Windows code page

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Windows code pages are sets of characters or code pages (known as character encodings in other operating systems) used in Microsoft Windows from the 1980s and 1990s. Windows code pages were gradually superseded when Unicode was implemented in Windows,[ citation needed ] although they are still supported both within Windows and other platforms, and still apply when Alt code shortcuts are used.

Contents

Current Windows versions support Unicode, new Windows applications should use Unicode (UTF-8) and not 8-bit character encodings. [1]

There are two groups of system code pages in Windows systems: OEM and Windows-native ("ANSI") code pages. (ANSI is the American National Standards Institute.) Code pages in both of these groups are extended ASCII code pages. Additional code pages are supported by standard Windows conversion routines, but not used as either type of system code page.

ANSI code page

Windows-125x series
Alias(es)ANSI (misnomer)
StandardWHATWG Encoding Standard
Extends ASCII
Preceded by ISO 8859
Succeeded by Unicode
UTF-16 (in Win32 API)
UTF-8 (for files)

ANSI code pages (officially called "Windows code pages" [2] after Microsoft accepted the former term being a misnomer [3] ) are used for native non-Unicode (say, byte oriented) applications using a graphical user interface on Windows systems. The term "ANSI" is a misnomer because these Windows code pages do not comply with any ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard; code page 1252 was based on an early ANSI draft that became the international standard ISO 8859-1, [3] which adds a further 32 control codes and space for 96 printable characters. Among other differences, Windows code-pages allocate printable characters to the supplementary control code space, making them at best illegible to standards-compliant operating systems.)

Most legacy "ANSI" code pages have code page numbers in the pattern 125x. However, 874 (Thai) and the East Asian multi-byte "ANSI" code pages (932, 936, 949, 950), all of which are also used as OEM code pages, are numbered to match IBM encodings, none of which are identical to the Windows encodings (although most are similar). While code page 1258 is also used as an OEM code page, it is original to Microsoft rather than an extension to an existing encoding. IBM have assigned their own, different numbers for Microsoft's variants, these are given for reference in the lists below where applicable.

All of the 125x Windows code pages, as well as 874 and 936, are labelled by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) as "Windows-number", although "Windows-936" is treated as a synonym for "GBK". Windows code page 932 is instead labelled as "Windows-31J". [4]

ANSI Windows code pages, and especially the code page 1252, were so called since they were purportedly based on drafts submitted or intended for ANSI. However, ANSI and ISO have not standardized any of these code pages. Instead they are either: [3]

Microsoft assigned about twelve of the typography and business characters (including notably, the euro sign, €) in CP1252 to the code points 0x80–0x9F that, in ISO 8859, are assigned to C1 control codes. These assignments are also present in many other ANSI/Windows code pages at the same code-points. Windows did not use the C1 control codes, so this decision had no direct effect on Windows users. However, if included in a file transferred to a standards-compliant platform like Unix or MacOS, the information was invisible and potentially disruptive.[ citation needed ]

OEM code page

The OEM code pages (original equipment manufacturer) are used by Win32 console applications, and by virtual DOS, and can be considered a holdover from DOS and the original IBM PC architecture. A separate suite of code pages was implemented not only due to compatibility, but also because the fonts of VGA (and descendant) hardware suggest encoding of line-drawing characters to be compatible with code page 437. Most OEM code pages share many code points, particularly for non-letter characters, with the second (non-ASCII) half of CP437.

A typical OEM code page, in its second half, does not resemble any ANSI/Windows code page even roughly. Nevertheless, two single-byte, fixed-width code pages (874 for Thai and 1258 for Vietnamese) and four multibyte CJK code pages (932, 936, 949, 950) are used as both OEM and ANSI code pages. Code page 1258 uses combining diacritics, as Vietnamese requires more than 128 letter-diacritic combinations. This is in contrast to VISCII, which replaces some of the C0 (i.e. ASCII) control codes.

