Aftermath of the Afghanistan War (2001–2021)

Last updated

The war in Afghanistan ended with the Taliban victorious when the United States withdrew its troops from Afghanistan. The aftermath has been characterized by marked change in the social and political order of Afghanistan as Taliban took over the country once again after the fall of Kabul in 2021. [1]

Contents

The aftermath has included the disintegration of the US-trained and funded Afghan Army, and a humanitarian and economic crisis due to the effects of the war, suspension of foreign aid, frozen monetary assets, and drought. [2] Conflict has continued in Afghanistan, with the continuing conflict with the Islamic State, and a Republican insurgency against the Taliban in multiple provinces. [3]

Background

The United States has been involved in the war, in one way or another, for forty-two years. [4] They funded and armed the Afghan mujahideen fighting against Soviet-backed communist government. [4] In 2001, U.S. took control of Afghanistan after the invasion. During U.S. Army's stay in Afghanistan, they trained Afghan Army. It is estimated that the United States spent more than $80 billion to train the Afghan Army so they could defend their government after the withdrawal. [5]

Some events during the same period, such as U.S. Marines urinating on Taliban fighters, Maywand District murders, and the Kandahar massacre, undermined public support for the government. [6]

Aftermath

Collapse of Afghan Army

Following the withdrawal of NATO troops from Afghanistan in the summer of 2021, in addition to a rapid offensive conducted by the Taliban, the Afghan National Army largely disintegrated, [7] with large numbers of ANA soldiers abandoning their posts or surrendering en masse to the Taliban, [8] allowing the Taliban to capture large quantities of US-provided military equipment, vehicles and aircraft. [9] Soon, all the regional forces of the ANA had dissolved, with the exception of the 201st Corps and the 111th Capital Division, both of which were headquartered in Kabul, which was now surrounded by the Taliban. On 15 August 2021, the Taliban entered the outskirts of Kabul from multiple directions, beginning the fall of Kabul. On the same day, President Ashraf Ghani fled the country to Dubai. [10] It was reported that ANA soldiers were fleeing to neighbouring countries in droves, some on foot and others onboard Afghan Air Force aircraft. At 8:55 pm local time, Taliban forces seized the Arg and raised their flag, soon afterwards declaring the restoration of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.

As many as 150,000 Afghans who assisted the United States remained in Afghanistan, including individuals who worked closely with US military forces. [11] Hundreds of former members of the Afghan Special Forces have been refused resettlement to the UK. [12] [13] One former UK Special Forces officer told the BBC that "At a time when certain actions by UK Special Forces are under investigation by a public inquiry, their headquarters also had the power to prevent former Afghan Special Forces colleagues and potential witnesses to these actions from getting safely to the UK." [14]

Formation of the Taliban government and international recognition

Taliban militants at a market in Kabul, September 2021. A vendor selling Islamic Emirate apparel can be seen. Daily Life in Afghanistan's Capital 30.jpg
Taliban militants at a market in Kabul, September 2021. A vendor selling Islamic Emirate apparel can be seen.

On 7 September 2021, an interim government headed by Mohammad Hassan Akhund as Prime Minister was declared by the Taliban. [15] [16] [17] The Taliban also requested to send a new envoy to the UN to represent Afghanistan in the future. If accepted, it would be a milestone towards international recognition. This, however, appears unlikely due to the economic collapse and political infighting that soon engulfed the recently reestablished emirate. [18]

According to a Human Rights Watch report released in November 2021, the Taliban killed or forcibly disappeared more than 100 former members of the Afghan security forces in the three months since the takeover in just the four provinces of Ghazni, Helmand, Kandahar, and Kunduz. According to the report, the Taliban identified targets for arrest and execution through intelligence operations and access to employment records that were left behind. Former members of the security forces were also killed by the Taliban within days of registering with them to receive a letter guaranteeing their safety. [19]

