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Sulfur-reducing bacteria are microorganisms able to reduce elemental sulfur (S0) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). These microbes use inorganic sulfur compounds as electron acceptors to sustain several activities such as respiration, conserving energy and growth, in absence of oxygen. The final product of these processes, sulfide, has a considerable influence on the chemistry of the environment and, in addition, is used as electron donor for a large variety of microbial metabolisms. Several types of bacteria and many non-methanogenic archaea can reduce sulfur. Microbial sulfur reduction was already shown in early studies, which highlighted the first proof of S0 reduction in a vibrioid bacterium from mud, with sulfur as electron acceptor and H
2 as electron donor. The first pure cultured species of sulfur-reducing bacteria, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans, was discovered in 1976 and described by Pfennig Norbert and Biebel Hanno as an anaerobic sulfur-reducing and acetate-oxidizing bacterium, not able to reduce sulfate. Only few taxa are true sulfur-reducing bacteria, using sulfur reduction as the only or main catabolic reaction. Normally, they couple this reaction with the oxidation of acetate, succinate or other organic compounds. In general, sulfate-reducing bacteria are able to use both sulfate and elemental sulfur as electron acceptors. Thanks to its abundancy and thermodynamic stability, sulfate is the most studied electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration that involves sulfur compounds. Elemental sulfur, however, is very abundant and important, especially in deep-sea hydrothermal vents, hot springs and other extreme environments, making its isolation more difficult. Some bacteria – such as Proteus, Campylobacter, Pseudomonas and Salmonella – have the ability to reduce sulfur, but can also use oxygen and other terminal electron acceptors.
Deferribacter autotrophicus is the most recently discovered species in the Deferribacter genus, isolated from a deep sea hydrothermal field. This motile, thermophilic, anaerobic organism stands out for its unique metabolic versatility, particularly its autotrophic capabilities which had not been previously observed in its genus.
Desulfurobacterium thermolithotrophum is a species of autotrophic, sulphur-reducing bacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It is the type species of its genus, being thermophilic, anaerobic, Gram-negative, motile and rod-shaped, with type strain BSAT.
Pontibacter amylolyticus is a Gram-negative and short rod-shaped bacterium from the genus Pontibacter which has been isolated from sediments from a hydrothermal vent field from the Indian Ridge.
Phorcysia is a bacteria genus from the family Desulfurobacteriaceae.
Abyssivirga is a bacterial genus from the family of Lachnospiraceae with one known species.
Abyssivirga alkaniphila is a Gram-positive, rod-shaped, strictly anaerobic, mesophilic, syntrophic, alkane-degrading and motile bacterium from the genus of Abyssivirga which has been isolated from biofilm from a black smoker chimney from the Loki's Castle vent field near Norway.
Caloranaerobacter is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic and chemoorganotrophic bacterial genus from the family of Clostridiaceae.
Caloranaerobacter azorensis is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, chemoorganotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Lucky Strike hydrothermal vent site from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Caloranaerobacter ferrireducens is a Gram-negative, thermophilic, anaerobic, iron-reducing and motile bacterium from the genus of Caloranaerobacter which has been isolated from hydrothermal sulfide deposits from the East Pacific Rise.
Tepidibacter formicigenes is a Gram-positive, spore-forming and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Tepidibacter which has been isolated from hydrothermal vent fluid from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
Hippea is an obligate anaerobic and moderately thermophilic bacteria genus from the family of Desulfobacteraceae. Hippea is named after the German microbiologist Hans Hippe.
Hippea alviniae is a thermoacidophilic and obligately anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Hippea which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the East Pacific Rise.
Hippea maritima is a bacterium from the genus of Hippea which has been isolated from sediments from a hydrothermal vent from Matupi Harbour in Papua New Guinea.
Lebetimonas is a genus of bacteria from the family Nautiliaceae.
Lebetimonas natsushimae is a moderately thermophilic, strictly anaerobic and chemoautotrophic bacterium from the genus of Lebetimonas which has been isolated from a hydrothermal vent from the Mid-Okinawa Trough.
Deferrisoma camini is a moderately thermophilic and anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Deferrisoma which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Eastern Lau Spreading Centre in the Pacific Ocean.
Paramaledivibacter is a strictly anaerobic, slightly halophilic, non-spore-forming and moderately thermophilic genus of bacteria from the family of Peptostreptococcaceae with one known species.
Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis is a species of bacteria in the family Peptostreptococcaceae. Clostridium caminithermale has been reclassified to Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis. Paramaledivibacter caminithermalis has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Atlantic Ocean Ridge.
Acidimangrovimonas indica is a Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, chemoheterotrophic and motile bacterium from the genus of Acidimangrovimonas which has been isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent from the Southwest Indian Ridge in China.
References
- 1 2 3 Parte, A.C. "Vulcanibacillus". LPSN .
- ↑ "Vulcanibacillus". Www.uniprot.org.
- ↑ "Details: DSM-14931". Www.dsmz.de.
- ↑ L'Haridon, S; Miroshnichenko, ML; Kostrikina, NA; Tindall, BJ; Spring, S; Schumann, P; Stackebrandt, E; Bonch-Osmolovskaya, EA; Jeanthon, C (May 2006). "Vulcanibacillus modesticaldus gen. nov., sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic, nitrate-reducing bacterium from deep-sea hydrothermal vents". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 56 (Pt 5): 1047–53. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64012-0 . PMID 16627653.
- ↑ Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (2008). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Vulcanibacillus L'Haridon et al. 2006". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.10037.
