446th Missile Squadron

446th Missile Squadron
LGM-30G Minuteman III test launch at Vandenberg AFB, California
Active	1942-1945; 1947–1949; 1953–1961; 1965-1998
Country	United States
Branch	United States Air Force
Type	Squadron
Role	Intercontinental ballistic missile
Motto(s)	Semper Summatum (Latin for 'Always the Highest') [1]
Engagements	Mediterranean Theater of Operations
Decorations	Distinguished Unit Citation (2x) Air Force Outstanding Unit Award
Insignia
446th Missile Squadron emblem [2] [lower-alpha 1]
446th Bombardment Squadron emblem (SAC) [lower-alpha 2] [1]
446th Bombardment Squadron emblem (World War II) [3] [lower-alpha 3]

The 446th Missile Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 321st Missile Group, stationed at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota. The 446th was equipped with the LGM-30G Minuteman III Intercontinental ballistic missile, with a mission of nuclear deterrence. With the end of the Cold War, the 446th was inactivated on 30 September 1998.

The squadron was first activated in June 1942 as the 446th Bombardment Squadron, a medium bomber unit. After training in the United States, it deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations, where it engaged in combat until April 1945. It was awarded two Presidential Unit Citations for its actions over Athens, Greece in 1944 and Toulon, France in 1944. Following V-E Day, it remained in Italy, until it was inactivated in September 1945.

The squadron was briefly activated in the reserve from 1947 to 1949, but does not appear to have been fully manned or equipped with operational aircraft. It was activated in 1953 as a Strategic Air Command bomber unit, serving until 1961, when its Boeing B-47 Stratojets were replaced by Boeing B-52 Stratofortresses. It was organized in July 1965 as the 446th Strategic Missile Squadron.

History

World War II

Initial organization and training

The squadron was first organized as a medium bomber unit at Barksdale Field, Louisiana in late June 1942. It was one of the original four squadrons of the 321st Bombardment Group, which were equipped with North American B-25 Mitchells. ^{[2] [4] [5]} However, it was not until the squadron moved on paper to Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, that the initial cadre was assigned in August 1942 ^[6]

After five months of training, the ground echelon of the squadron departed for the Port of Embarkation at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 21 January 1943. ^{[2] [6]} It boarded the USS Elizabeth C. Stanton on 7 February. ^[7] The air echelon of the squadron remained at DeRidder Army Air Base until 12 February, when it flew to Morrison Field, Florida for staging via the South Atlantic ferry route. ^[6] It departed Morrison for overseas on 15 February 1943. ^[8]

Combat in the Mediterranean Theater

B-25J of the 446th Bombardment Squadron taking off from Pomigliano

The ground echelon landed at Oran, Algeria on 21 February 1943. ^[9] The air echelon arrived in Algeria at Oujda Airfield on 2 March 43. ^[10] On 9 March most of the ground and air echelon was united at Oujda. ^[11] The squadron arrived at its first combat station, Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, in March 1943, with the air echelon established there on 12 March. ^[12] The squadron flew its first combat mission, an attack on a landing ground near Mezzouna Tunisia on 15 March. ^[13] It initially engaged primarily in air support and interdiction missions, bombing marshalling yards, rail lines, highways, bridges, viaducts, troop concentrations, gun emplacements, shipping, harbors, and other objectives in North Africa. Later, objectives spread into France, Italy, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, and Greece. It also engaged in psychological warfare missions, dropping propaganda leaflets behind enemy lines. ^[5]

Until May 1943, it participated in Allied operations against the Axis in Algeria and Tunisia. In June, it moved forward to bases in Tunisia, from which it participated in Operation Corkscrew, the projected invasion of and reduction of Pantelleria and Lampedusa. The following month, it supported Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily and in September, Operation Avalanche the invasion of mainland Italy near Salerno. On 8 October 1943, the squadron completed a raid on Eleusis Airfield near Athens, despite intense flak and attacks by numerous enemy Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190 interceptor aircraft. For this action it was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC). ^{[5] [14]}

