Architecture of Buffalo, New York

Last updated

Art Deco detail of Buffalo City Hall Buffalo City Hall.jpg
Art Deco detail of Buffalo City Hall
Niagara Square during the Taste of Buffalo in 2008 Taste of buffalo 2008.jpg
Niagara Square during the Taste of Buffalo in 2008

The Architecture of Buffalo, New York , particularly the buildings constructed between the American Civil War and the Great Depression, is said to have created a new, distinctly American form of architecture and to have influenced design throughout the world. [1]

Contents

History

Buffalo's original plan from the early 19th century was loosely based on Pierre Charles L'Enfant's 1791 plan for Washington, an Americanized version of Paris's system of radiating boulevards. Buffalo's radial street grid was designed by Joseph Ellicott and complemented by a system of parks and parkways designed by Frederick Law Olmsted. Buffalo was the first city for which Olmsted designed an interconnected park and parkway system rather than stand-alone parks.

Aerial view of Buffalo's skyline. At center is the Robert H. Jackson United States Courthouse and the Art Deco Buffalo City Hall, with the Buffalo City Court Building to the right. On the far right is One Seneca Tower, formerly the HSBC Building. Buffalo Panorama 2015.jpg
Aerial view of Buffalo's skyline. At center is the Robert H. Jackson United States Courthouse and the Art Deco Buffalo City Hall, with the Buffalo City Court Building to the right. On the far right is One Seneca Tower, formerly the HSBC Building.

During the Centennial Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Frederick Law Olmsted declared Buffalo to be "the best planned city, as to its streets, public places, and grounds, in the United States, if not in the world." [2]

According to The New York Times architecture writer Nicolai Ourousoff:

Buffalo was founded on a rich tradition of architectural experimentation. The architects who worked here were among the first to break with European traditions to create an aesthetic of their own, rooted in American ideals about individualism, commerce and social mobility. [1]

The city contains buildings designed by American architecture masters like Frank Lloyd Wright, Louis Sullivan, and Henry Hobson Richardson, making Buffalo one of the most architecturally significant cities in America. It also contains many buildings designed by modern architects including Minoru Yamasaki, Toshiko Mori, Marcel Breuer [3] and Harrison & Abramovitz.

Tallest buildings

RankBuildingHeight
feet/meters		FloorsYear
1 One Seneca Center 529 / 161401972
2 Buffalo City Hall 398 / 121321931
3 Rand Building 391 / 119291929
4 Main Place Tower 350 / 107261969
5 Liberty Building 345 / 105231945
6 One M&T Plaza 317 / 97211966
7 Electric Tower 294 / 90141912
8 St. Paul's Cathedral 275 / 84N/A1851
9 50 Fountain Plaza 275 / 84171990
10 Buffalo Central Terminal 271 / 83201929

Notable architects

Numerous architects and landscape architects have constructed landmark buildings and park systems of varying styles in Buffalo. They include:

Frank Lloyd Wright, 1926 Frank Lloyd Wright LC-USZ62-36384.jpg
Frank Lloyd Wright, 1926

Landmarks, monuments and public places

Panorama view of Buffalo in 1911, with the Prudential (Guaranty) Building left of middle Buffalo Panorama 1911.jpg
Panorama view of Buffalo in 1911, with the Prudential (Guaranty) Building left of middle

The Albright–Knox Art Gallery was designed in 1890 architect Edward Brodhead Green and funded by Buffalo entrepreneur and philanthropist, John J. Albright, a wealthy Buffalo industrialist. It was originally intended to be used as the Fine Arts Pavilion for the Pan-American Exposition in 1901, but delays in its construction caused it to remain uncompleted until 1905. In 1962, a new addition was made to the gallery through the contributions of Seymour H. Knox II and his family, and many other donors. At this time the museum was renamed the Albright–Knox Art Gallery. The new building was designed by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill architect Gordon Bunshaft, who is noted for the Lever House in New York City. The Albright–Knox Art Gallery is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.

Buffalo Central Terminal

The Buffalo Central Terminal is a 17-story Art Deco style station designed by architects Fellheimer & Wagner and built in 1929 for the New York Central Railroad. The terminal "was built to handle over 200 trains and 10,000 passengers daily, as well as 1,500 New York Central employees. It included shops, a restaurant, soda fountain, parking garage and all other services required for daily passenger operations." [4] It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 7, 1984.

Buffalo City Court Building

The Buffalo City Court Building is named Frank A. Sedita City Court (for Buffalo mayor Frank A. Sedita), and designed by Pfohl, Roberts and Biggie. It is a 10-story court house built in 1974 and located in Niagara Square and adjacent to Buffalo City Hall. The structure is a classic example of Brutalist architecture; its façade is dominated by large Precast concrete panels with narrow windows. The design was conceived with limited windows in order to keep the courtrooms and judges' chambers free from outside distraction. [5]

Buffalo City Hall

Buffalo City Hall is a 32-story Art Deco building and was completed in 1931 by Dietel, Wade & Jones. Its walls are faced with Ohio sandstone and gray Minnesota limestone, above a base of gray granite. The exterior and interior are adorned with symbolic figures and decorations representing Buffalo's history, including the Iroquois Indians, the steel industry, law and education, electrical energy, and the waterfront community. In the lobby, there are four statues, "each which represent the characteristic of good citizenship, Virtue, Diligence, Service, and Fidelity." [6] It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 15, 1999.

Buffalo History Museum

Buffalo History Museum Buffalo&Erie County Historical Society.jpg
Buffalo History Museum

The Buffalo History Museum was constructed in 1901 as the New York State pavilion for the Pan-American Exposition of 1901 and is the sole surviving permanent structure from the exposition. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 23, 1980, and designated a National Historic Landmark on February 27, 1987.

Buffalo Main Light

The Buffalo Main Light, also known as The Buffalo Lighthouse, is Buffalo's oldest building. It was built in 1833 and deactivated in 1914. It appears on the city seal at the mouth of the Buffalo River. It is also one of the oldest lighthouses on the Great Lakes. The walls of the tapered, unpainted octagonal limestone tower are four feet thick at the base and rise to 44 feet in height. The foundation material was stone molehead and the lighthouse was constructed out of limestone and cast iron. The shape of the tower was octagonal and was 60 feet (18 m) high. The lens installed in 1857 was a third order Fresnel lens. [7] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.

Delaware Park System

Delaware Park Casino MarcyCasino2021.jpg
Delaware Park Casino

The Delaware Park System is a historic park system and national historic district located in the northern and western sections of Buffalo. The park system was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux and developed between 1868 and 1876. The Park System comprises many parks, Delaware Park being the largest (encompassing 376 acres). There are also Gates Circle, Chapin Parkway, Soldier's Place, Lincoln Parkway, Bidwell Parkway, and Front Park, among others. The park system was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Larkin Administration Building

Larkin Administration Building, 1906 LarkinAdministrationBuilding1906.jpg
Larkin Administration Building, 1906

The Larkin Administration Building was Frank Lloyd Wright's first commission in Buffalo. Larkin executive Darwin D. Martin hired Wright to design a building that would house the large number of clerks needed to operate the mail-order business for the Larkin Soap Company. Because the building would be located in an industrial part of town, it was necessary to make the building as attractive as possible to women, who made up the bulk of the white collar work force. [8]

The Larkin building was Wright's first commercial commission [9] and he designed not just the building, but also the furniture, light fixtures and the china for the workers' cafeteria. Where possible, files and furniture were built into the structure, and he created desks with attached chairs that could swivel to save room. Wright included a pipe organ for lunchtime entertainment, a lending library and a conservatory to allow employees to rest and commune with nature. The Larkin Administration Building is significant for its comprehensive design, where every element performed a specific task, as well as being the first modern office building that separated blue-collar and white-collar workers.

The Larkin Company went out of business in 1937, and the building was sold. Eventually, the City of Buffalo took it over for back taxes planning to demolish it for a trucking plaza. Despite community outcry, the building was torn down in 1950.

Old Post Office

Old Post Office, 2009 Old Post Office Buffalo NY Full View Dec 09.JPG
Old Post Office, 2009

The Old Post Office is a historic post office building located at 121 Ellicott Street in Buffalo in Erie County, New York. It was designed by the then Office of the Supervising Architect, Jeremiah O'Rourke, when construction started in 1897. The $1.5 million (equivalent to $52,764,000in 2022) building opened in 1901 during the tenure of James Knox Taylor and operated as Buffalo's central post office until 1963 and was the tallest building in the city from 1901 to 1912. The highly ornamented Gothic Revival style four-story building features a 244-foot tower over the central entrance and a roofed courtyard. It was subsequently occupied by federal offices. [10] Since 1981, it has been home to the city campus of Erie Community College. Its tower is 74.4 meters tall. [11] [12]

Prudential (Guaranty) Building

The Prudential (Guaranty) Building was completed in 1896 and was designed by Chicago architect's Louis Sullivan and Dankmar Adler. It remains one of the first skyscrapers ever built with a steel structure and is embellished with terra cotta blocks. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 20, 1973, and designated a National Historic Landmark on May 15, 1975.

Richardson Olmsted Complex

Richardson Olmsted Complex, 2009 H.H. Richardson complex.jpg
Richardson Olmsted Complex, 2009

The Richardson Olmsted Complex is a grouping of Medina red sandstone and brick hospital buildings designed in 1870 in the Kirkbride Plan by architect Henry Hobson Richardson with grounds by landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted. The complex was the largest commission of Richardson's career and marks the beginning of his characteristic "Romanesque Revival" style known as "Richardsonian Romanesque." It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 12, 1973, and designated a National Historic Landmark on June 24, 1986.

Sculptures and monuments

Michelangelo's David, 2009 David in Buffalo.jpg
Michelangelo's David, 2009

There are several sculptures and monuments located throughout the city, including:

Residential

Birge-Horton House

Birge-Horton House, 2009 20090412 Birge-Horton House.JPG
Birge-Horton House, 2009

The Birge-Horton House was designed in 1895 by the Buffalo architectural firm of Green and Wicks and is a Georgian Revival style row house in "The Midway" section of Delaware Avenue. It is a four-story brick house with stone trim. The house is situated within the boundaries of the Allentown Historic District. [25] The Birge-Horton House was the last of the thirteen luxury row houses built from 1893–1895. All were four-story houses, and each house is the work of varying architects and of different designs; however, they give an overall appearance of unified composition because of similarities in height, width, and construction materials.

Charles W. Goodyear House

The Charles W. Goodyear House was designed by Buffalo architect Edward Green, of the Buffalo architecture firm Green & Wicks, and was completed in 1903 at a cost of $500,000 (equivalent to $16,285,000in 2022). The home was built for Charles and Ella Goodyear. The house is located in the Delaware Avenue Historic District, a federally designated historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1974. The exterior of the 2+1⁄2-story house is brick trimmed with stone. The mansard roof includes a row of dormers with pedimented tops with a festooned motif that runs along the roofline above a dentilled cornice. The principal entrance is on the north (right) side of the house denoted by a large arched doorway, bordered on each side by stone urns. The east façade facing Delaware Avenue has a one-story porch with columns, that was later bricked in. [26]

Darwin D. Martin House

Darwin D. Martin House, 2012 Darwin D Martin House, Buffalo, NY.jpg
Darwin D. Martin House, 2012

The Darwin D. Martin House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1903 and 1905 for Darwin D. Martin, an executive of the Larkin Soap Company. Martin chose Wright to design his own house because he was so impressed with Wright and his design for the Larkin Administration Building. [27] The Martin House is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era. Compared to other Prairie Houses, the Martin House is unusually large and has an open plan containing 15 distinctive patterns of nearly 400 art glass windows, designed by Wright, some of which contain over 750 individual pieces of iridescent glass, that act as light screens to connect exterior views to the spaces within. More patterns of art glass were designed for the house than for any other of Wright's Prairie Houses. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 24, 1986, and designated a National Historic Landmark, also on February 24, 1986.

Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site

The Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural National Historic Site, also known as the Ansley Wilcox House, at 641 Delaware Avenue was built in 1840 by George Cary (U.S. Army) originally intended as the Barrack's officer's quarters. After the post was disbanded in 1845, the home reverted to a private residence. Subsequent owners continued to modify the structure adding and demolishing out structures and additions. In the late 19th century, Dexter Rumsey gave the property to his son-in-law Ansley Wilcox and his wife Mary Grace Rumsey. The newest inhabitants made extensive renovations to the structure.

In 1901, while attending the Pan-American Exposition, anarchist Leon Czolgosz shot President William McKinley. Vice-President Theodore Roosevelt rushed back to Buffalo, but arrived only after McKinley had died. Due to the tragic and politically charged circumstances of the President's death, the inauguration was held immediately, and the most appropriate site was determined to be the Wilcox home. Approximately 50 dignitaries, family members and cabinet officials gathered in the front library for the inauguration and Federal Judge John R. Hazel administered the oath. The Wilcoxes continued to live in the home until their deaths in the 1930s. The National Historic Site was authorized on November 2, 1966. As a historic area administered by the National Park Service, it was automatically listed on the National Register of Historic Places the same day.

William Dorsheimer House

The William Dorsheimer House was designed and built in 1868 by Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886) for William Dorsheimer (1832–1888), a prominent local lawyer and Lieutenant Governor of New York. It is located on Delaware Avenue in Buffalo and is a 2+1⁄2-story brick dwelling. It represents the profound influence of French ideas on the arts in the post Civil War period. [28] It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

William R. Heath House

The William R. Heath House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, built in 1904–1905, and is located at 76 Soldiers Place in Buffalo, New York. It is built in the Prairie School architectural style. William Heath was a lawyer who served as office manager, and eventually vice-president, of the Larkin Company in Buffalo. [29] Heath's wife Mary was a sister of Elbert Hubbard, a former Larkin executive. [29] [30] The property was a deep and narrow corner lot, facing a large traffic circle. This presented Wright with the problem of situating a substantial Prairie house, with its characteristically open structure, in a confined space with twice the street exposure. The house was placed with its long axis right up against the Bird Ave. sidewalk with sections of the traffic circle acting as the grounds that a house of this standing would normally possess. [31]

Timeline of notable buildings

Before 1900:

1900–1920:

1920–1939:

1940 to the present:

Styles and schools

Japanese Garden, Delaware Park Buffalo Japanese Garden.JPG
Japanese Garden, Delaware Park

Buffalo architects used many design styles and belonged to a variety of architectural schools. Below is a sample of some of the styles and schools and schools found in Buffalo architecture:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richardsonian Romanesque</span> Architectural style, named for Henry Hobson Richardson

Richardsonian Romanesque is a style of Romanesque Revival architecture named after the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson (1838–1886). The revival style incorporates 11th and 12th century southern French, Spanish, and Italian Romanesque characteristics. Richardson first used elements of the style in his Richardson Olmsted Complex in Buffalo, New York, designed in 1870. Multiple architects followed in this style in the late 19th century; Richardsonian Romanesque later influenced modern styles of architecture as well.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Hobson Richardson</span> American architect

Henry Hobson Richardson, FAIA was an American architect, best known for his work in a style that became known as Richardsonian Romanesque. Along with Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright, Richardson is one of "the recognized trinity of American architecture".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Unity Temple</span> Historic site in Oak Park, Illinois

Unity Temple is a Unitarian Universalist church in Oak Park, Illinois, and the home of the Unity Temple Unitarian Universalist Congregation. It was designed by the American architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and built between 1905 and 1908. Unity Temple is considered to be one of Wright's most important structures dating from the first decade of the twentieth century. Because of its consolidation of aesthetic intent and structure through use of a single material, reinforced concrete, Unity Temple is considered by many architects to be the first modern building in the world. This idea became of central importance to the modern architects who followed Wright, such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and even the post-modernists, such as Frank Gehry. In 2019, along with seven other buildings designed by Wright in the 20th century, Unity Temple was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darwin D. Martin House</span> American historic house in New York (1905)

The Darwin D. Martin House Complex is a historic house museum in Buffalo, New York. The property's buildings were designed by renowned architect Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1903 and 1905. The house is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prairie School</span> Architectural style

Prairie School is a late 19th- and early 20th-century architectural style, most common in the Midwestern United States. The style is usually marked by horizontal lines, flat or hipped roofs with broad overhanging eaves, windows grouped in horizontal bands, integration with the landscape, solid construction, craftsmanship, and discipline in the use of ornament. Horizontal lines were thought to evoke and relate to the wide, flat, treeless expanses of America's native prairie landscape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Barton House</span> Historic house in New York, United States

The George F. Barton House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, built 1903–1904, and is located at 118 Summit Avenue in Buffalo, New York. The Barton House is part of the larger Darwin D. Martin House Complex, considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright's Prairie School era.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delaware Park–Front Park System</span> United States historic place

Delaware Park–Front Park System is a historic park system and national historic district in the northern and western sections of Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The park system was designed by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux and developed between 1868 and 1876.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Richardson Olmsted Complex</span> United States historic place

The Richardson Olmsted Campus in Buffalo, New York, United States, was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986. The site was designed by the American architect Henry Hobson Richardson in concert with the landscape team of Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in the late 1800s, incorporating a system of treatment for people with mental illness developed by Thomas Story Kirkbride. Over the years, as mental health treatment changed and resources were diverted, the buildings and grounds began a slow deterioration. In 2006, the Richardson Center Corporation was formed to restore the buildings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Allentown, Buffalo</span> United States historic place

The Allentown district is a neighborhood in Buffalo, New York. The neighborhood is home to the Allentown Historic District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graycliff</span> Historic house in New York, United States

The Graycliff estate was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1926, and built between 1926 and 1931. It is approximately 17 miles southwest of downtown Buffalo, New York, at 6472 Old Lake Shore Road in the hamlet of Highland-on-the-Lake, with a mailing address of Derby. Situated on a bluff overlooking Lake Erie with sweeping views of downtown Buffalo and the Ontario shore, it is one of the most ambitious and extensive summer estates Wright designed. It is now fully restored and operates as a historic house museum, open for guided tours year round. There is also a summer Market at Graycliff, free and open to the public on select Thursday evenings. Graycliff Conservancy is run by Executive Director Anna Kaplan, who was hired in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James A. Johnson (architect)</span> American architect

James Addison Johnson was an American architect known for his design of various architectural landmarks in Buffalo, New York, and his use of decorative work that many consider a foreshadowing of art deco design.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Brodhead Green</span> American architect

Edward Brodhead Green, very often referred to as E. B. Green, was a major American architect from New York State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William R. Heath House</span> Historic house in Buffalo, New York

The William R. Heath House was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright, built from 1903 to 1905, and is located at 76 Soldiers Place in Buffalo, New York. It is built in the Prairie School architectural style. It is a contributing property in the Elmwood Historic District–East historic district and a City of Buffalo landmark.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Delaware Avenue Historic District (Buffalo, New York)</span> Historic district in New York, United States

Delaware Avenue Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo, New York, United States, and Erie County. It is located along the west side of Delaware Avenue between North Street to the South and Bryant Street to the North.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Dorsheimer House</span> Historic house in New York, United States

William Dorsheimer House is a historic home located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York, that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walter V. Davidson House</span> Historic house in New York, United States

The Walter V. Davidson House, located at 57 Tillinghast Place in Buffalo, New York, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built in 1908. It is an example of Wright's Prairie School architectural style. The house is a contributing property to the Parkside East Historic District, a neighborhood laid out by renowned American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876, and also a City of Buffalo landmark.

Green & Wicks was an architectural firm of Buffalo, New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parkside East Historic District</span> Historic district in New York, United States

Parkside East Historic District is a national historic district located at Buffalo in Erie County, New York. The district is architecturally and historically significant for its association with the 1876 Parks and Parkways Plan for the city of Buffalo developed by Frederick Law Olmsted. It consists of 1,769 contributing structures developed from 1876 to 1936, as a middle class residential neighborhood. The district largely contains single-family dwellings, built in a variety of popular architectural styles, and located along the irregular and curvilinear street pattern developed by Olmsted. The district is located to the east of Buffalo's Delaware Park and includes the Walter V. Davidson House and the separately listed Darwin D. Martin House, both designed by Frank Lloyd Wright.

Esenwein & Johnnson was an architectural firm of Buffalo, New York.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Clement House (Buffalo, New York)</span>

The Clement House, also known as the Red Cross Building, is a 17,000 sq. ft. mansion located in Buffalo, New York that was built in 1913. The house was designed by architect Edward Brodhead Green of Green & Wicks for the president of Marine National Bank, Stephen Merrell Clement and his wife Carolyn. The building is a contributing property to the Delaware Avenue Historic District designated in 1974.

References

  1. 1 2 nytimes.com Nicolai Ourousoff, "Saving Buffalo's Untold Beauty", The New York Times, November 14, 2006.
  2. ↑ Kowsky, Francis (June 2013). The Best Planned City in the World: Olmsted, Vaux, and the Buffalo Park System. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN   978-1-62534-006-1.
  3. ↑ "UB Buildings: Bell Hall". www.buffalo.edu. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
  4. ↑ "History of the Buffalo Central Terminal". buffalocentralterminal.org. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  5. ↑ LaChiusa, Chuck. "City Court Building".
  6. ↑ Schihl, James; Healy, James. "City Hall History". City of Buffalo. Tony DiNatale. Archived from the original on August 12, 2015. Retrieved August 31, 2015.
  7. ↑ "Buildings & Monuments". visitbuffaloniagara.com. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  8. ↑ PBS website
  9. ↑ Terra Stories
  10. ↑ T. Robins Brown (n.d.). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: U.S. Post Office". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved July 25, 2009. See also: "Accompanying three photos".
  11. ↑ "Old Post Office". SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Old Post Office". Emporis.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2007. Retrieved December 25, 2007.
  13. ↑ "DAVID". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  14. ↑ "SOLDIERS AND SAILORS MONUMENT". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  15. ↑ "WILLIAM MCKINLEY MONUMENT". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  16. ↑ "WOLFGANG A. MOZART". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  17. ