Yehuecauhceratops

Yehuecauhceratops; Temporal range: Campanian, 72 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
	Reconstructed skeleton mount at the Museum of the Desert, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Dinosauria
Clade:	† Ornithischia
Suborder:	† Ceratopsia
Family:	† Ceratopsidae
Subfamily:	† Centrosaurinae
Tribe:	† Nasutoceratopsini
Genus:	† Yehuecauhceratops ; Rivera-Sylva et al., 2017
Species:	†Y. mudei
Binomial name
	†Yehuecauhceratops mudei; Rivera-Sylva et al., 2017

Last updated February 09, 2024

Yehuecauhceratops (meaning "ancient horned face") is a genus of horned centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Coahuila, Mexico. It contains a single species, Y. mudei, described from two partial specimens by Rivera-Sylva et al. in 2016 and formally named by Rivera-Sylva et al. in 2017. It was a small centrosaurine with a body length of 3 metres (9.8 ft), making it smaller than Agujaceratops and Coahuilaceratops , the other two ceratopsids in its environment; the three may have been ecologically segregated. A ridge bearing a single roughened projection near the bottom of the squamosal bone, which probably supported a small horn, allows Yehuecauhceratops to be distinguished from other centrosaurines. Its affinities to nasutoceratopsin centrosaurines, such as Avaceratops and Nasutoceratops , are supported by various morphological similarities to the former.

Discovery and naming

Specimens of Yehuecauhceratops were recovered during excavations from 2007 to 2011 in a locality near the town of La Salada, in Ocampo, Coahuila, Mexico,^[1] about 23.3 kilometres (14.5 mi) south of Big Bend National Park in Texas. The rocks exposed in this locality belong to the Campanian Aguja Formation, although its precise location within the temporal range of the formation is difficult to establish.^[2] Specimens attributed to Yehuecauhceratops are stored in the palaeontological collection of the Museo del Desierto.^[1]

The holotype of Yehuecauhceratops has been given the specimen number CPC 274. It consists of a nearly complete left squamosal, three fragments from the parietal, one fragment each from the premaxilla and dentary, a complete scapula and femur, the portion of the ilium in front of the acetabulum, and part of a dorsal vertebra with the neural spine broken off.^[2] Parts of the ribs, fragments of the ossified tendons that supported the tail, and miscellaneous fragments are also known.^[1] Additionally, there is a tibial fragment that is too small to belong to CPC 274; this second specimen, not referred in 2017, has been labelled with the specimen number CPC 1478.^[2]

Although these two specimens were initially described by Rivera-Sylva et al. in 2016 as an indeterminate centrosaurine,^[2] they were formally named in 2017 by Héctor Eduardo Rivera-Sylva, Eberhard Frey, Wolfgang Stinnesbeck, José Rubén Guzmán-Gutiérrez and Arturo Homero González-González, based on the diagnostic characters in the squamosal. The generic name Yehuecauhceratops, pronounced "Ye-OO-ek-au-ceratops", is derived from the Nahuatl word yehuecauh ("ancient") and the Greek suffix ceratops ("horned face"). Meanwhile, the specific name mudei references the acronym of the Museo del Desierto (MUDE).^[1]

Description

Life restoration Yehuecauhceratops.jpg — Life restoration

Yehuecauhceratops was a small ceratopsid, with a length of about 3 metres (9.8 ft).^[1] The type specimen was likely a late subadult or adult, judging by the degree of fusion in the vertebra.^[2]^[3]

Cranial material

Holotype squamosal Yehuecauhceratops-2.png — Holotype squamosal

The squamosal of Yehuecauhceratops is the only element that allows it to be confidently distinguished from other ceratopsids.^[1] It has a stepped edge on its border with the parietal, which is characteristic of all centrosaurines. Unlike more derived centrosaurines like Styracosaurus , Centrosaurus , and Pachyrhinosaurus ,^[4] but more similarly to Avaceratops ,^[5] the squamosal is longer than it is wide. The expanded rear portion of the squamosal is twice the length of the rest of the bone.^[2] At its top margin, the squamosal contributed to the outline of the supratemporal fenestra, the slit in the frill base.^[1]