Republican insurgency

On 17 August 2021, Vice President Amrullah Saleh, citing provisions of the Constitution of Afghanistan, declared himself President of Afghanistan from a base of operations in the Panjshir Valley, which had not been taken by Taliban forces, and vowed to continue military operations against the Taliban from there. [20] His claim to the presidency was endorsed by Ahmad Massoud and Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Minister of Defence Bismillah Khan Mohammadi. [20] The Panjshir-based resistance recaptured the provincial capital of Charikar on 17 August 2021. [21] By 6 September the Taliban had regained control over most of the valley, but armed resistance continued in the upper valleys. Clashes in the valley mostly ceased by mid-September. [22] The leaders of the resistance, Saleh and Massoud reportedly fled to neighboring Tajikistan in late September. [23]

Islamic State activity

Following the 2021 Kabul airport attack conducted by the terrorist group Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province (a branch of the ISIL), the US and the Taliban have mutually agreed together to fight against the ISIS terrorists in the International military intervention against ISIL. [24] [25] [26] [27]

Since the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, Islamic State's affiliate's attacks in Afghanistan have surged, particularly on minorities such as Hazaras. [28] [29] In 2021, Afghanistan suffered large number of casualties and top the list issued after a global survey of Islamic State casualties. [30] As of September 2022, about thirteen attacks against Hazaras have been attributed to Islamic State. [29]

War crimes

In October 2021, the chief prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim Ahmad Khan, indicated that they will open cases related to war crimes in Afghanistan. [31] [32] The court will not investigate alleged crimes by the U.S. and its allies, [31] due to a law enacted by the U.S. called American Service-Members' Protection Act and bilateral treaties with friendly countries, [33] which protects U.S. military personnel from international prosecution. [33]

Humanitarian crisis

Following the Taliban takeover, western nations suspended humanitarian aid and the World Bank and International Monetary Fund also halted payments to Afghanistan. [34] [35] The Biden administration froze about $9 billion in assets belonging to the Afghan central banks, blocking the Taliban from accessing billions of dollars held in US bank accounts. [2]

In October, the UN stated that more than half of Afghanistan's 39 million people faced an acute food shortage. [36] [37] [38] According to The New York Times, "the crisis is, in large part, American-made, imposed by deliberate policy choices with results that were predicted months in advance." They also cited factors such as drought, which has damaged food production, and the fighting during the Taliban takeover, which has disrupted basic services and displaced many to cities. [39] On October 20, Taliban's chief spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid told CBS News that "On the one hand they say a million children will die, but on the other, the US are holding our money. The US should release our money so we can save more children." [2]

On 11 November 2021, the Human Rights Watch reported that Afghanistan is facing widespread famine due to collapsed economy and broken banking system. The UN World Food Program has also issued multiple warnings of worsening food insecurity. [35] World leaders pledged $1.2 billion in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. [2]

On 22 December 2021, The United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted a US-proposed resolution to help humanitarian aid reach desperate Afghans, while seeking to keep funds out of Taliban hands. The Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs, Martin Griffiths, described the council's passage of resolution 2615 (2021) as “evidence of how seriously Member States take the shocking levels of need and suffering in the country.” [40]

Support in form of wheat has been provided by various countries, including India. [41]

In December 2023, speaking about the situation in Afghanistan, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus said that 30% of the Afghan population was facing acute food insecurity, adding that "Close to 1 million children are severely malnourished and 2.3 million are suffering from moderate acute malnutrition. WHO needs $ 185 million to continue providing medicine and supporting hospitals to prevent more Afghan children and women from dying of malnutrition and the consequences of food insecurity." [42]

Economic crisis

An already fragile economy worsened further in the aftermath. [43] [44] Due to sanctions and high energy prices, poverty level has increased in the country. [43] An economic crisis brewed in the country when the United States decided to freeze Da Afghanistan Bank's, the central bank of Afghanistan, assets of $9.5bn. [45] This increased selling pressure on its currency, Afghan afghani, and it extended a significant drop in value. [46] An already broken banking system has collapsed further and has given rise to the hawala and related crimes in the country. [47] About 80 percent Afghans are facing debt due to this economic crisis. [48] Many Afghans withdrew and closed their bank accounts because of losing trust in the banking system and over economic and financial sanctions against Afghanistan and the country is cut-off from the SWIFT financial network. [49]

