Windows-1251

Last updated
Windows-1251
MIME / IANAwindows-1251
Alias(es)cp1251 (Code page 1251)
Language(s) Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Bosnian Cyrillic, Macedonian, Rotokas, Rusyn, English
Created by Microsoft
Standard WHATWG Encoding Standard
Classification extended ASCII, Windows-125x
Other related encoding(s) Amiga-1251, KZ-1048,
RFC 1345's "ECMA-Cyrillic"

Windows-1251 is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover languages that use the Cyrillic script such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian Cyrillic, Macedonian and other languages.

Contents

On the web, it is the second most-used single-byte character encoding (or third most-used character encoding overall), and most used of the single-byte encodings supporting Cyrillic. As of January 2024, 0.3% of all websites use Windows-1251. [1] [2] It's by far mostly used for Russian, while a small minority of Russian websites use it, with 94.6% of Russian (.ru) websites using UTF-8, [3] [4] [5] and the legacy 8-bit encoding is distant second. In Linux, the encoding is known as cp1251. [6] IBM uses code page 1251 (CCSID 1251 and euro sign extended CCSID 5347) for Windows-1251. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13]

Windows-1251 and KOI8-R (or its Ukrainian variant KOI8-U) are much more commonly used than ISO 8859-5 (which is used by less than 0.0004% of websites). [14] In contrast to Windows-1252 and ISO 8859-1, Windows-1251 is not closely related to ISO 8859-5.

Unicode (e.g. UTF-8) is preferred to Windows-1251 or other Cyrillic encodings in modern applications, especially on the Internet, making UTF-8 the dominant encoding for web pages. (For further discussion of Unicode's complete coverage, of 436 Cyrillic letters/code points, including for Old Cyrillic, and how single-byte character encodings, such as Windows-1251 and KOI8-R, cannot provide this, see Cyrillic script in Unicode.)

Character set

The following table shows Windows-1251. Each character is shown with its Unicode equivalent and its Alt code.

Windows-1251 [15]
0123456789ABCDEF
0x NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI
1x DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US
2x  SP   ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4x @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5x P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6x ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7x p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
8xЂЃ‚ѓ„…†‡ € ‰ Љ‹ЊЌЋЏ
9xђ‘’“”•–— ™ љ›њќћџ
Ax NBSP ЎўЈ¤Ґ ¦ § Ё © Є«¬ SHY ® Ї
Bx ° ± І і ґ µ ·ё № є»јЅѕї
CxАБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОП
DxРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ
Exабвгдежзийклмноп
Fxрстуфхцчшщъыьэюя
  Differences from Windows-1252

Kazakh variants

An altered version of Windows-1251 was standardised in Kazakhstan as Kazakh standard STRK1048, and is known by the label KZ-1048. It differs in the rows shown below:

KZ-1048 (STRK1048-2002) [16]
0123456789ABCDEF
8xЂЃ‚ѓ„…†‡ € ‰ Љ‹ЊҚҺЏ
9xђ‘’“”•–— ™ љ›њқһџ
Ax NBSP ҰұӘ¤Ө ¦ § Ё © Ғ«¬ SHY ® Ү
Bx ° ± І і ө µ ·ё № ғ»әҢңү
  Differences from Windows-1251

Code Page 1174 is another variant created for the Kazakh language, which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters. It differs from KZ-1048 by moving the Cyrillic letter Shha from 8E/9E to 8A/9A.

Code page 1174 [17]
0123456789ABCDEF
8xЂЃ‚ѓ„…†‡ € ‰ Һ‹ЊҚЋЏ
9xђ‘’“”•–— ™ һ›њқћџ
AxNBSPҰұӘ¤Ө ¦ § Ё © Ғ«¬ SHY ® Ү
Bx ° ± І і ө µ ·ё № ғ»әҢңү
  Different from Windows-1251

Amiga variant

Amiga-1251
MIME / IANAAmiga-1251
Alias(es)Ami1251
Language(s) English, Russian
Classification extended ASCII
Based onWindows-1251, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15

Russian Amiga OS systems used a version of code page 1251 which matches Windows-1251 for the Russian subset of the Cyrillic letters, but otherwise mostly follows ISO-8859-1. This version is known as Amiga-1251, [18] under which name it is registered with the IANA. [19]