Along the outer edge of the squamosal, there are three prominent undulations that probably supported epiossifications, although the epiossifications themselves are missing.^[1] The second undulation is deflected slightly upwards like more derived centrosaurines.^[4]^[6]^[7] In Wendiceratops ^[8] and more derived centrosaurines, however, there are at least four or five undulations, instead of three. There is a ridge running across the squamosal near the bottom of the bone; it is less prominent than in Nasutoceratops ,^[9] and does not extend onto the fan-like back of the bone. Unlike Avaceratops, Wendiceratops,^[8] and Albertaceratops ,^[6] the three smooth protuberances along the ridge are missing;^[2] instead, there is only one roughened protuberance near the middle of the ridge, which probably supported a small horn. These two characteristics, the position of the ridge and the single protuberance, are the autapomorphies of Yehuecauhceratops, traits allowing it to be distinguished from other centrosaurines.^[1]^[2]

Parietal fragment Yehuecauhceratops-3.png — Parietal fragment

Judging by the fragments of the parietal, it was a relatively smooth bone. The largest and most thickened pieces, which originate from near the centre of the frill, suggest that Yehuecauhceratops probably had relatively small fenestrae, in contrast to most other centrosaurines but not to Avaceratops.^[5] A parietal epiossification is preserved; it has a simple, crescent-shaped edge, not unlike the squamosal undulations in terms of its shape, and its surface is roughened. Like Diabloceratops , Avaceratops, Xenoceratops , and Nasutoceratops, this epiossification is not immediately adjacent to or overlapped by another epiossification; instead, there is an inward undulation in the bone right next to the epiossification.^[2]

A portion of the premaxilla contains the edge of the nostril; a ridge extending diagonally across the bone is, like that of Diabloceratops,^[10] more prominent than that of Avaceratops.^[5] The interior surface of the bone was roughened save for the top portion surrounding the nostril, which is also the thickest part of the bone. A piece of the dentary likely comes from the rear third of the jaw, judging by the presence of the coronoid process of the mandible. It preserves a row of teeth, containing six tooth sockets with three fully erupted teeth, that was offset towards the midline of the animal from the centre of the bone.^[2]

Postcranial material

Scapula Yehuecauhceratops-4.png — Scapula

As is typical of centrosaurines, the scapula forms about half of the glenoid articulation. Like other ceratopsids, the acromion was prominent and very roughened. On the bottom edge of the bone, there is an abrupt angle of 25° at the thickest point in the bone instead of a gradual curve. The top end of the scapula was widened to form a paddle-like shape, more prominently so than other centrosaurines.^[4] As in other ceratopsians, the ilium was strongly deflected, with the deflected portion of the bone being straight when viewed from the top.^[2]

The robustly shafted femur is straightened and minimally curved as in Avaceratops,^[5] although part of this may be an artifact of crushing. On the femur, the femoral head is rounded and globe-shaped, the greater trochanter is separated from and rises above the level of the femoral head, and the fourth trochanter forms a prominent crest like in other centrosaurines. The cnemial crest of the tibia is expanded and is about 40% of the width of the expanded end of the bone, which is similar to Avaceratops.^[5]^[4]^[2]

A dorsal vertebra, which likely comes from near the neck-torso transition judging by the large neural canal,^[11] has slightly pinched edges, with a depression on either side at the level of the neural canal. The articular ends of the vertebra are rounded and concave on both sides (or amphicoelous). The neural canal itself was about 25% taller than it was wide. The neural arch, which encloses the neural canal, is almost entirely fused to the rest of the bone; however, a small trace of the suture is slightly visible in some places.^[2]

Classification

Dorsal vertebra Yehuecauhceratops-5.png — Dorsal vertebra

]

A phylogenetic analysis conducted in 2016 found that Yehuecauhceratops occupied a fairly basal position in the Centrosaurinae, being in the same clade as Avaceratops and Nasutoceratops (a clade subsequently named Nasutoceratopsini). Indeed, Yehuecauhceratops and Avaceratops share a number of characters. The strict consensus of the phylogenetic trees recovered by the analysis is reproduced below.^[2]