History

Early computer systems had limited storage and restricted the number of bits available to encode a character. Although earlier proprietary encodings had fewer, the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) settled on seven bits: this was sufficient to encode a 96 member subset of the characters used in the US. As eight-bit bytes came to predominate, Microsoft (and others) expanded the repertoire to 224, to handle a variety of other uses such a box-drawing symbols. The need to provide precomposed characters for the Western European and South American markets required a different character set: Microsoft established the principle of code pages, one for each alphabet. For the segmental scripts used in most of Africa, the Americas, southern and south-east Asia, the Middle East and Europe, a character needs just one byte but two or more bytes are needed for the ideographic sets used in the rest of the world. The code-page model was unable to handle this challenge.

Since the late 1990s, software and systems have adopted Unicode as their preferred character encoding format: Unicode is designed to handle millions of characters. All current Microsoft products and application program interfaces use Unicode internally,[ citation needed ] but some applications continue to use the default encoding[ clarification needed ] of the computer's 'locale' when reading and writing text data to files or standard output.[ citation needed ] Therefore, files may still be encountered that are legible and intelligible in one part of the world but unintelligible mojibake in another.

UTF-8, UTF-16

Microsoft adopted a Unicode encoding (first the now-obsolete UCS-2, which was then Unicode's only encoding), i.e. UTF-16 for all its operating systems from Windows NT onwards, but additionally supports UTF-8 (aka CP_UTF8) since Windows 10 version 1803. [5] UTF-16 uniquely encodes all Unicode characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) using 16 bits but the remaining Unicode (e.g. emojis) is encoded with a 32-bit (four byte) code – while the rest of the industry (Unix-like systems and the web), and now Microsoft chose UTF-8 (which uses one byte for the 7-bit ASCII character set, two or three bytes for other characters in the BMP, and four bytes for the remainder).

List

The following Windows code pages exist:

Windows-125x series

These nine code pages are all extended ASCII 8-bit SBCS encodings, and were designed by Microsoft for use as ANSI codepages on Windows. They are commonly known by their IANA-registered [6] names as windows-<number>, but are also sometimes called cp<number>, "cp" for "code page". They are all used as ANSI code pages; Windows-1258 is also used as an OEM code page.

The Windows-125x series includes nine of the ANSI code pages, and mostly covers scripts from Europe and West Asia with the addition of Vietnam. System encodings for Thai and for East Asian languages were numbered to match similar IBM code pages and are used as both ANSI and OEM code pages; these are covered in following sections.

IDDescriptionRelationship to ISO 8859 or other established encodings
1250 [7] [8] Latin  2 / Central European Similar to ISO-8859-2 but moves several characters, including multiple letters.
1251 [9] [10] Cyrillic Incompatible with both ISO-8859-5 and KOI-8.
1252 [11] [12] Latin 1 / Western European Superset of ISO-8859-1 (without C1 controls). Letter repertoire accordingly similar to CP850.
1253 [13] [14] Greek Similar to ISO 8859-7 but moves several characters, including a letter.
1254 [15] [16] Turkish Superset of ISO 8859-9 (without C1 controls).
1255 [17] [18] Hebrew Almost a superset of ISO 8859-8, but with two incompatible punctuation changes.
1256 [19] [20] Arabic Not compatible with ISO 8859-6; rather, OEM Code page 708 is an ISO 8859-6 (ASMO 708) superset.
1257 [21] [22] Baltic Not ISO 8859-4; the later ISO 8859-13 is closely related, but with some differences in available punctuation.
1258 [23] [24] Vietnamese (also OEM)Not related to VSCII or VISCII, uses fewer base characters with combining diacritics.

DOS code pages

These are also ASCII-based. Most of these are included for use as OEM code pages; code page 874 is also used as an ANSI code page.