Amiga-1251 [18]
0123456789ABCDEF
8x XXX XXX BPH NBH IND NEL SSA ESA HTS HTJ VTS PLD PLU RI SS2 SS3
9x DCS PU1 PU2 STS CCH MW SPA EPA SOS XXX SCI CSI ST OSC PM APC
Ax NBSP ¡ ¢ £ € [a] ¥ ¦ § Ё © № [b] « ¬ SHY ® ¯
Bx ° ± ² ³ ´ µ · ё ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿
  Different from Windows-1251 to match ISO-8859-1
  Different from both Windows-1251 and ISO-8859-1
  1. ↑ Matching ISO-8859-15; at a different location than in Windows-1251
  2. ↑ Present in Windows-1251, but in a different location (absent from ISO-8859-1/15)

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ISO/IEC 8859-1</span> Character encoding

ISO/IEC 8859-1:1998, Information technology—8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets—Part 1: Latin alphabet No. 1, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. ISO/IEC 8859-1 encodes what it refers to as "Latin alphabet no. 1", consisting of 191 characters from the Latin script. This character-encoding scheme is used throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa. It is the basis for some popular 8-bit character sets and the first two blocks of characters in Unicode.

ISO/IEC 8859-15:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 15: Latin alphabet No. 9, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1999. It is informally referred to as Latin-9. It is similar to ISO 8859-1, and thus also intended for “Western European” languages, but replaces some less common symbols with the euro sign and some letters that were deemed necessary.

ISO/IEC 8859-3:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 3: Latin alphabet No. 3, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin-3 or South European. It was designed to cover Turkish, Maltese and Esperanto, though the introduction of ISO/IEC 8859-9 superseded it for Turkish. The encoding was popular for users of Esperanto, but fell out of use as application support for Unicode became more common.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Windows-1252</span> Windows character set for Latin alphabet

Windows-1252 or CP-1252 is a legacy single-byte character encoding that is used by default in Microsoft Windows throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa.

ISO/IEC 8859-11:2001, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 11: Latin/Thai alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 2001. It is informally referred to as Latin/Thai. It is nearly identical to the national Thai standard TIS-620 (1990). The sole difference is that ISO/IEC 8859-11 allocates non-breaking space to code 0xA0, while TIS-620 leaves it undefined.

ISO/IEC 8859-8, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 8: Latin/Hebrew alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings. ISO/IEC 8859-8:1999 from 1999 represents its second and current revision, preceded by the first edition ISO/IEC 8859-8:1988 in 1988. It is informally referred to as Latin/Hebrew. ISO/IEC 8859-8 covers all the Hebrew letters, but no Hebrew vowel signs. IBM assigned code page 916 to it. This character set was also adopted by Israeli Standard SI1311:2002, with some extensions.

ISO/IEC 8859-6:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 6: Latin/Arabic alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. It is informally referred to as Latin/Arabic. It was designed to cover Arabic. Only nominal letters are encoded, no preshaped forms of the letters, so shaping processing is required for display. It does not include the extra letters needed to write most Arabic-script languages other than Arabic itself.

ISO/IEC 8859-7:2003, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 7: Latin/Greek alphabet, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1987. It is informally referred to as Latin/Greek. It was designed to cover the modern Greek language. The original 1987 version of the standard had the same character assignments as the Greek national standard ELOT 928, published in 1986. The table in this article shows the updated 2003 version which adds three characters. Microsoft has assigned code page 28597 a.k.a. Windows-28597 to ISO-8859-7 in Windows. IBM has assigned code page 813 to ISO 8859-7. (IBM CCSID 813 is the original encoding. CCSID 4909 adds the euro sign. CCSID 9005 further adds the drachma sign and ypogegrammeni.)

ISO/IEC 8859-9:1999, Information technology — 8-bit single-byte coded graphic character sets — Part 9: Latin alphabet No. 5, is part of the ISO/IEC 8859 series of ASCII-based standard character encodings, first edition published in 1989. It is designated ECMA-128 by Ecma International and TS 5881 as a Turkish standard. It is informally referred to as Latin-5 or Turkish. It was designed to cover the Turkish language, designed as being of more use than the ISO/IEC 8859-3 encoding. It is identical to ISO/IEC 8859-1 except for the replacement of six Icelandic characters with characters unique to the Turkish alphabet. And the uppercase of i is İ; the lowercase of I is ı.

KOI8-R is an 8-bit character encoding, derived from the KOI-8 encoding by the programmer Andrei Chernov in 1993 and designed to cover Russian, which uses a Cyrillic alphabet. KOI8-R was based on Russian Morse code, which was created from a phonetic version of Latin Morse code. As a result, Russian Cyrillic letters are in pseudo-Roman order rather than the normal Cyrillic alphabetical order. Although this may seem unnatural, if the 8th bit is stripped, the text is partially readable in ASCII and may convert to syntactically correct KOI-7. For example, "Код Обмена Информацией" in KOI8-R becomes kOD oBMENA iNFORMACIEJ.