The squadron provided air support for the Allied advance toward Rome between January and June 1944 and Operation Dragoon, the invasion of Southern France in August 1944. On 18 August, its attacks on Toulon harbor earned the squadron a second DUC. ^[5] The enemy had concentrated shipping in the harbor to augment harbor defense artillery. Adverse weather conditions caused other groups to turn back, but the 321st Group continued to the target. The squadron pressed its attack despite "heavy, intense, accurate" flak on the bomb run. Post strike reconnaissance showed the 321st Group heavily damaged a battleship, and sunk a cruiser and a submarine. ^[15]

After September 1944, it supported Allied operations in northern Italy, including Operation Strangle, the effort to choke off supplies for Axis military in Italy through air interdiction and Operation Grapeshot, the Spring 1945 offensive in Northern Italy from September 1944 to April 1945. It remained in Italy after V-E Day, reducing in size as individuals returned to the United States, being reduced to a mere cadre by August 1945 ^[16] and was inactivated at Pomigliano Airfield on 12 September 1945. ^{[2] [5]}

Reserve operations

The squadron was reactivated as a reserve unit under Air Defense Command (ADC) on 30 March 1947 at Johnstown Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania. It is not clear whether or not the squadron was fully staffed and it was equipped with only trainer aircraft during this period. ^[2] In July 1948 Continental Air Command (ConAC) assumed responsibility for managing reserve and Air National Guard units from ADC. ^[17] President Truman’s reduced 1949 defense budget required reductions in the number of units in the Air Force, ^[18] and the 446th was inactivated ^[2] and not replaced as reserve flying operations at Johnstown Municipal Airport ceased.

Strategic bomber unit

B-47 Stratojet at McCoy AFB

The squadron was reactivated on 15 December 1953 at Pinecastle Air Force Base, Florida, ^[2] an Air Training Command (ATC) base, where ATC's 3540th Flying Training Wing conducted transition training on Boeing B-47 Stratojet bombers. ^[19] On 1 January 1954, the base and B-47 training mission were transferred to Strategic Air Command (SAC). ^{[20] [lower-alpha 4]} Under SAC's dual deputy organization, the squadron was assigned directly to the 321st Wing, with the group level organization eliminated. Over the next six months, the B-47 training mission at Pinecastle was phased out and was replaced by the 446th and other operational units of the 321st Bombardment Wing, and the squadron became operational in late May 1954. ^{[2] [21]}

The squadron trained in global strategic bombardment operations with the B-47. It deployed with the 321st Wing to RAF Lakenheath, England from December 1954 until March 1955 and to Sidi Slimane Air Base, Morocco From April through July 1956. ^[21] Starting in 1957, overseas deployments of entire wings to stand alert were replaced by Operation Reflex. Reflex placed Stratojets and Boeing KC-97 Stratofreighters from multiple wings at bases closer to the Soviet Union for 90 day periods, although individuals rotated back to home bases during unit Reflex deployments. ^[22] From 1958, SAC B-47 units began to assume an alert posture at their home bases, reducing the amount of time spent on alert at overseas bases, with an initial goal of maintaining one third of SAC’s planes on fifteen minute ground alert, fully fueled and ready for combat to reduce vulnerability to a Soviet missile strike. ^[23]

By 1961, SAC was relying on dispersed Boeing B-52 Stratofortress units as the backbone of its bomber force. The squadron and the rest of the 321st Wing became nonoperational on 15 September 1961 and were replaced by the 4047th Strategic Wing, a B-52 unit. The squadron was inactivated in late October 1961. ^{[2] [21]}

Intercontinental ballistic missile unit

On 1 November 1963 the squadron was redesignated the 446th Strategic Missile Squadron, a SAC intercontinental ballistic missile squadron, but it was not organized at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota until 1 July 1965. ^[2] The 321st Wing was the first to be equipped with LGM-30F Minuteman II missiles. ^[24] Squadron members trained on the new missile at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California during the second half of the year. ^[25] The squadron, however, did not become operational until late March 1966 ^[26] and was declared fully operational in December 1966, with a complement of 50 missiles. ^{[27] [28]} following an Operational Readiness Inspection of the 321st Wing ^[29]