Deportation of undocumented Afghans from Iran and Pakistan

On 3 October 2023, Pakistan's Interior Minister Sarfraz Bugti ordered that all undocumented immigrants, particularly the nearly 1.73 million Afghan nationals, voluntarily leave the country by 1 November 2023 or face deportation in a crackdown. [50] [51] Iran also decided to deport Afghan refugees back to Afghanistan. [52] Taliban authorities condemned the deportations of Afghans as an "inhuman act." [53]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghanistan</span> Country in Central Asia

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. It is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, Tajikistan to the northeast, and China to the northeast and east. Occupying 652,864 square kilometers (252,072 sq mi) of land, the country is predominantly mountainous with plains in the north and the southwest, which are separated by the Hindu Kush mountain range. Kabul is the country's capital and largest city. According to the World Population review, as of 2023, Afghanistan's population is 43 million. The National Statistics Information Authority of Afghanistan estimated the population to be 32.9 million as of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmad Shah Massoud</span> Afghan military leader (1953–2001)

Ahmad Shah Massoud was an Afghan military leader and politician. He was a guerrilla commander during the resistance against the Soviet occupation during the Soviet–Afghan War from 1979 to 1989. In the 1990s, he led the government's military wing against rival militias; after the Taliban takeover, he was the leading opposition commander against their regime until his assassination in 2001.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taliban</span> Militant organization in control of Afghanistan

The Taliban, which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is an Afghan political and militant movement with an ideology comprising elements of Pashtun nationalism and the Deobandi movement of Islamic fundamentalism. It ruled approximately 75% of Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001, before it was overthrown by an American invasion after the September 11th attacks carried out by the Taliban's ally al-Qaeda. The Taliban recaptured Kabul in August 2021 following the departure of coalition forces, after 20 years of Taliban insurgency, and now controls the entire country. The Taliban government is not recognized by any country and has been internationally condemned for restricting human rights, including women's rights to work and have an education.

The following lists events that happened during 2001 in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Afghanistan (1992–present)</span> Fall of Najibullah to present

This article on the history of Afghanistan covers the period from the fall of the Najibullah government in 1992 to the end of the international military presence in Afghanistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panjshir Province</span> Province of Afghanistan

Panjshir is one of the thirty-four provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country containing the Panjshir Valley. The province is divided into seven districts and contains 512 villages. As of 2021, the population of Panjshir province was about 173,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Panjshir Valley</span> Valley in northeastern Afghanistan

The Panjshir Valley is a valley in northeastern Afghanistan, 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Kabul, near the Hindu Kush mountain range. It is divided by the Panjshir River. The valley is home to more than 100,000 people, including Afghanistan's largest concentration of ethnic Tajiks as of 1997. In April 2004, it became the heart of the new Panjshir Province, having previously been part of Parwan Province. Politically, this province has been considered the start point of Afghanistan's Jihad period against the Soviets. This province is also the birthplace of Afghanistan's national hero, Ahmad Shah Massoud.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Alliance</span> 1996–2001 anti-Taliban military front in Afghanistan

The Northern Alliance, officially known as the United Islamic National Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan, was a military alliance of groups that operated between early 1992 and 2001 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. At that time, many non-Pashtun Northerners originally with the Republic of Afghanistan led by Mohammad Najibullah became disaffected with Pashtun Khalqist Afghan Army officers holding control over non-Pashtun militias in the North. Defectors such as Rashid Dostum and Abdul Momim allied with Ahmad Shah Massoud and Ali Mazari forming the Northern Alliance. The alliance's capture of Mazar-i-Sharif and more importantly the supplies kept there crippled the Afghan military and began the end of Najibullah's government. Following the collapse of Najibullah's government the Alliance would fall with a Second Civil War breaking out however following the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan's (Taliban) takeover of Kabul, The United Front was reassembled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)</span> 1996–2001 civil war in Afghanistan

The 1996–2001 Afghan Civil War, also known as the Third Afghan Civil War, took place between the Taliban's conquest of Kabul and their establishing of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on 27 September 1996, and the US and UK invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October 2001: a period that was part of the Afghan Civil War that had started in 1989, and also part of the war in Afghanistan that had started in 1978.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Amrullah Saleh</span> First Vice President of Afghanistan from 2020 to 2021

Amrullah Saleh is an Afghan politician who served as the first vice president of Afghanistan from February 2020 to August 2021, and acting interior minister from 2018 to 2019. He was the head of the National Directorate of Security (NDS) from 2004 to 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Afghan conflict</span> Near-continuous series of wars in Afghanistan