Centrosaurinae

Diabloceratops

Xenoceratops

Albertaceratops nesmoi

	Wendiceratops

	Sinoceratops

Rubeosaurus

Styracosaurus

Coronosaurus

	Centrosaurus

	Spinops

Einiosaurus

Achelousaurus

Pachyrhinosaurus

	Pachyrhinosaurus canadensis

	Pachyrhinosaurus lakustai

	Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum

	*Yehuecauhceratops*

	Nasutoceratops

	Avaceratops

The unique, roughened protrusion of the squamosal of Yehuecauhceratops is only otherwise seen among centrosaurines in Menefeeceratops from the much earlier Menefee Formation of New Mexico, and Crittendenceratops , from the likewise earlier Fort Crittenden Formation of Arizona.^[9]^[12] However, since these specimens are separated in time by more than one million years, it is unlikely that they belong to the same genus. Additionally, the specimen UMNH VP16704, referred to as the "Nipple Butte skull", also resembles Yehuecauhceratops and Menefeeceratops in having a fan-shaped end of the squamosal, though it lacks this singular protrusion.^[2]

Paleoecology

Centrosaurine remains superimposed over a map of Campanian North America; Yehuecauhceratops (CPC 274) at bottom Yehuecauhceratops-1.png — Centrosaurine remains superimposed over a map of Campanian North America; *Yehuecauhceratops* (CPC 274) at bottom

The environment Yehuecauhceratops lived in, corresponding to the lower part of the upper Aguja Formation, would have been a freshwater-to-brackish coastal marsh and floodplain that were part of a river delta. Sediments also record the presence of oxbow lakes and some coastal marine deposits. Although the Mexican strata of the Aguja Formation have not been solidly dated, dating of other deposits belonging to the Aguja and the contemporary Cerro del Pueblo Formations has produced date ranges that overlap around 72.5 Ma.^[2] In Mexico, the diversity of animals in the Aguja Formation is somewhat limited. Asides from Yehuecauhceratops, other discovered remains include the chasmosaurine Agujaceratops mavericus ,^[1] pachycephalosaur teeth; large tibiae from hadrosaurids; crocodilian teeth; and shell fragments from baenid and trionychid turtles.^[2]

From contemporaneous deposits of the Aguja Formation in Texas, numerous dinosaurs are known; they include the chasmosaurine Agujaceratops mariscalensis , the saurolophine Kritosaurus , the pachycephalosaur Texacephale , and the tooth taxon Richardoestesia , as well as unnamed lambeosaurines, nodosaurs, tyrannosaurs, ornithomimids, caenagnathids, and dromaeosaurs.^[13] Non-dinosaurs include the giant alligatoroid Deinosuchus ^[13]^[14] and a goniopholidid; the squamates Odaxosaurus , Proxestops , Restes , Sauriscus , and various unnamed taxa; the turtles " Baena " and " Aspideretes ", as well as an additional chelonian; the amphibians Albanerpeton , a scapherpetonid, a salamander, and a frog; the mammals Cimolomys , Meniscoessus , Cimolodon , Alphadon , Turgidodon , Pediomys , Gallolestes , and others; various bony fish; and the cartilaginous fish Hybodus , Lissodus , Scapanorhynchys , Onchopristis , Ischyrhiza , Squatirhina , Ptychotrygon , and others.^[14]

Although ceratopsids are very common in Laramidian deposits north of Colorado, there are very few of them from the south, and even fewer of them actually preserve any diagnostic material. Centrosaurines, despite their limited material, appeared to have been somewhat more common in the south.^[2] However, several chasmosaurines are also known from Mexico, namely Agujaceratops mavericus and Coahuilaceratops magnacuerna (from the Cerro de Pueblo Formation). This is consistent with a likely climate-related separation of flora between the northern and southern parts of Laramidia during the Campanian. Particularly, in the Texan Aguja Formation, dicotyledons Metcalfeoxylon and Agujoxylon were predominant.^[15] In contrast, coniferous plants are more abundant in northern regions. Within the Aguja fauna, Yehuecauhceratops was relatively small compared to the giant Coahuilaceratops, with Agujaceratops in between; this suggests some level of size-based diet partitioning among the three ceratopsids.^[1]

Related Research Articles

Ceratopsidae is a family of ceratopsian dinosaurs including Triceratops, Centrosaurus, and Styracosaurus. All known species were quadrupedal herbivores from the Upper Cretaceous. All but one species are known from western North America, which formed the island continent of Laramidia during most of the Late Cretaceous. Ceratopsids are characterized by beaks, rows of shearing teeth in the back of the jaw, elaborate nasal horns, and a thin parietal-squamosal shelf that extends back and up into a frill. The group is divided into two subfamilies—Chasmosaurinae and Centrosaurinae. The chasmosaurines are generally characterized by long, triangular frills and well-developed brow horns. The centrosaurines had well-developed nasal horns or nasal bosses, shorter and more rectangular frills, and elaborate spines on the back of the frill.

<i>Styracosaurus</i> Genus of ceratopsian dinosaurs

Styracosaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of North America. It had four to six long parietal spikes extending from its neck frill, a smaller jugal horn on each of its cheeks, and a single horn protruding from its nose, which may have been up to 60 centimeters long and 15 centimeters wide. The function or functions of the horns and frills have been debated for many years.

Achelousaurus is a genus of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous Period of what is now North America, about 74.2 million years ago. The first fossils of Achelousaurus were collected in Montana in 1987, by a team led by Jack Horner, with more finds made in 1989. In 1994, Achelousaurus horneri was described and named by Scott D. Sampson; the generic name means "Achelous lizard", in reference to the Greek deity Achelous, and the specific name refers to Horner. The genus is known from a few specimens consisting mainly of skull material from individuals, ranging from juveniles to adults.

Centrosaurus is a genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur from Campanian age of Late Cretaceous Canada. Their remains have been found in the Dinosaur Park Formation, dating from 76.5 to 75.5 million years ago.

Avaceratops is a genus of small herbivorous ceratopsian dinosaurs which lived during the late Campanian during the Late Cretaceous Period in what are now the Northwest United States. Most fossils come from the Judith River Formation.

Medusaceratops is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana, northern United States. It contains a single species, Medusaceratops lokii.

Agujaceratops is a genus of horned dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) of west Texas. It is a chasmosaurine (long-frilled) ceratopsian. Two species are known, Agujaceratops mariscalensis, and A. mavericus.

Centrosaurinae is a subfamily of ceratopsid, a group of large quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur. Centrosaurine fossil remains are known primarily from the northern region of Laramidia but isolated taxa have been found in China and Utah as well.

The Aguja Formation is a geological formation in North America, exposed in Texas, United States and Chihuahua and Coahuila in Mexico, whose strata date back to the Late Cretaceous. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation. Fossil palms have also been unearthed here.

Diabloceratops is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived approximately 81.4-81 million years ago during the latter part of the Cretaceous Period in what is now Utah, in the United States. Diabloceratops was a medium-sized, moderately built, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore, that could grow up to an estimated 4.5 metres (15 ft) in length and 1.3 metric tons in body mass. At the time of its discovery, it was the oldest-known ceratopsid, and first centrosaurine known from latitudes south of the U.S. state of Montana. The generic name Diabloceratops means "devil-horned face," coming from Diablo, Spanish for "devil," and ceratops, Latinized Greek for "horned face." The specific name honors Jeffrey Eaton, a paleontologist at Weber State University and long time friend of the lead author Jim Kirkland. Eaton had a big role in establishing the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument where the specimen was found. The type species, Diabloceratops eatoni, was named and described in 2010 by James Ian Kirkland and Donald DeBlieux.

<i>Kosmoceratops</i> Dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous period

Kosmoceratops is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in North America about 76–75.9 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period. Specimens were discovered in Utah in the Kaiparowits Formation of the Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument in 2006 and 2007, including an adult skull and postcranial skeleton and partial subadults. In 2010, the adult was made the holotype of the new genus and species Kosmoceratops richardsoni; the generic name means "ornate horned face", and the specific name honors Scott Richardson, who found the specimens. The find was part of a spate of ceratopsian discoveries in the early 21st century, and Kosmoceratops was considered significant due to its elaborate skull ornamentation.