LGM-30 Minuteman Missile Alert and Launch Facilities

Squadron missile alert facilities (A-E flights, each controlling 10 missiles) were located as follows:

A-00 6.7 mi SE of Wales ND, 48°49′17″N098°30′48″W / 48.82139°N 98.51333°W / 48.82139; -98.51333 (A-00)

B-00 6.8 mi NxNW of Osnabrock ND, 48°45′49″N098°11′36″W / 48.76361°N 98.19333°W / 48.76361; -98.19333 (B-00)

C-00 5.7 mi NW of Edinburg ND, 48°32′43″N097°57′50″W / 48.54528°N 97.96389°W / 48.54528; -97.96389 (C-00)

D-00 1.7 mi SxSW of Nekoma ND, 48°33′14″N098°22′50″W / 48.55389°N 98.38056°W / 48.55389; -98.38056 (D-00)

E-00 4.3 mi SxSW of Hampden ND, 48°29′01″N098°41′46″W / 48.48361°N 98.69611°W / 48.48361; -98.69611 (E-00) ^[30]

In December 1971, the squadron began replacing its Minuteman II missiles with LGM-30G Minuteman IIIs. ^[28] These missiles were equipped with multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles and penetration aids. ^[31] The transition was completed in March 1972. ^[28]

In September 1991, SAC implemented the Air Force's Objective Wing Organization. With this restructuring, the squadron was assigned to the new 321st Operations Group, ^[2] along with the 321st Wing's other missile squadrons and a support squadron.^{[ citation needed ]} With this change came a new name, the 446th Missile Squadron, as the Air Force dropped the terms "Strategic" and "Tactical" from the names of its units. ^[2] The following June, SAC was disestablished and the squadron was transferred to Air Combat Command, along with other intercontinental missile units. This arrangement lasted only a year, for on 1 July 1993, these missile units became part of Air Force Space Command. ^[32]

The Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty required the United States to reduce the number of missiles in its inventory, and to meet this goal, the 321st Wing was selected for inactivation by the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. ^[33] The squadron transferred its Minuteman III missiles to the 341st Missile Wing at Malmstrom Air Force Base, Montana to replace the 341st's Minuteman IIs. ^[34] It maintained nuclear alert until it was inactivated in 30 September 1998. ^[28]

Lineage

• Constituted as the 446th Bombardment Squadron (Medium) on 19 June 1942

Activated on 26 June 1942

• Redesignated 446th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 6 March 1944

Inactivated on 12 September 1945

• Redesignated 446th Bombardment Squadron, Light on 5 March 1947

Activated in the reserve on 30 March 1947

Inactivated on 22 June 1949

• Redesignated 446th Bombardment Squadron, Medium on 25 November 1953

Activated on 15 December 1953

Discontinued and inactivated on 25 October 1961

• Redesignated 446th Strategic Missile Squadron on 1 November 1963 and activated (not organized)

Organized on 1 July 1965

Redesignated 446th Missile Squadron on 1 September 1991 ^[35]

Inactivated on 30 September 1998

Assignments

• 321st Bombardment Group, 26 June 1942 – 12 September 1945
• Eleventh Air Force, ^{[lower-alpha 5]} 30 March 1947
• 321st Bombardment Group, 30 September 1947 – 27 June 1949
• 321st Bombardment Wing, 15 December 1953 – 25 October 1961
• Strategic Air Command, 1 November 1963 (not organized)
• 321st Strategic Missile Wing (later 321st Missile Wing), 1 July 1965
• 321st Operations Group, 1 September 1991
• 321st Missile Group, 1 July 1994 ^[35] – 30 September 1998

Stations

Barksdale Field, Louisiana, 26 June 1942 Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina, c. 1 August 1942 Walterboro Army Air Field, South Carolina, 17 September 1942 DeRidder Army Air Base, Louisiana, 1 December 1942 – 21 January 1943 Oujda Airfield, French Morocco, 7 March 1943 Ain M'lila Airfield, Algeria, 12 March 1943 Souk-el-Arba Airfield, Tunisia, 1 June 1943 Soliman Airfield, Tunisia, 9 August 1943 Grottaglie Airfield, Italy, 3 October 1943 Amendola Airfield, Italy, c. 27 November 1943