The Afghan conflict is a term that refers to the series of events that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s. Early instability followed the collapse of the Kingdom of Afghanistan in the largely non-violent 1973 coup d'état, which deposed Afghan monarch Mohammad Zahir Shah in absentia, ending his 40-year-long reign. With the concurrent establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan, headed by Mohammad Daoud Khan, the country's relatively peaceful and stable period in modern history came to an end. However, all-out fighting did not erupt until after 1978, when the Saur Revolution violently overthrew Khan's government and established the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan. Subsequent unrest over the radical reforms that were being pushed by the then-ruling People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) led to unprecedented violence, prompting a large-scale pro-PDPA military intervention by the Soviet Union in 1979. In the ensuing Soviet–Afghan War, the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen received extensive support from Pakistan, the United States, and Saudi Arabia in a joint covert effort that was dubbed Operation Cyclone.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State – Khorasan Province</span> Islamic State branch in Central and South Asia

The Islamic State – Khorasan Province is a regional branch of the Salafi jihadist group Islamic State (IS) active in South-Central Asia, primarily Afghanistan and Pakistan. ISIS–K seeks to destabilize and replace current governments within the historic Khorasan region with the goal of establishing a caliphate across South and Central Asia, governed under a strict interpretation of Islamic sharia law, which they plan to expand beyond the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic State–Taliban conflict</span> 2015–present armed conflict in Afghanistan

The Islamic State–Taliban conflict is an ongoing insurgency by the Islamic State Khorasan Province (IS-KP) against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. The conflict initially began when both operated as rival insurgent groups in Nangarhar; since the formation of the Taliban's state in 2021, IS-KP members have enacted a campaign of terrorism targeting both civilians and assassinating Taliban members using hit-and-run tactics. The group have also caused incidents and attacks across the border in Pakistan.

The year 2021 in Afghanistan was marked by a major offensive from the Taliban beginning in May and the Taliban capturing Kabul in August.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall of Kabul (2021)</span> Taliban capture of the capital of Afghanistan

On 15 August 2021, Afghanistan's capital city of Kabul was captured by the Taliban after a major insurgent offensive that began in May 2021. It was the final action of the War in Afghanistan, and marked a total victory for the Taliban. This led to the overthrowing of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the control of the Taliban.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic Republic of Afghanistan</span> 2004–2021 government of Afghanistan

The Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was a presidential republic in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2021. The state was established to replace the Afghan interim (2001–2002) and transitional (2002–2004) administrations, which were formed after the 2001 United States invasion of Afghanistan that had toppled the partially recognized Taliban-ruled Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. However, on 15 August 2021, the country was recaptured by the Taliban, which marked the end of the 2001–2021 war, the longest war in US history. This led to the overthrow of the Islamic Republic, led by President Ashraf Ghani, and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate under the control of the Taliban. While the United Nations still recognizes the Islamic Republic as the legitimate government of Afghanistan, this toppled regime controls no portion of the country today, nor does it operate in exile; it effectively no longer exists. The Islamic Emirate is the de facto ruling government. The US–Taliban deal, signed on 29 February 2020 in Qatar, was one of the critical events that caused the collapse of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF). Following the deal, the US dramatically reduced the number of air attacks and deprived the ANSF of a critical edge in fighting the Taliban insurgency, leading to the Taliban takeover of Kabul.

The National Resistance Front of Afghanistan (NRF), also known as the Second Resistance, is a military alliance of former Northern Alliance members and other anti-Taliban fighters loyal to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The founder and president of NRF is Ahmad Massoud. When the Taliban captured Afghanistan on 15 August 2021, former first vice president Amrullah Saleh, citing provisions of the 2004 Constitution, declared himself the caretaker president of Afghanistan and announced the republican resistance against the Taliban. Saleh's claim to the presidency was endorsed by Ahmad Massoud, as well as by former Afghan Minister of Defence Bismillah Mohammadi, and the Afghan embassy in Tajikistan including its ambassador Mohammad Zahir Aghbar.

