 42mi (68km) long path. All fatalities occurred in mobile homes that were destroyed in Brookport. Snow that fell in the area during the days following the tornado hindered cleanup efforts.[136][164][161][106]
Non-tornadic events
Rainfall totals in Indiana on November17
The same system that contributed to the development of multiple tornadoes over several states also produced strong winds. On November17,the SPC received 579severe wind reports,of which 19indicated winds exceeding 75mph (121km/h),the threshold for hurricane-force winds on the Beaufort scale. The strongest of these reported winds peaked at 100mph (160km/h) in three locations–Crown Point,Indiana,Swayzee,Indiana. West of Chicago in Ogle County,Illinois,six trucks were overturned on highways.[165] High winds in Chicago led to an NFL game between the Chicago Bears and Baltimore Ravens being suspended for nearly two hours.[166] Much of Ohio was affected by straight-line winds,which caused widespread tree damage and sparked a power outage which impacted thousands of electricity customers. FirstEnergy reported a loss of electricity to 24,000people in northwestern Ohio,with outages spiking in Wood County. Similarly,American Electric Power and Consumers Energy reported significant power outages,with the former indicating that at one point 33,500of their customers were without service.[167] Outages were more widespread in Michigan,with blackouts under the purview of DTE Energy and Consumers Energy impacting 458,900homes and businesses.[168] Across Indiana,over 160,000people were without power. In Kokomo,Indiana,a mall,bank,and fire station all suffered considerable damage from tornadoes,and city management declared a state of emergency for the city and closed schools on November18 following the storms.[165] In the National Weather Service Indianapolis coverage zone,rainfall peaked at 1.89in (48mm).[169]
The tornado outbreak of March 28–31, 2007, also known as the Late-March 2007 tornado outbreak, was a tornado outbreak that took place across the central United States. It developed in the High Plains from South Dakota to central Texas on March 28, 2007, which produced most of the tornadoes. Several more tornadoes were reported the next three days before the system weakened on March 31. It affected western Nebraska, western Kansas, extreme eastern Colorado, and much of Oklahoma, and Texas. It was the second major outbreak of 2007, four weeks after an outbreak farther east. The outbreak produced 80 confirmed tornadoes, with five deaths and extensive damage being reported. In addition to the tornadoes, widespread hail as large as softballs and destructive straight-line winds as strong as 90 mph (140 km/h) were reported.
An extended period of tornado activity occurred between April 20–27, 2007. The outbreak sequence is best known for producing a deadly tornado that struck the border cities of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, and Eagle Pass, Texas, along the United States-Mexican border on April 24, 2007, killing ten people. Other strong tornadoes also caused damage and injuries in or near the towns of Moorefield, Nebraska, Gothenburg, Nebraska, Cactus, Texas, and Tulia, Texas. In all, 91 tornadoes were confirmed causing 10 fatalities and injuring at least 270 others.
The tornado outbreak of October 17–19, 2007 was a widespread tornado outbreak that took place across much of the eastern half of North America starting on October 17, 2007, and continuing into the early hours of October 19. The outbreak was also responsible for five deaths; three in Michigan and two in Missouri, plus many injuries. At least 64 tornadoes were confirmed including 16 on October 17 across six states including Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi and Missouri with wind damage reported in Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois, Iowa, Arkansas and Mississippi. On October 18, at least 48 tornadoes were confirmed across eight states including Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana and Michigan, plus widespread straight line wind damage. Until 2010, this event held the record for largest tornado outbreak ever recorded in the month of October according to NOAA.
An extended period of significant tornado activity affected the Midwest and Southern United States from April 19 to April 24, 2011, with 134 tornadoes being spawned across six days. The outbreak sequence produced an EF4 tornado that tore through the St. Louis metropolitan area on April 22, while other tornadoes caused damage in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Kentucky, Texas, Oklahoma, and other parts of Missouri during the period. No fatalities were reported in this outbreak sequence. This event was directly followed by the largest tornado outbreak in the history of the United States.
A significant early season tornadic event affected portions of the Midwestern and Southern United States at the end of January 2013. The first signs of the outbreak came on January 23 as the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) detailed the eastward progression of a shortwave trough into an increasingly unstable air mass across portions of the lower Mississippi Valley; however, considerable uncertainty in the placement of severe thunderstorms caused the SPC to remove their threat outline. Succeeding many changes in the forecast, a Day 1 Moderate risk was issued for January 29, warning of the potential for widespread/significant damaging winds and a few strong tornadoes. The threat shifted eastward on January 30, encompassing a large section of the Southeastern United States. By late that day, the shortwave trough tracked northeastward into New England, ending the severe weather threat.
A six-hour tornado outbreak of 24 tornadoes impacted Indiana, Ohio, and Ontario on August 24, 2016. Several of these tornadoes were strong and caused significant damage, including a high-end EF2 tornado that struck Windsor, Ontario, Canada and an EF3 tornado that struck Kokomo, Indiana. This particular tornado outbreak was unusual for multiple reasons, including the fact that it was largely unexpected. The Storm Prediction Center had issued only a slight risk for severe weather that day, with the threat for a tornado or two limited to parts of Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Illinois. Despite this, the outbreak unfolded entirely outside of the outlined threat area as numerous supercell thunderstorms developed unexpectedly across parts of the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, producing numerous tornadoes. Tornado outbreaks of this size and intensity are also not commonly seen during the late summer months across the Ohio Valley region. Despite the damage, no fatalities occurred.
A prolific and deadly winter tornado outbreak struck areas across the Southeast United States between January 21–23, 2017. Lasting just under two days, the outbreak produced a total of 81 tornadoes, cementing its status as the second-largest January tornado outbreak and the third-largest winter tornado outbreak since 1950. Furthermore, it was the largest outbreak on record in Georgia with 42 tornadoes confirmed in the state. The most significant tornadoes were three EF3 tornadoes that heavily damaged or destroyed portions of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and Albany and Adel, Georgia. A total of 20 people were killed by tornadoes—mainly during the pre-dawn hours of the outbreak—making it the second-deadliest outbreak in January since 1950, behind the 1969 Hazlehurst, Mississippi tornado outbreak that killed 32 people. In addition, the tornado death toll was higher than the entire previous year. In the aftermath of the outbreak, relief organizations assisted in clean-up and aid distribution. Total economic losses from the event reached at least $1.3 billion.
The tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 1, 2017 was a widespread and significant outbreak of tornadoes and severe weather that affected the Midwestern United States at the end of February 2017 and beginning of March. Fueled by the combination of ample instability, strong wind shear, and rich low-level moisture, the event led to 71 confirmed tornadoes and thousands of other non-tornadic severe weather reports. The most notable aspect of the outbreak was a long-tracked EF4 tornado—the first violent tornado of 2017 and the first violent tornado during the month of February since the 2013 Hattiesburg tornado—that tracked from Perryville, Missouri to near Christopher, Illinois, killing one person. Three EF3 tornadoes were recorded during the event, including one that caused two fatalities in Ottawa, Illinois, one that caused a fatality near Crossville, and one that heavily damaged or destroyed homes in and around Washburn. In addition to the deaths, 38 people were injured by tornadoes and an additional 30 were injured by non-tornadic impacts, mainly by fallen trees.
The tornado outbreak of April 8–9, 2015 was a relatively small but damaging outbreak of tornadoes that occurred in parts of the Great Plains and in the Midwestern United States. 27 tornadoes were confirmed during the two days, most of them weak, however a select few of them were powerful and damaging.
A significant severe weather and tornado outbreak affected the Southern United States between December 16–17, 2019. Discrete supercells developed in the early morning on December 16 and moved northeast, spawning multiple strong, long-tracked tornadoes in cities such as Alexandria and in Laurel before congealing into an eastward-moving squall line. During the outbreak, the National Weather Service issued several PDS tornado warnings as well as a rare tornado emergency for Alexandria. In addition to this, the Storm Prediction Center issued six tornado watches for the outbreak. The event happened to take place on the same date of another outbreak in a similar area 19 years earlier.
The tornado outbreak of January 10–11, 2020 was a two-day severe weather event stretching from the South-Central Plains eastward into the Southeast United States. An eastward-moving shortwave trough tracked across the continental United States through that two-day period, combining with abundant moisture, instability, and wind shear to promote the formation of a long-lived squall line. Hundreds of damaging wind reports were received, and 80 tornadoes occurred within this line, making it the third largest January tornado outbreak on record. Three tornadoes—an EF1 in eastern Texas, an EF2 in northern Louisiana, and an EF2 in western Alabama—led to a total of seven deaths, all in mobile homes. There were five other storm related deaths, including two due to icy roads in Lubbock, Texas, one due to drowning in Oklahoma, and one due to icy roads in Iowa. The system also brought a monthly record high temperature to Boston and Bridgeport. Extensive damage and several other injuries occurred as well. The severe weather event was notable in that it was forecast well in advance, with the Storm Prediction Center first highlighting the risk area a full week beforehand. Total damage from the event reached $1.1 billion according to the National Centers for Environmental Information.