Vincenzo Airfield, Italy, 14 January 1944 Gaudo Airfield, Italy, 18 February 1944 Solenzara Airfield, Corsica, c. 29 April 1944 Falconara Airfield, Italy, c. 6 April 1945 Pomigliano Airfield, Italy, c. August – 12 September 1945 Johnstown Municipal Airport, Pennsylvania, 30 March 1947 – 27 June 1949 Pinecastle Air Force Base (later McCoy Air Force Base), Florida, 15 December 1953 – 25 October 1961 Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, 1 July 1965 [35] – 30 September 1998

Aircraft and missiles

• North American B-25 Mitchell, 1942–1945
• Boeing B-47E Stratojet, 1953–1961
• LGM-30F Minuteman II, 1965–1973
• LGM-30G Minuteman III, 1972–1998 ^[35]

Awards and campaigns

Award streamer	Award	Dates	Notes
	Distinguished Unit Citation	8 October 1943	Athens, Greece; 446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Distinguished Unit Citation	18 August 1944	Toulon, France; 446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 July 1968–30 June 1969	446th Strategic Missile Squadron [2]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 July 1984–30 June 1986	446th Strategic Missile Squadron [2]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 June 1986–30 June 1987	446th Strategic Missile Squadron [2] [lower-alpha 6]
	Air Force Outstanding Unit Award	1 October 1994–30 September 1996	446th Missile Squadron [36]

Campaign Streamer	Campaign	Dates	Notes
	Tunisia	12 March 1943–13 May 1943	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Air Combat, EAME Theater	12 March 1943–11 May 1945	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Sicily	14 May 1943–17 August 1943	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Naples-Foggia	18 August 1943–21 January 1944	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Rome-Arno	22 January 1944–9 September 1944	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Central Europe	22 March 1944–21 May 1945	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Southern France	15 August 1944–14 September 1944	446th Bombardment Squadron [2] >
	North Apennines	10 September 1944–4 April 1945	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]
	Po Valley	3 April 1945–8 May 1945	446th Bombardment Squadron [2]

See also

47°57′40″N097°24′04″W / 47.96111°N 97.40111°W / 47.96111; -97.40111 (Grand Forks AFB)

• List of United States Air Force missile squadrons
• 446th Missile Squadron Launch Facilities
• List of B-47 units of the United States Air Force

References

Notes

Explanatory notes

1. The 1956 emblem was placed on a disc to comply with USAF standards for squadron emblems. The horizontal dividing line was lowered as well. USAF Fact Sheet.
2. Approved 4 May 1956. Description: A shield quartered: The per fess division line enhanced; first and fourth quarters azure; second and third quarters argent; superimposed over all a sphere, land areas green, water areas light blue; encircling the sphere a modernistic wing with speed lines of the first and second colors; above the demisphere [sic] a tiger, in his proper colors, resting his paws on the top of the sphere.
3. Apparently, this emblem never received official approval, although it was used by the squadron. Watkins, p. 86.
4. Despite its mission of training bomber crews, the 3540th was designated as the 3540th Flying Training Wing (Fighter). Manning, p. 87. With the transfer to SAC, the 3540th became the 4240th Flying Training Wing and the fighter parenthetical was eliminated.
5. This headquarters is not related to Eleventh Air Force, but was briefly active at Olmsted Air Force Base, Pennsylvania and responsible for managing reserve and National Guard air force units in the Middle Atlantic during the 1940s.
6. Air Force Personnel Services lists the start date for this award as 1 July 1986, which is consistent with the end date of the previous award.