The republican insurgency in Afghanistan is an ongoing low-level guerrilla war between the National Resistance Front and allied groups which fight under the banner of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan on one side, and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan on the other side. On 17 August 2021, former first vice president of Afghanistan Amrullah Saleh declared himself the "caretaker" president of Afghanistan and announced the resistance. On 26 August, a brief ceasefire was declared. On 1 September, talks broke down and fighting resumed as the Taliban attacked resistance positions.

Protests in Afghanistan against the Taliban started on 17 August 2021 following the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban. These protests are held by Islamic democrats and feminists. Both groups are against the treatment of women by the Taliban government, considering it as discriminatory and misogynistic. Supported by the National Resistance Front of Afghanistan, the protesters also demand decentralization, multiculturalism, social justice, work, education, and food. There have been pro-Taliban counterprotests.

On 15 August 2021, the city of Kabul, the capital of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, was captured by Taliban forces during the 2021 Taliban offensive, concluding the War in Afghanistan that began in 2001. The fall of Kabul provoked a range of reactions across the globe, including debates on whether to recognize the Taliban as the government of Afghanistan, on the humanitarian situation in the country, on the outcome of the War, and the role of military interventionism in world affairs.

References

  1. ↑ "Timeline: U.S. War in Afghanistan".
  2. 1 2 3 4 "Taliban blames U.S. as 1 million Afghan kids face death by starvation". CBS News. 20 October 2021.
  3. ↑ "The Ongoing Aftermath of the Afghan War". 15 June 2022.
  4. 1 2 "Five Ways the U.S. Created and Prolonged the Afghan Crisis". 20 August 2021.
  5. ↑ "Why the Afghan Army Folded". The Atlantic . 17 August 2021.
  6. ↑ "The Kill Team: How U.S. Soldiers in Afghanistan Murdered Innocent Civilians". Rolling Stone . 28 March 2011.
  7. ↑ Robertson, Nic. "Afghanistan is disintegrating fast as Biden's troop withdrawal continues". CNN. Retrieved 2021-08-15.
  8. ↑ Lieven, Anatol (16 August 2021). "Opinion: Why Afghan Forces So Quickly Laid Down Their Arms". Politico .
  9. ↑ Chaturvedi, Amit. "Choppers, rifles, humvees: What Taliban captured during Afghanistan blitzkrieg". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
  10. ↑ Turak, Natasha; Macias, Amanda; Graham, Emma (August 18, 2021). "Ousted Afghan President Ashraf Ghani resurfaces in UAE after fleeing Kabul, Emirati government says". cnbc.com. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
  11. ↑ "Nearly two years later, Afghan allies still left hoping for help". Military Times. 22 August 2023.
  12. ↑ "Elite Afghan commandos 'betrayed' by the British and left behind to be hunted down". Sky News. 1 November 2023.
  13. ↑ "Murdered, tortured or in hiding from the Taliban: The special forces abandoned by Britain". The Independent. 1 November 2023.
  14. ↑ "Special forces blocked UK resettlement applications from elite Afghan troops". BBC News. 19 February 2024.
  15. ↑ "گروه طالبان حکومت جدید خود را با رهبری ملا حسن اخوند اعلام کرد". BBC News فارسی.
  16. ↑ "Taliban announce new government for Afghanistan". BBC News. 7 September 2021.
  17. ↑ Whiteside, Philip (7 September 2021). "Afghanistan: Who's who in the new Taliban government". Sky News . Sky UK . Retrieved 7 September 2021.
  18. ↑ "Taliban powerless to stop Afghanistan's decline". 22 October 2021.
  19. ↑ "Executions and Enforced Disappearances in Afghanistan under the Taliban". Human Rights Watch. 30 November 2021.
  20. 1 2 "Panjshir flies flag of resistance again; Amrullah says he is President of Afghanistan". Tribune India. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 17 August 2021.
  21. ↑ "Afghan Vice President Saleh's forces retake Charikar area from Taliban – Source". UNI India.
