Satellite tornado

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The large tornado on the right is the 1999 Bridge Creek - Moore tornado and the small tornado to the left is a satellite tornado. Satellite tornado.jpg
The large tornado on the right is the 1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado and the small tornado to the left is a satellite tornado.

A satellite tornado is a tornado that revolves around a larger, primary tornado and interacts with the same mesocyclone. Satellite tornadoes occur apart from the primary tornado and are not considered subvortices; the primary tornado and satellite tornadoes are considered to be separate tornadoes. The cause of satellite tornadoes is not known. Such tornadoes are more often anticyclonic than are typical tornadoes and these pairs may be referred to as tornado couplets. [1] Satellite tornadoes commonly occur in association with very powerful, large, and destructive tornadoes, indicative also of the strength and severity of the parent supercell thunderstorm. [2]

Contents

Satellite tornadoes are relatively uncommon. When a satellite tornado does occur, there is often more than one orbiting satellite spawned during the life cycle of the tornado or with successive primary tornadoes spawned by the parent supercell (a process known as cyclic tornadogenesis and leading to a tornado family). On tornado outbreak days, if satellite tornadoes occur with one supercell, there is an elevated probability of their occurrence with other supercells.[ citation needed ]

Satellite tornadoes tend to orbit their parent cyclonically, counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere, and will generally form near the edge of a supercell's mesocyclone, and gradually travel inward to the parent tornado. [3] Satellite tornadoes may merge into their companion tornado although the appearance of this occurring is often an illusion caused when an orbiting tornado revolves around the backside of a primary tornado obscuring view of the satellite. [4] During the March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak, one member of a tornado family (rated F5) constricted and became a satellite tornado of the next tornado of the family before merging into the new primary tornado which soon also intensified to F5. [5]

Examples

Some examples of tornado couplets include the Tri-State Tornado, [6] multiple tornadoes during the 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak, [7] the 2007 Greensburg tornado, [8] and the 2013 El Reno tornado. [9] Satellite tornadoes are more likely to be recognized in recent decades than in the far past as eyewitness accounts as well as damage survey information are often available for later events. The advent of storm chasing, in particular, boosts the likelihood that satellite tornadoes are noticed visually and/or on mobile radar. [10] These tornadoes may remain over open country and thus cause less structural damage and consequently are less widely known. Such examples include near Beloit, Kansas on 15 May 1990 and during Project VORTEX near Allison, Texas on 8 June 1995, among other events. [4]

List of confirmed satellite tornadoes

This article contains dynamic lists that may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
DatePrimary F#/EF# Primary locationSatellite F#/EF# Satellite locationFatalities [a] Event
May 30, 1879F4 [b] SW of Randolph, Kansas to Irving, Kansas to Dawson's Mill, Nebraska [11] [c] F?NW of Randolph, Kansas [11] 18 (60 injuries)
March 13, 1954F3 Howard, Georgia to Roberta, Georgia to Macon, Georgia [12] F1 Turner Chapel, Georgia to Fickling, Georgia [13] 5 (75 injuries) Tornadoes of 1954#March 13
May 16, 1961F1S of Mount Dora, New Mexico to NW of Clayton, New Mexico [14] F0 Mount Dora, New Mexico [15] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 14–June 1, 1962 (List)
June 13, 1976F5SW of Luther, Iowa to Jordan, Iowa to SW of Gilbert, Iowa [11] [16] [17] F2S to N of Jordan, Iowa [11] [18] 0 (9 injuries) Tornadoes of 1976#June 13
F3NE of Jordan, Iowa [11] [19]
F4 Lemont, Illinois to S of Downers Grove, Illinois [20] F1SW of Lemont, Illinois [21] 2 (23 injuries)
F0S of Lemont, Illinois [21]
March 13, 1990F5 Castleton, Kansas to Hesston, Kansas [22] F5 Goessel, Kansas to NE of Hillsboro, Kansas [23] 2 March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak
March 1, 1997F2S of College Station, Arkansas [ citation needed ]F2S of College Station, Arkansas [ citation needed ]0 March 1997 tornado outbreak
May 3, 1999F5SSW of Amber, Oklahoma to Moore, Oklahoma to W of Midwest City, Oklahoma [24] [25] F0N of Newcastle, Oklahoma [25] 36 (583 injuries) 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado
April 20, 2004F2N of Utica, Illinois to Ottawa, Illinois [26] F0E of Utica, Illinois [ citation needed ]0 Tornado outbreak of April 20, 2004
May 4, 2007EF5 Greensburg, Kansas [27] [28]
EF0E of Greensburg, Kansas [29] 11 (63 injuries) 2007 Greensburg tornado
EF0Near Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF0Near Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF1Near Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF1Near Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF0NE of Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF0N of Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF0E of Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF1E of Greensburg, Kansas [29]
EF0E of Greensburg, Kansas [29]
May 23, 2008EF2N of Laird, Kansas [30] EF2SE of Arnold, Kansas [31] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–31, 2008
May 10, 2010EF3SW of Wakita, Oklahoma to E of Hunnewell, Kansas [32] EF0NW of Medford, Oklahoma [33] 0 (2 injuries) Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010
June 17, 2010EF4E of Conger, Minnesota to W of Albert Lea, Minnesota EF1 Armstrong, Minnesota 1 (14 injuries) 2010 Conger–Albert Lea tornado
April 9, 2011EF3W of Nemaha, Iowa to N of Ware, Iowa [34] [35] [36] EF2SE of Newell, Iowa [37] [38] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011
EF4W of Pocahontas, Iowa [39]
EF1NE of Varina, Iowa [40]
EF1NE of Varina, Iowa [41]
EF2WSW of Pocahontas, Iowa [42]
May 24, 2011EF5ESE of Hinton to Piedmont to NE of Guthrie, Oklahoma [43] EF0NW of Richland, Oklahoma [44] 9 (181 injuries) 2011 El Reno–Piedmont tornado
November 7, 2011EF4SSW of Tipton, Oklahoma [45] EF0S of Tipton, Oklahoma [45] 0 Tornadoes of 2011#November 7–8
May 28, 2013EF3S of Centralia, Kansas [46] EF1W of Corning, Kansas [47] 0 Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013
May 31, 2013EF3WSW of El Reno, Oklahoma to W of Yukon, Oklahoma [48] EF2SE of El Reno, Oklahoma [48] 8 (151 injured) 2013 El Reno tornado
April 9, 2015EF4NNE of Franklin Grove, Illinois to NNW of Kirkland, Illinois [49] EF0S of Belvidere, Illinois [50] 2 (11 injuries) 2015 Rochelle–Fairdale tornado
April 27, 2016EF0ESE of Bedford, Iowa to S of Conway, Iowa [51] EF0S of Conway, Iowa [52] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016EF1ENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma to N of Atoka, Oklahoma [53] EFUENE of Wapanucka, Oklahoma [54] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
May 9, 2016EFUNW of Sawyer, Oklahoma to S of Spencerville, Oklahoma [55] EFUN of Sawyer, Oklahoma [56] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to May 2016
June 22, 2016EF1WNW of West Brooklyn, Illinois to NW of Compton, Illinois [ citation needed ]EF0NE of West Brooklyn, Illinois [ citation needed ]0 List of United States tornadoes from June to August 2016
June 6, 2018EF3N of Laramie, Wyoming [57] EF2N of Laramie, Wyoming [58] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#June 6–8
July 19, 2018EF3 Eastern Pella, Iowa [59] [60] EF0NE of Pella, Iowa [61] 0 (13 injuries) from June to July 2018
November 25, 2018F2 Gulf of Taranto to Patù, Italy to Corsano, Italy to eastern Tricase, Italy [62] FU Gulf of Taranto [62] 0 Tornadoes of 2018#November 25 (Italy)
April 30, 2019EF2NW of Talala, Oklahoma [63] EFUW of Talala, Oklahoma [64] 0 List of United States tornadoes in April 2019
September 10, 2019EF2N of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming [65] EFUN of Fort Laramie, Wyoming to NE of Lingle, Wyoming [65] 0 List of United States tornadoes from September to October 2019
March 13, 2021EF2SW of Happy, Texas to ESE of Canyon, Texas [66] EF1N of Happy, Texas [67] 0 March 2021 North American blizzard
April 27, 2021EFUN of Haswell, Colorado [68] EFUNNE of Haswell, Colorado [69] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
May 19, 2021EF0NW of Medford, Minnesota [70] EF0NW of Medford, Minnesota [71] 0 List of United States tornadoes from April to June 2021
July 13, 2021EF2NE of Beachburg, Ontario to L'Île-du-Grand-Calumet, Quebec [72] EF1 Sullivan Island, Ontario to Butternut Island, Ontario [72] 0
September 29, 2021F1 Kiel, Germany (Meimersdorf District) [73] FU Kieler Förde, Germany [74] 0 (7 injured) Tornadoes of 2021#September 29 (Germany)
October 12, 2021EF1 Clinton, Oklahoma to SSE of Custer City, Oklahoma [75] EFUNE of Clinton, Oklahoma [76] 0
December 11, 2021EF3SW of Bowling Green, Kentucky to S of Plum Springs, Kentucky to NNW of Rocky Hill, Kentucky [77] EF2Southeastern Bowling Green, Kentucky to SE of Plum Springs, Kentucky [78] 16 (63 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021
March 5, 2022EF3E of Derby, Iowa to E of Chariton, Iowa [79] EF0S of Chariton, Iowa [80] 1 (1 injured) Tornado outbreak of March 5–7, 2022
April 5, 2022EF2NNE of Bladon Springs, Alabama to W of McEntyre, Alabama [81] EF1NNE Coffeeville, Alabama [81] 0 Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022
May 4, 2022EF2W of Maud, Oklahoma to E of Little, Oklahoma [82] [83] EF0NE of Seminole, Oklahoma to ESE of Little, Oklahoma [82] 0 Tornadoes of 2022#May 4–6 (Central and Eastern United States)
December 14, 2022EF2 New Iberia, Louisiana [84] EFUSSW New Iberia, Louisiana [84] 0 (16 injuries) Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022
June 28, 2023EF0SW of Kimball [85] EFUSW of Kimball [85] 0
April 30, 2024EF1NE of Hollister, Oklahoma [86] EF1SW of Loveland, Oklahoma [87] 0 Tornadoes of 2024#April 30 – May 4 (United States)
May 25, 2024EF3NE of Celina, Texas [88] EF1NNW of Celina, Texas to W of Weston, Texas [88] 0 Tornado outbreak sequence of May 19–27, 2024

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ This includes any fatalities from the parent and satellite tornadoes
  2. ↑ This tornado's rating is unofficial.
  3. ↑ This track was probably a tornado family.

References

  1. ↑ Marshall, Tim (1995). Storm Talk. David Hoadley (illust.). Texas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. ↑ Edwards, Roger (2006-04-04). "Satellite tornado". The Online Tornado FAQ. Storm Prediction Center. Archived from the original on 2006-09-29. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
  3. ↑ Edwards, Roger. "CHARACTERISTICS OF SUPERCELLULAR SATELLITE TORNADOES" (PDF). Retrieved 11 October 2024.
  4. 1 2 Edwards, Roger (2001). "Satellite Tornado". StormEyes. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  5. ↑ Davies, Jonathan M.; C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994). "Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75 (6): 1007–17. Bibcode:1994BAMS...75.1007D. doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2 .
  6. ↑ Johns, Robert H.; D. W. Burgess; C. A. Doswell III; M. S. Gilmore; J. A. Hart; S. F. Piltz (2013). "The 1925 Tri-State Tornado Damage Path and Associated Storm System". e-Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology. 8 (2): 1–33. doi: 10.55599/ejssm.v8i2.47 .
  7. ↑ Edwards, Roger (2002). "Central Oklahoma Tornado Intercept: 3 May 1999". StormEyes. Retrieved 2014-03-22.
  8. ↑ Lemon, Leslie R.; M. Umschied (2008-10-27). "The Greensburg, KS Tornadic Storm: A Storm of Extremes". 24th Conf Severe Local Storms. Savannah, GA: American Meteorological Society.
  9. ↑ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba; P. Robinson; T. Marshall (2014). "The Role of Multiple-Vortex Tornado Structure in Causing Storm Researcher Fatalities". Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 95 (1): 31–45. Bibcode:2014BAMS...95...31W. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00221.1 .
  10. ↑ Wurman, Joshua; K. Kosiba (2013). "Finescale Radar Observations of Tornado and Mesocyclone Structures". Weather Forecast. 28 (5): 1157–74. Bibcode:2013WtFor..28.1157W. doi: 10.1175/WAF-D-12-00127.1 .
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). Significant tornadoes, 1680-1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: Environmental Films. ISBN   1-879362-03-1.
  12. ↑ "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022. "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022. "Georgia Event Report: F3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  13. ↑ "Georgia Event Report: F1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 5 May 2022.
  14. ↑ New Mexico Event Report: F1 Tornado. National Weather Service (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  15. ↑ New Mexico Event Report: F0 Tornado. National Weather Service (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. Retrieved 10 September 2020.
  16. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F5 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  17. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F5 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  18. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  19. ↑ Iowa Event Report: F3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
  20. ↑ "June 13, 1976 Lemont Tornado". National Weather Service Chicago, Illinois.
  21. 1 2 "A look back at the Lemont tornado of June 13, 1976". WGN-TV. 5 June 2021.
  22. ↑ "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  23. ↑ "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022. "Kansas Event Report: F5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  24. ↑ "The 1999 Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak: 10-Year Retrospective" (PDF). Risk Management Solutions. 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 1, 2011. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
  25. 1 2 "The Great Plains Tornado Outbreak of May 3–4, 1999 Storm A Information". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 22, 2013. Retrieved June 1, 2013.
  26. ↑ "Storm Events Database". National Weather Service . Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  27. ↑ NWS Dodge City. "Greensburg Tornado Rated EF-5 (updated May 22)". Archived from the original on May 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-05-22.
  28. ↑ National Climatic Data Center. "NCDC Storm Reports". National Weather Service. Archived from the original on 2009-05-09. Retrieved 2008-02-29.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Enquirer, Cincinnati. "Tornado on May. 05, 2007 23:00 PM CDT". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved 2024-11-14.
  30. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
  31. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Event Details | National Centers for Environmental Information". www.ncdc.noaa.gov.
  32. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022. "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022. "Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  33. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
  34. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  35. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  36. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  37. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  38. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.[ permanent dead link ]
  39. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  40. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  41. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  42. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  43. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF5 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023. "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023. "Oklahoma Event Report: EF3 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  44. ↑ "Oklahoma Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2023.
  45. 1 2 "The Severe Weather Event of November 7-8, 2011". National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  46. ↑ Kansas Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Weather Service Office in Topeka, Kansas (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  47. ↑ Kansas Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Weather Service Office in Topeka, Kansas (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2013. Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  48. 1 2 "Central Oklahoma Tornadoes and Flash Flooding – May 31, 2013". National Weather Service Office in Norman, Oklahoma. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. May 31, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  49. ↑ Illinois Event Report: EF4 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Chicago, Illinois (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  50. ↑ Illinois Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Chicago, Illinois (Report). National Climatic Data Center. 2015. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
  51. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Des Moines, Iowa (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  52. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Des Moines, Iowa (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
  53. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EF1 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  54. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman, Oklahoma (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  55. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  56. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2016. Retrieved December 10, 2016.
  57. ↑ Wyoming Event Report: EF3 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Cheyenne, Wyoming (Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  58. ↑ Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Cheyenne, Wyoming (Report). National Centers for Environmental Mesonet. 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
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  60. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  61. ↑ Iowa Event Report: EF0 Tornado. National Centers for Environmental Information (Report). National Weather Service. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
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  64. ↑ Oklahoma Event Report: EFU Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. Retrieved December 21, 2019.
  65. 1 2 Wyoming Event Report: EF2 Tornado. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Cheyenne, Wyoming (Report). National Centers for Environmental Information. 2019. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
  66. ↑ NWS Damage Survey for 3/13/21 Tornado Event Update #3. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Amarillo, Texas (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
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  72. 1 2 "New ON tornadoes on May 25, Jun 11 and Jul 13". www.uwo.ca. Retrieved 2022-09-06.[ permanent dead link ]
  73. ↑ "Several injured after tornado hits German city of Kiel". Euronews.com. September 30, 2021. Archived from the original on October 3, 2021. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  74. ↑ "European Severe Weather Database". eswd.eu. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.
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  81. 1 2 NWS Damage Survey for 04/05/22 Clarke County Tornado Event. National Weather Service in Mobile, Alabama (Report). Iowa Environmental Mesonet. April 7, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2022.
  82. 1 2 "NWS Damage Survey for May 2 and May 4 Tornado Events". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. Iowa Environmental Mesonet. May 6, 2022. Retrieved May 6, 2022.
  83. ↑ "We assessed damage from the tornado that moved from SW of Cromwell to NW of Okemah yesterday, and found EF-1 damage associated with it. It was very large as it approached/crossed I-40. We will continue our damage surveys for the area today. More details late this evening". Twitter. National Weather Service Forecast Office in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  84. 1 2 "...NWS Damage Survey for 12/14/22 Tornado Event...Update". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
  85. 1 2 "NWS Damage Survey for 06/28/2023 Kimball County Tornado Event". Iowa Environmental Mesonet. National Weather Service. 29 June 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2023.
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  87. ↑ "Rare 'backward-spinning' tornado among twisters wreaking havoc in Oklahoma Tuesday". Fox Weather. 1 May 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
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