Citations

1. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 551-552
2. Staff historian. "U.S. Air Force Fact Sheet 446 Missile Squadron". Air Force Historical Research Agency. Archived from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
3. Watkins, pp. 86-87
4. Maurer, Combat Squadrons, pp. 550-554
5. Maurer, Combat Units, pp 201-202
6. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, 1 August 1942-31 January 1943" (PDF). p. 38. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
7. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943" (PDF). p. 13. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
8. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943" (PDF). p. 31. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
9. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, February 1943" (PDF). p. 45. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
10. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 8. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
11. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 16. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
12. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 21. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
13. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, March 1943" (PDF). p. 25. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
14. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, October 1943" (PDF). p. 39. Retrieved 6 June 2024.
15. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, August 1944" (PDF). pp. 156, 15, 164. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
16. "321st Bombardment Group and Squadron War Diaries, July - September 1945" (PDF). p. 54. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
17. "Abstract, Mission Project Closeup, Continental Air Command". Air Force History Index. 27 December 1961. Retrieved 24 March 2014.
18. Knaack, p. 25
19. Manning, p. 75
20. Manning, p. 95
21. Ravenstein, Combat Wings, pp. 172-173
22. Narducci, p. 2
23. Schake, p. 220 (note 43)
24. SAC Missile Chronology, p. 43
25. 321st Missile Wing at Grand Forks, p. 8
26. No byline. "Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): 446th Missile Squadron". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
27. 321st Missile Wing at Grand Forks, p. 4
28. No byline. "Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): 321st Missile Wing". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
29. SAC Missile Chronology, p. 51
30. Kirk, Jim. "Grand Forks AFB Minuteman Missile Site Coordinates". University of Wyoming. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
31. SAC Missile Chronology, p. 48
32. No byline (29 September 2015). "Factsheets: 20th Air Force". Twentieth Air Force, Commander's Action Group. Archived from the original on 1 October 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2024.
33. Fields, Dave (2024). "Wing VI - GrandForks Air Force Base". Minuteman Missile, A Tribute To The ICBM Program. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
34. Anonymous. "321st Missile Group". Association of Air Force Missileers. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
35. Lineage, including assignments, stations and missiles through July 1994 in USAF Fact Sheet.
36. "Air Force Personnel Services: Unit Awards". Air Force Personnel Center. Retrieved 11 June 2024. (search)

Bibliography

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

• Knaack, Marcelle Size (1978). Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems (PDF). Vol. 2, Post-World War II Bombers 1945-1973. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-59-5 . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Manning, Thomas A.; Aschcroft, Bruce A.; Emmons, Richard H.; Hussey, Ann K.; Mason, Joseph L. (2005). History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002 (PDF). Randolph AFB, Texas: Office of History and Research, Headquarters, Air Education and Training Command. ASIN   B000NYX3PC. ISBN   978-1376984057 . Retrieved 27 June 2019.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1983) [1961]. Air Force Combat Units of World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-02-1. LCCN   61060979 . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Maurer, Maurer, ed. (1982) [1969]. Combat Squadrons of the Air Force, World War II (PDF) (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-405-12194-6. LCCN   70605402. OCLC   72556.
• Narducci, Henry M. (1988). Strategic Air Command and the Alert Program: A Brief History. Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. Retrieved 18 February 2018.
• Ravenstein, Charles A. (1984). Air Force Combat Wings, Lineage & Honors Histories 1947-1977 . Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History. ISBN   0-912799-12-9 . Retrieved 17 December 2016.
• Schake, Col Kurt W. (1998). Strategic Frontier: American Bomber Bases Overseas, 1950-1960 (PDF). Trondheim, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology. ISBN   978-8277650241 . Retrieved 27 July 2015.
• Watkins, Robert A. (2009). Insignia and Aircraft Markings of the U.S. Army Air Force In World War II. Vol. IV, European-African-Middle Eastern Theater of Operations. Atglen, PA: Shiffer Publishing, Ltd. ISBN   978-0-7643-3401-6.
• SAC Missile Chronology 1939-1988 (PDF). Offutt AFB, NE: Office of the Historian, Strategic Air Command. 1990. ISBN   978-1521159439 . Retrieved 29 January 2018.
• Anonymous. "321st Missile Wing at Grand Forks: Cold War Legacy" (PDF). 321st Missile Wing History Office. Retrieved 10 June 2024.