KOI8-U is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover Ukrainian, which uses a Cyrillic alphabet. It is based on KOI8-R, which covers Russian and Bulgarian, but replaces eight box drawing characters with four Ukrainian letters Ґ, Є, І, and Ї in both upper case and lower case.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Code page 866</span> Computer character set for Russian

Code page 866 is a code page used under DOS and OS/2 in Russia to write Cyrillic script. It is based on the "alternative code page" developed in 1984 in IHNA AS USSR and published in 1986 by a research group at the Academy of Science of the USSR. The code page was widely used during the DOS era because it preserves all of the pseudographic symbols of code page 437 and maintains alphabetic order of Cyrillic letters. Initially this encoding was only available in the Russian version of MS-DOS 4.01 (1990), but with MS-DOS 6.22 it became available in any language version.

Windows-1250 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to represent texts in Central European and Eastern European languages that use the Latin script. It is primarily used by Czech. It is also used for Polish, Slovak, Hungarian, Slovene, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian and Albanian. It may also be used with the German language, though it is missing uppercase ẞ. German-language texts encoded with Windows-1250 and Windows-1252 are identical.

Windows code page 1253, commonly known by its IANA-registered name Windows-1253 or abbreviated as cp1253, is a Microsoft Windows code page used to write modern Greek. It is not capable of supporting the older polytonic Greek.

Windows-1254 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows, to write Turkish that it was designed for. Characters with codepoints A0 through FF are compatible with ISO 8859-9, but the CR range, which is reserved for C1 control codes in ISO 8859, is instead used for additional characters. It matches Windows-1252 except for the replacement of six Icelandic characters with characters unique to the Turkish alphabet.

Windows-1255 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to write Hebrew. It is an almost compatible superset of ISO-8859-8 – most of the symbols are in the same positions, but Windows-1255 adds vowel-points and other signs in lower positions.

Windows-1256 is a code page used under Microsoft Windows to write Arabic and other languages that use Arabic script, such as Persian and Urdu.

Windows-1257 is an 8-bit, single-byte extended ASCII code page used to support the Estonian, Latvian and Lithuanian languages under Microsoft Windows. In Lithuania, it is standardised as LST 1590-3, alongside a modified variant named LST 1590-4.

Windows code pages are sets of characters or code pages used in Microsoft Windows from the 1980s and 1990s. Windows code pages were gradually superseded when Unicode was implemented in Windows, although they are still supported both within Windows and other platforms, and still apply when Alt code shortcuts are used.

KOI8-RU is an 8-bit character encoding, designed to cover Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian which use a Cyrillic alphabet. It is closely related to KOI8-R, which covers Russian and Bulgarian, but replaces ten box drawing characters with five Ukrainian and Belarusian letters Ґ, Є, І, Ї, and Ў in both upper case and lower case. It is even more closely related to KOI8-U, which does not include Ў but otherwise makes the same letter replacements. The additional letter allocations are matched by KOI8-E, except for Ґ which is added to KOI8-F.

References

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Historical trends in the usage of character encodings, January 2024" . Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  2. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions".
  3. ↑ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .ru". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2024-01-01.
  4. ↑ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Russian". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2023-01-16.
  5. ↑ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Russian Federation". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
  6. ↑ "cp1251(7) - Linux manual page". man7.org. Retrieved 2018-07-01.
  7. ↑ "Code page 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  8. ↑ "CCSID 1251 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  9. ↑ "CCSID 5347 information document". Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  10. ↑ Code Page CPGID 01251 (pdf) (PDF), IBM
  11. ↑ Code Page CPGID 01251 (txt), IBM
  12. ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1251_P100-1995.ucm, 2002-12-03
  13. ↑ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5347_P100-1998.ucm, 2002-12-03
  14. ↑ "Usage Statistics of Character Encodings for Websites". w3techs.com. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30.
  15. ↑ Steele, Shawn (1998). CP1251 to Unicode table. Unicode Consortium. CP1251.TXT.
  16. ↑ Whistler, Ken (2007). KZ-1048 to Unicode. Unicode Consortium. KZ1048.TXT.
  17. ↑ ibm-1174_X100-2007.ucm, IBM
  18. 1 2 Malyshev, Michael (2003). "Amiga-1251 to Unicode table". Registration of new charset [Amiga-1251]. IANA.
  19. ↑ "Character Sets". IANA.

Further reading

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