A significant severe weather event impacted the South Central United States between October 20–22, 2019. Forecasters first identified the threat on October 16 as a large upper-level trough was expected to combine with an unstable atmosphere across Texas, Oklahoma, and Arkansas particularly. On the evening of October 20, discrete supercell thunderstorms developed across the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, contributing to several tornadoes. One of those tornadoes caused EF3 damage in the Dallas suburbs, becoming the costliest tornado event in Texas history, at $1.55 billion. A later squall line contributed to additional tornadoes and a widespread swath of damaging winds as the system tracked eastward.
A multi-day severe weather and tornado outbreak impacted the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States from February 5–7. A powerful upper-level trough progressed eastward across the country, intersecting an abundant supply of moist air to produce severe weather. An eastward-propagating cold front supported a damaging squall line across the Southeast U.S. on February 5–6; supercell thunderstorms ahead of this line also produced numerous tornadoes. One EF1 tornado in the pre-dawn hours of February 6 killed one person in Demopolis, Alabama. On the morning of February 7, a secondary front progressed across Maryland and Virginia, unexpectedly leading to hundreds of damaging wind reports across Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts. Five tornadoes were reported in the Washington, D.C., area, the most on record for a wintertime severe weather event. Across the three-day outbreak, 37 tornadoes were confirmed, including several that were strong and long-tracked. The tornado outbreak was part of a much larger storm complex that would eventually become European windstorm Storm Ciara.
On April 22, 2020, an outbreak of discrete supercell thunderstorms across portions of Oklahoma, Texas, and Louisiana led to widespread severe weather, including multiple strong tornadoes. Two people were killed by a high-end EF2 that struck the town of Madill, Oklahoma, and three more were killed by an EF3 wedge tornado that moved through Onalaska, Texas. Dozens of others were injured as well. The event came to fruition as a trough progressed eastward across the United States, interacting with a moist and unstable environment. Tornado activity continued into Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, and Georgia overnight into the day on April 23. Isolated tornado activity also occurred during the overnight hours on April 21.
Between March 29–31, 2022, a line of strong to severe thunderstorms and multiple supercells swept through portions of the United States and brought widespread wind damage and several strong tornadoes across a large part of the Midwestern, Southern, and Eastern United States. An EF3 tornado was confirmed in Springdale, Arkansas, while an EF1 tornado passed close to downtown Jackson, Mississippi. Numerous tornadoes, some of which were strong occurred over Mississippi, Alabama the evening of March 30 and into the early morning of March 31. Multiple tornadoes also occurred in the Florida Panhandle, including an intense EF3 tornado that killed two people and injured three others near Alford, Florida, and in other states such as North Carolina and Pennsylvania. Producing a total of 90 tornadoes, this was the largest tornado outbreak of 2022.
From April 4–5, 2022, a mesoscale convective system and numerous discrete supercells produced a swath of severe weather and several tornadoes in the Southeastern United States, including several strong, long tracked tornadoes. An EF3 tornado damaged or destroyed several homes in Bonaire, Georgia while a large EF3 tornado prompted a tornado emergency for Allendale and Sycamore, South Carolina. A violent EF4 tornado in Black Creek, Georgia resulted in one fatality as it destroyed several neighborhoods, and another large EF3 tornado caused widespread heavy tree damage northeast of Ulmer, South Carolina. More severe storms occurred across a large portion of the Southeast ahead of a cold front on April 6–7, with more tornadoes reported in South and Central Georgia and further south into Florida, all of which were weak. Along with the one tornadic death, trees felled by straight-line winds killed one person each in Louisiana and Texas.
A significant late-season tornado outbreak took place on November 4, 2022, across Northeast Texas, southwestern Arkansas, southeastern Oklahoma, and northwestern Louisiana with multiple large, destructive tornadoes occurring over a span of several hours. Major damage was reported in Sulphur Springs, Powderly, Caviness, Paris, Cason, Daingerfield, Athens, New Boston, Texas, and Idabel, Oklahoma, with the latter two communities being placed under tornado emergencies. Two fatalities occurred in Cason, Texas, and Pickens, Oklahoma respectively. Numerous PDS tornado warnings were issued as well. An additional tornado embedded within a narrow, but intense line of showers with damaging winds was also confirmed in Illinois the following morning as the system progressed eastward. Strong winds affected most of the western Great Lakes throughout the day before moving into Canada that evening. Two fatalities and at least 34 injuries were confirmed from tornadoes, and an additional fatality occurred near Stilwell, Oklahoma from drowning.
A four-day tornado outbreak affected the Central and Southern United States in mid-December 2022. The outbreak produced strong tornadoes in Oklahoma, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia, resulting in severe damage and three fatalities. On December 13, a high-end EF1 tornado was caught on video from multiple angles as it caused considerable damage in Grapevine, Texas, where five people were injured, and multiple EF2 tornadoes caused significant damage in other parts of Texas and Oklahoma that morning. Two large EF2 tornadoes occurred near DeBerry, Texas and Keachi, Louisiana to the southwest of Shreveport, Louisiana, with the second one causing severe damage and two fatalities. An EF3 tornado struck the northern fringes of Farmerville, causing major structural damage and 14 injuries.
From April 1 to 3, 2024, a significant tornado outbreak, which also included a derecho, affected much of the Midwestern and Southeastern United States. The National Weather Service issued dozens of severe thunderstorm and tornado warnings across West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Oklahoma, Kansas, Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri during the event. A total of 32 million people were estimated to be under watches or warnings, and over 150,000 people were estimated to be without power. and 15 people were injured. The event was given an outbreak intensity score of 28 points, ranking it as a significant tornado outbreak, and five people were killed by non-tornadic events as well.
↑ Grams, Jeremy S. (November 17, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 2015". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
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↑ Grams, Jeremy S.; Mead, Corey M. (November 17, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 2014". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
1 2 Mead, Corey M. (November 17, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 2018". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
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↑ Grams, Jeremy S.; Mead, Corey M. (November 17, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 2018". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
↑ Smith, Bryan T.; Thompson, Richard L. (November 17, 2013). "Mesoscale Discussion 2025". Storm Prediction Center Mesoscale Discussion. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
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↑ Thompson, Richard L. (November 18, 2013). "Severe Thunderstorm Watch 569". Storm Prediction Center Weather Watches. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
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↑ Thompson, Richard L. (November 18, 2013). "Severe Thunderstorm Watch 570". Storm Prediction Center Weather Watches. Norman, Oklahoma: Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
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1 2 National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in St. Louis, Missouri (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
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↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
1 2 National Weather Service in St. Louis, Missouri (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF4 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
1 2 National Weather Service in St. Louis, Missouri (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in St. Louis, Missouri (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in St. Louis, Missouri (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in St. Louis, Missouri (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Missouri Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Central Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Missouri Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
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↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Chicago, Illinois (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Grand Rapids, Michigan (2013). "[Michigan Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Grand Rapids, Michigan (2013). "[Michigan Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Illinois Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Grand Rapids, Michigan (2013). "[Michigan Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Michigan Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ "Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Indianapolis, Indiana. 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
↑ "Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Northern Indiana. 2013. Retrieved May 27, 2017.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Indianapolis, Indiana (2013). "[Indiana Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Gaylord, Michigan (2013). "[Michigan Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF3 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Paducah, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Northern Indiana (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Louisville, Kentucky (2013). "[Kentucky Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Cleveland, Ohio (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Cleveland, Ohio (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Cleveland, Ohio (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF2 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Cleveland, Ohio (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Cleveland, Ohio (2013). "[Ohio Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Nashville, Tennessee (2013). "[Tennessee Event Report: EF1 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Nashville, Tennessee (2013). "[Tennessee Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ National Weather Service in Huntsville, Alabama (2013). "[Tennessee Event Report: EF0 Tornado]". National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved January 31, 2023.
↑ "November 17th, 2013 Severe Weather Outbreak". National Weather Service Office in Lincoln, Illinois. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 20, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2016.
1 2 3 St. Louis, Missouri Weather Forecast Office. "Fall Season Tornado Outbreak Sunday November 17, 2013". St. Louis, Missouri: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
1 2 "Damage Surveys for 11/17 Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service Office in Paducah, Kentucky. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. November 22, 2013. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
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