<i>Nasutoceratops</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Nasutoceratops is an extinct genus of ceratopsian dinosaur. It is a basal centrosaurine which lived during the Late Cretaceous Period. Fossils have been found in southern Utah, United States. Nasutoceratops was a large, ground-dwelling, quadrupedal herbivore with a short snout and unique rounded horns above its eyes that have been likened to those of modern cattle. Extending almost to the tip of its snout, these horns are the longest of all the members of the centrosaurine subfamily. The presence of pneumatic elements in the nasal bones of Nasutoceratops are a unique trait and are unknown in any other ceratopsid.

<i>Xenoceratops</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Xenoceratops is a genus of centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous, and is known to have lived in what is currently Alberta, Canada. The genus has one known species, Xenoceratops foremostensis. Its remains were discovered in the Foremost Formation.

Judiceratops is an extinct horned dinosaur. It lived around 78 million years ago, during the Late Cretaceous Period in what is now Montana, United States. Like other horned dinosaurs, Judiceratops was a large, quadrupedal herbivore. It is the oldest known chasmosaurine.

Regaliceratops is a monospecific genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from Alberta, Canada that lived during the Late Cretaceous in what is now the St. Mary River Formation. The type and only species, Regaliceratops peterhewsi, is known only from an adult individual with a nearly complete skull lacking the lower jaw, which was nicknamed "Hellboy". Regaliceratops was named in 2015 by Caleb M. Brown and Donald M. Henderson. Regaliceratops has an estimated length of 5 metres (16 ft) and body mass of 2 metric tons. The skull of Regaliceratops displays features more similar to centrosaurines, which suggests convergent evolution in display morphology in ceratopsids.

Wendiceratops is a genus of herbivorous centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Canada.

<i>Machairoceratops</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Machairoceratops, previously known as the "Wahweap centrosaurine B", is an extinct genus of centrosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur known from the Late Cretaceous Wahweap Formation of Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah, United States.

Crittendenceratops is a genus of horned centrosaurine ceratopsid dinosaur from the late Campanian Fort Crittenden Formation of Arizona. It contains a single species, C. krzyzanowskii, and represents the first species of dinosaur from the Fort Crittenden Formation to receive a formal scientific name.

<i>Menefeeceratops</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Menefeeceratops is a genus of ceratopsid dinosaur from the Menefee Formation in New Mexico, United States. It is potentially the oldest known member of the ceratopsids, as well as the centrosaurine subfamily, related to animals including Yehuecauhceratops and Crittendenceratops. The type and only species is Menefeeceratops sealeyi, known from a partial, non-articulated skeleton.

References

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Guzman-Gutirrez, J.R.; Gonzalez-Gonzalez (2017). "Mexican ceratopsids: Considerations on their diversity and evolution". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 75: 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.008.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Hendrick, B.P.; Dodson, P. (2016). "A Centrosaurine (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of Northern Coahuila, Mexico". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0150529. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150529R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150529 . PMC 4830452 . PMID 27073969.
↑ Brochu, C.A. (1996). "Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283.
1 2 3 4 Ryan, M.J.; Holmes, R.; Russell, A.P. (2007). "A revision of the late Campanian centrosaurine ceratopsid genus Styracosaurus from the Western Interior of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 944–962. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[944:AROTLC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86218327.
1 2 3 4 5 Penkalski, P.; Dodson, P. (1999). "The morphology and systematics of Avaceratops, a primitive horned dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Late Campanian) of Montana, with the description of a second skull". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 692–711. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011182.
1 2 Ryan, M.J. (2007). "A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (2): 376–396. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130607301.
↑ Farke, A.A.; Ryan, M.J.; Barrett, P.M.; Tanke, D.H.; Braman, D.R.; Loewen, M.A.; Graham, M.R. (2011). "A New Centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Parietal Ornamentation in Horned Dinosaurs". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 691–702. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0121 .
1 2 Evans, D.C.; Ryan, M.J. (2015). "Cranial Anatomy of Wendiceratops pinhornensis gen. et sp. nov., a Centrosaurine Ceratopsid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Oldman Formation (Campanian), Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Ceratopsid Nasal Ornamentation". PLOS ONE. 10 (7): e0130007. Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1030007E. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130007 . PMC 4496092 . PMID 26154293.
1 2 Sampson, S.D.; Lund, E.K.; Loewen, M.A.; Farke, A.A.; Clayton, K.E. (2013). "A remarkable short-snouted horned dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) of southern Laramidia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 280 (1766): 20131186. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.1186. PMC 3730592 . PMID 23864598.
↑ Kirkland, J.I.; DeBlieux, D.D. (2010). "New basal centrosaurine ceratopsian skulls from the Wahweap Formation (middle Campanian), Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument, southern Utah". In Ryan, M.J.; Chinnery-Algeier, B.; Eberth, D.A. (eds.). New Perspectives on Horned Dinosaurs: The Royal Tyrrell Museum Ceratopsian Symposium. Indiana University Press. pp. 117–140. ISBN 978-0-253-00779-7. JSTOR j.ctt16gzgng.
↑ Giffin, E.B. (1990). "Gross spinal anatomy and limb use in living and fossil reptiles". Paleobiology. 16 (4): 448–458. doi:10.1017/S0094837300010186. S2CID 87272836.
↑ Williamson, T.E. (1997). "A new Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) vertebrate fauna from the Allison Member, Menefee Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico". In Lucas, S.G.; Estep, J.W.; Williamson, T.E.; Morgan, G.S. (eds.). New Mexico's Fossil Record 1. New Mexico Museum of Natural History Bulletin. Vol. 11. pp. 51–59.
1 2 Longrich, N.R.; Sankey, J.; Tanke, D. (2010). "Texacephale langstoni, a new genus of pachycephalosaurid (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the upper Campanian Aguja Formation, southern Texas, USA". Cretaceous Research. 31 (2): 274–284. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.12.002.
1 2 Rowe, T.; Cifelli, R.L.; Lehman, T.H.; Weil, A. (1992). "The Campanian Terlingua Local Fauna, with a Summary of Other Vertebrates from the Aguja Formation, Trans-Pecos Texas". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 12 (4): 472–493. doi:10.1080/02724634.1992.10011475. JSTOR 4523473.
↑ Lehman, T.M.; Wheeler, E.A. (2001). "A Fossil Dicotyledonous Woodland/Forest From The Upper Cretaceous of Big Bend National Park, Texas". PALAIOS. 16 (1): 102. Bibcode:2001Palai..16..102L. doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0102:AFDWFF>2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130059541.

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[2017desc-1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Frey, E.; Stinnesbeck, W.; Guzman-Gutirrez, J.R.; Gonzalez-Gonzalez (2017). "Mexican ceratopsids: Considerations on their diversity and evolution". Journal of South American Earth Sciences. 75: 66–73. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2017.01.008.

[2016desc-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Rivera-Sylva, H.E.; Hendrick, B.P.; Dodson, P. (2016). "A Centrosaurine (Dinosauria: Ceratopsia) from the Aguja Formation (Late Campanian) of Northern Coahuila, Mexico". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0150529. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1150529R. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150529 . PMC 4830452 . PMID 27073969.

[vertfeus-3] Brochu, C.A. (1996). "Closure of neurocentral sutures during crocodilian ontogeny: Implications for maturity assessment in fossil archosaurs". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 16 (1): 49–62. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011283.

[styraco-4] 1 2 3 4 Ryan, M.J.; Holmes, R.; Russell, A.P. (2007). "A revision of the late Campanian centrosaurine ceratopsid genus Styracosaurus from the Western Interior of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (4): 944–962. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[944:AROTLC]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 86218327.

[ava-5] 1 2 3 4 5 Penkalski, P.; Dodson, P. (1999). "The morphology and systematics of Avaceratops, a primitive horned dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Late Campanian) of Montana, with the description of a second skull". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 692–711. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011182.

[alberta-6] 1 2 Ryan, M.J. (2007). "A new basal centrosaurine ceratopsid from the Oldman Formation, southeastern Alberta". Journal of Paleontology. 81 (2): 376–396. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[376:ANBCCF]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 130607301.

[spino-7] Farke, A.A.; Ryan, M.J.; Barrett, P.M.; Tanke, D.H.; Braman, D.R.; Loewen, M.A.; Graham, M.R. (2011). "A New Centrosaurine from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada, and the Evolution of Parietal Ornamentation in Horned Dinosaurs". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (4): 691–702. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0121 .

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