  22. ↑ Huylebroek, Jim; Blue, Victor J. (17 September 2021). "In Panjshir, Few Signs of an Active Resistance, or Any Fight at All". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2021-12-28.
  23. ↑ "Afghan resistance has sanctuary in Tajikistan, but fighting Taliban a 'non-viable prospect'". France 24. FRANCE24.English. 4 October 2021. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  24. ↑ Walsh, Joe (2021-09-01). "U.S. Coordination with Taliban Against ISIS-K 'Possible,' Pentagon Says". Forbes .
  25. ↑ Specia, Megan; Schmitt, Eric; Cooper, Helene (2 September 2021). "Afghanistan: Pentagon Says Working with Taliban Against ISIS-K is 'Possible'". The New York Times.
  26. ↑ Shinkman, Paul D. (2021-09-01). "U.S. Considering Cooperation With Taliban to Fight ISIS-K in Afghanistan: Officials". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  27. ↑ Pannett, Rachel; Francis, Ellen; Berger, Miriam; Westfall, Sammy; Villegas, Paulina (2021-09-02). "U.S. could work with Taliban against terrorists, Pentagon says". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-12-21.
  28. ↑ "Afghanistan: Surge in Islamic State Attacks on Shia". October 25, 2021.
  29. 1 2 "Afghanistan: ISIS Group Targets Religious Minorities". September 6, 2022.
  30. ↑ "Afghanistan Tops 2021 Global Survey of Islamic State Casualties". VOA.
  31. 1 2 "How the U.S. Derailed an Effort to Prosecute Its Crimes in Afghanistan".
  32. ↑ "Statement of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court, Karim A. A. Khan QC, following the application for an expedited order under article 18(2) seeking authorisation to resume investigations in the Situation in Afghanistan".
  33. 1 2 Speri, Alice (October 5, 2021). "How the U.S. Derailed an Effort to Prosecute Its Crimes in Afghanistan". The Intercept.
  34. ↑ "China urges World Bank, IMF to help Afghanistan". News24. 28 October 2021.
  35. 1 2 "Afghanistan Facing Famine: UN, World Bank, US Should Adjust Sanctions, Economic Policies". Human Rights Watch. 11 November 2021.
  36. ↑ "'Countdown to catastrophe': half of Afghans face hunger this winter – UN". The Guardian. 25 October 2021.
  37. ↑ "Afghanistan's hunger crisis is a problem the U.S. can fix". MSNBC. 10 November 2021.
  38. ↑ "Afghanistan: Can the Taliban avert a food crisis without foreign aid?". Deutsche Welle. 11 November 2021.
  39. ↑ "Is the United States Driving Afghanistan Toward Famine?". The New York Times. 29 October 2021.
  40. ↑ "Security Council paves way for aid to reach desperate Afghans". United Nations. 22 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  41. ↑ Pasricha, Anjana (2022-02-22). "India Sends Wheat to Afghanistan through Pakistan". VOA. Retrieved 2022-03-06.
  42. ↑ "Over 1 mn Afghan children facing severe malnutrition, says WHO chief". Business Standard. 22 December 2023.
  43. 1 2 "Afghan Economic Crisis Worsens as Taliban Mark Anniversary".
  44. ↑ "A Year After Taliban Takeover, Afghanistan's Economy Is Still in Crisis – and So Are Its Children". thediplomat.com.
  45. ↑ "US freezes Afghan central bank's assets of $9.5bn". www.aljazeera.com.
  46. ↑ "Afghanistan's currency falls to record low amid ongoing turmoil". www.aljazeera.com.
  47. ↑ "Afghanistan is starving and the West is partly to blame". Deutsche Welle. 2022-08-14.}
  48. ↑ "Afghanistan: Food insecurity and malnutrition threaten 'an entire generation'". UN News. March 15, 2022.
  49. ↑ Abubakar Siddique (29 May 2024). "Distrustful Of The Taliban, A Growing Number Of Afghans Ditch Banks". RFE/RL, Radio Azadi. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  50. ↑ "Pakistan wants undocumented migrants to leave by November 1 or get deported". Al Jazeera. October 3, 2023.
  51. ↑ "Exclusive: Pakistan deported Afghans waiting for US resettlement". Reuters. 26 December 2023.
  52. ↑ "Afghans Banned From 16 Provinces In Iran As Forced Exodus Continues". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 4 December 2023.
  53. ↑ "Taliban: Iran Deports Almost 350,000 Afghans Within 3 Months". VOA News. 11 December 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.