  • 437 – IBM PC US, 8-bit SBCS extended ASCII. [25] Known as OEM-US, the encoding of the primary built-in font of VGA graphics cards.
  • 708 – Arabic, extended ISO 8859-6 (ASMO 708)
  • 720 – Arabic, retaining box drawing characters in their usual locations
  • 737 – "MS-DOS Greek". Retains all box drawing characters. More popular than 869.
  • 775 – "MS-DOS Baltic Rim"
  • 850 – "MS-DOS Latin 1". Full (re-arranged) repertoire of ISO 8859-1.
  • 852 – "MS-DOS Latin 2"
  • 855 – "MS-DOS Cyrillic". Mainly used for South Slavic languages. Includes (re-arranged) repertoire of ISO-8859-5. Not to be confused with cp866.
  • 857 – "MS-DOS Turkish"
  • 858 – Western European with euro sign
  • 860 – "MS-DOS Portuguese"
  • 861 – "MS-DOS Icelandic"
  • 862 – "MS-DOS Hebrew"
  • 863 – "MS-DOS French Canada"
  • 864 – Arabic
  • 865 – "MS-DOS Nordic"
  • 866 – "MS-DOS Cyrillic Russian", cp866. Sole purely OEM code page (rather than ANSI or both) included as a legacy encoding in WHATWG Encoding Standard for HTML5.
  • 869 – "MS-DOS Greek 2", IBM869. Full (re-arranged) repertoire of ISO 8859-7.
  • 874 – Thai, also used as the ANSI code page, extends ISO 8859-11 (and therefore TIS-620) with a few additional characters from Windows-1252. Corresponds to IBM code page 1162 (IBM-874 is similar but has different extensions).

East Asian multi-byte code pages

These often differ from the IBM code pages of the same number: code pages 932, 949 and 950 only partly match the IBM code pages of the same number, while the number 936 was used by IBM for another Simplified Chinese encoding which is now deprecated and Windows-951, as part of a kludge, is unrelated to IBM-951. IBM equivalent code pages are given in the second column. Code pages 932, 936, 949 and 950/951 are used as both ANSI and OEM code pages on the locales in question.

IDLanguageEncodingIBM EquivalentDifference from IBM CCSID of same numberUse
932 Japanese Shift JIS (Microsoft variant)943 [26] IBM-932 is also Shift JIS, has fewer extensions (but those extensions it has are in common), and swaps some variant Chinese characters (itaiji) for interoperability with earlier editions of JIS C 6226.ANSI/OEM (Japan)
936 Chinese (simplified) GBK 1386 IBM-936 is a different Simplified Chinese encoding with a different encoding method, which has been deprecated since 1993.ANSI/OEM (PRC, Singapore)
949 Korean Unified Hangul Code 1363 IBM-949 is also an EUC-KR superset, but with different (colliding) extensions.ANSI/OEM (Republic of Korea)
950 Chinese (traditional) Big5 (Microsoft variant)1373 [27] IBM-950 is also Big5, but includes a different subset of the ETEN extensions, adds further extensions with an expanded trail byte range, and lacks the Euro.ANSI/OEM (Taiwan, Hong Kong)
951 Chinese (traditional) including Cantonese Big5-HKSCS (2001 ed.)5471 [28] IBM-951 is the double-byte plane from IBM-949 (see above), and unrelated to Microsoft's internal use of the number 951.ANSI/OEM (Hong Kong, 98/NT4/2000/XP with HKSCS patch)
Microsoft code pages for Chinese, Japanese and Korean usually do not correspond exactly, and sometimes do not correspond at all, to the IBM code pages of the same number. IBM CJK Code Page Numbers.svg
Microsoft code pages for Chinese, Japanese and Korean usually do not correspond exactly, and sometimes do not correspond at all, to the IBM code pages of the same number.

A few further multiple-byte code pages are supported for decoding or encoding using operating system libraries, but not used as either sort of system encoding in any locale.

IDIBM EquivalentLanguageEncodingUse
1361 -Korean Johab (KS C 5601-1992 annex 3)Conversion
20000 -Chinese (traditional)An encoding of CNS 11643 Conversion
20001 -Chinese (traditional)TCAConversion
20002 -Chinese (traditional)Big5 (ETEN variant)Conversion
20003 938Chinese (traditional) IBM 5550 Conversion
20004 -Chinese (traditional)TeletextConversion
20005 -Chinese (traditional)WangConversion
20932 954 (roughly)Japanese EUC-JP Conversion
20936 5479Chinese (simplified) GB 2312 Conversion
20949, 51949970KoreanWansung (8-bit with ASCII, i.e. EUC-KR) [29] Conversion

EBCDIC code pages

IDIBM EquivalentDescription
37 Country Extended Code Page for US, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand [30]
500Country Extended Code Page for Belgium, Canada and Switzerland
870EBCDIC Latin-2
875EBCDIC Greek
1026EBCDIC Latin-5 (Turkish)
1047Country Extended Code Page for Open Systems (POSIX)
1140Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for US, Canada, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Australia, New Zealand
1141Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Austria and Germany
1142Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Denmark and Norway
1143Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Finland and Sweden
1144Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Italy
1145Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Spain and Latin America
1146Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for UK
1147Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for France
1148Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Belgium, Canada and Switzerland
1149Euro-sign Country Extended Code Page for Iceland
20273 273Country Extended Code Page for Germany
20277 277Country Extended Code Page for Denmark/Norway
20278 278Country Extended Code Page for Finland/Sweden
20280 280Country Extended Code Page for Italy
20284 284Country Extended Code Page for Latin America/Spain
20285 285Country Extended Code Page for United Kingdom
20290 290 Japanese Katakana EBCDIC
20297 297Country Extended Code Page for France
20420 420EBCDIC Arabic
20423 423EBCDIC Greek with Extended Latin
20424 -x-EBCDIC-KoreanExtended
20833 833Korean EBCDIC for N-Byte Hangul
20838 838EBCDIC Thai
20871 871Country Extended Code Page for Iceland
20880 880EBCDIC Cyrillic (DKOI)
20905 905EBCDIC Latin-3 (Maltese, Esperanto and Turkish)
20924 924EBCDIC Latin-9 (including Euro sign) for Open Systems (POSIX)
21025 1025EBCDIC Cyrillic (DKOI) with section sign
21027 (1027)Japanese EBCDIC (an incomplete implementation of IBM code page 1027, [31] now deprecated) [32]
IDIBM EquivalentDescription
1200 1202, 1203 Unicode (BMP of ISO 10646, UTF-16LE). Available only to managed applications. [32]
1201 1200, 1201 Unicode (UTF-16BE). Available only to managed applications. [32]
12000 1234, 1235 UTF-32. Available only to managed applications. [32]
12001 1232, 1233 UTF-32. Big-endian. Available only to managed applications. [32]
65000 - Unicode (UTF-7)
65001 1208, 1209 Unicode (UTF-8)

Macintosh compatibility code pages

IDIBM EquivalentDescription
10000 1275Apple Macintosh Roman
10001 -Apple Macintosh Japanese
10002 -Apple Macintosh Chinese (traditional) (BIG-5)
10003 -Apple Macintosh Korean
10004 -Apple Macintosh Arabic
10005 -Apple Macintosh Hebrew
10006 1280Apple Macintosh Greek
10007 1283Apple Macintosh Cyrillic
10008 -Apple Macintosh Chinese (simplified) (GB 2312)
10010 1285Apple Macintosh Romanian
10017 -Apple Macintosh Ukrainian
10021 -Apple Macintosh Thai
10029 1282Apple Macintosh Roman II / Central Europe
10079 1286Apple Macintosh Icelandic
10081 1281Apple Macintosh Turkish
10082 1284Apple Macintosh Croatian

ISO 8859 code pages

IDIBM EquivalentDescription
28591 819, 5100 ISO-8859-1 – Latin-1
28592 912 ISO-8859-2 – Latin-2
28593 913 ISO-8859-3 – Latin-3 or South European
28594 914 ISO-8859-4 – Latin-4 or North European
28595 915 ISO-8859-5 – Latin/Cyrillic
28596 - ISO-8859-6 – Latin/Arabic
28597 813, 4909, 9005 ISO-8859-7 – Latin/Greek (1987 edition, i.e. without euro sign, drachma sign or iota subscript) [33]
28598 - ISO-8859-8 – Latin/Hebrew (visual order; 1988 edition, i.e. without LRM and RLM) [33]
28599 920 ISO-8859-9 – Latin-5 or Turkish
28600 919 ISO-8859-10 – Latin-6 or Nordic
28601 - ISO-8859-11 – Latin/Thai
28602 - ISO-8859-12 – reserved for Latin/Devanagari but abandoned (not supported)
28603 921 ISO-8859-13 – Latin-7 or Baltic Rim
28604 - ISO-8859-14 – Latin-8 or Celtic
28605 923 ISO-8859-15 – Latin-9
28606 - ISO-8859-16 – Latin-10 or South-Eastern European
38596 1089 ISO-8859-6-I – Latin/Arabic (logical bidirectional order)
38598 916, 5012 ISO-8859-8-I – Latin/Hebrew (logical bidirectional order; 1988 edition, i.e. without LRM and RLM) [33]

ITU-T code pages

IDIBM EquivalentDescription
20105 10097-bit IA5 IRV (Western European) [34] [35] [36]
20106 10117-bit IA5 German (DIN 66003) [34] [35] [37]
20107 10187-bit IA5 Swedish (SEN 850200 C) [34] [35] [38]
20108 10167-bit IA5 Norwegian (NS 4551-2) [34] [35] [39]
20127 3677-bit ASCII [34] [35] [40]
20261 1036T.61 (T.61-8bit)
20269 ?ISO-6937

KOI8 code pages

IDIBM EquivalentDescription
20866 878Russian – KOI8-R
21866 1167, 1168Ukrainian – KOI8-U (or KOI8-RU in some versions) [41]

Problems arising from the use of code pages

Microsoft strongly recommends using Unicode in modern applications, but many applications or data files still depend on the legacy code pages.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Character encoding</span> Using numbers to represent text characters

Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using digital computers. The numerical values that make up a character encoding are known as "code points" and collectively comprise a "code space", a "code page", or a "character map".

ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 3: Latin alphabet No. 3, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin-3 or South European. It was designed to cover Turkish, Maltese and Esperanto, though the introduction of ISO/IEC 8859-9 superseded it for Turkish. The encoding was popular for users of Esperanto, but fell out of use as application support for Unicode became more common.

ISO/IEC 646 is a set of ISO/IEC standards, described as Information technology — ISO 7-bit coded character set for information interchange, and developed in cooperation with ASCII at least since 1964. Since its first edition in 1967 it has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived.

In computing, a code page is a character encoding and as such it is a specific association of a set of printable characters and control characters with unique numbers. Typically each number represents the binary value in a single byte.

A text file is a kind of computer file that is structured as a sequence of lines of electronic text. A text file exists stored as data within a computer file system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows-1252</span> Windows character set for Latin alphabet

Windows-1252 or CP-1252 is a legacy single-byte character encoding that is used by default in Microsoft Windows throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa.

ISO/IEC 8859-11:2001, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 11: Latin/Thai alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 2001. It is informally referred to as Latin/Thai. It is nearly identical to the national Thai standard TIS-620 (1990). The sole difference is that ISO/IEC 8859-11 allocates non-breaking space to code 0xA0, while TIS-620 leaves it undefined.

ISO/IEC 8859-8, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings. ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 from 1999 represents its second and current revision, preceded by the first edition ISO/IEC 8859-8:1988 in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin/Hebrew. ISO/IEC 8859-8 covers all the Hebrew letters, but no Hebrew vowel signs. IBM assigned code page 916 to it. This character set was also adopted by Israeli Standard SI1311:2002, with some extensions.

ISO/IEC 8859-4:1998, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 4: Latin alphabet No. 4, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin-4 or North European. It was designed to cover Estonian, Latvian, Lithuanian, Greenlandic, and Sámi. It has been largely superseded by ISO/IEC 8859-10 and Unicode. Microsoft has assigned code page 28594 a.k.a. Windows-28594 to ISO-8859-4 in Windows. IBM has assigned code page 914 to ISO 8859-4.

ISO/IEC 8859-6:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 6: Latin/Arabic alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. It is informally referred to as Latin/Arabic. It was designed to cover Arabic. Only nominal letters are encoded, no preshaped forms of the letters, so shaping processing is required for display. It does not include the extra letters needed to write most Arabic-script languages other than Arabic itself.

ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 9: Latin alphabet No. 5, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1989. It is designated ECMA-128 by Ecma International and TS 5881 as a Turkish standard. It is informally referred to as Latin-5 or Turkish. It was designed to cover the Turkish language, designed as being of more use than the ISO/IEC 8859-3 encoding. It is identical to ISO/IEC 8859-1 except for the replacement of six Icelandic characters with characters unique to the Turkish alphabet. And the uppercase of i is İ; the lowercase of I is ı.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code page 850</span> Computer character set for Latin scripts

Code page 850 is a code page used under DOS operating systems in Western Europe. Depending on the country setting and system configuration, code page 850 is the primary code page and default OEM code page in many countries, including various English-speaking locales, whilst other English-speaking locales default to the hardware code page 437.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code page 855</span> Code page

Code page 855 is a code page used under DOS to write Cyrillic script.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code page 866</span> Computer character set for Russian

Code page 866 is a code page used under DOS and OS/2 in Russia to write Cyrillic script. It is based on the "alternative code page" developed in 1984 in IHNA AS USSR and published in 1986 by a research group at the Academy of Science of the USSR. The code page was widely used during the DOS era because it preserves all of the pseudographic symbols of code page 437 and maintains alphabetic order of Cyrillic letters. Initially this encoding was only available in the Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (1990), but with MS-DOS 6.22 it became available in any language version.

Windows code page 1253, commonly known by its IANA-registered name Windows-1253 or abbreviated as cp1253, is a Microsoft Windows code page used to write modern Greek. It is not capable of supporting the older polytonic Greek.

Windows-1254 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows, to write Turkish that it was designed for. Characters with codepoints A0 through FF are compatible with ISO 8859-9, but the CR range, which is reserved for C1 control codes in ISO 8859, is instead used for additional characters. It matches Windows-1252 except for the replacement of six Icelandic characters with characters unique to the Turkish alphabet.

Windows-1257 is an 8-bit, single-byte extended ASCII code page used to support the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages under Microsoft Windows. In Lithuania, it is standardised as LST 1590-3, alongside a modified variant named LST 1590-4.

Code page 852 is a code page used under DOS to write Central European languages that use Latin script.

Several 8-bit character sets (encodings) were designed for binary representation of common Western European languages, which use the Latin alphabet, a few additional letters and ones with precomposed diacritics, some punctuation, and various symbols. These character sets also happen to support many other languages such as Malay, Swahili, and Classical Latin.

Code page 862 is a code page used under DOS in Israel for Hebrew.

References

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  2. ↑ "Code Pages". 2016-03-07. Archived from the original on 2016-03-07. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  3. 1 2 3 "Glossary of Terms Used on this Site". December 8, 2018. Archived from the original on 2018-12-08. The term "ANSI" as used to signify Windows code pages is a historical reference, but is nowadays a misnomer that continues to persist in the Windows community. The source of this comes from the fact that the Windows code page 1252 was originally based on an ANSI draft—which became International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Standard 8859-1. "ANSI applications" are usually a reference to non-Unicode or code page–based applications.
  4. ↑ "Character Sets". www.iana.org. Archived from the original on 2021-05-25. Retrieved 2021-05-26.
  5. ↑ hylom (2017-11-14). "Windows 10のInsider PreviewでシステムロケールをUTF-8にするオプションが追加される" [The option to make UTF-8 the system locale added in Windows 10 Insider Preview]. スラド (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2018-05-11. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
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  8. ↑ IBM. "SBCS code page information document CPGID 01250". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  10. ↑ IBM. "SBCS code page information document CPGID 01251". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  13. ↑ Microsoft. "Windows 1253". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  15. ↑ Microsoft. "Windows 1254". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  17. ↑ Microsoft. "Windows 1255". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  19. ↑ Microsoft. "Windows 1256". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  21. ↑ Microsoft. "Windows 1257". Archived from the original on 2013-03-16. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
  22. ↑ IBM. "SBCS code page information document CPGID 01257". Archived from the original on 2014-07-14. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
  23. ↑ Microsoft. "Windows 1258". Archived from the original on 2013-10-25. Retrieved 2014-07-06.
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  29. ↑ Julliard, Alexandre. "dump_krwansung_codepage: build Korean Wansung table from the KSX1001 file". make_unicode: Generate code page .c files from ftp.unicode.org descriptions. Wine Project. Archived from the original on 2021-05-26. Retrieved 2021-03-14.
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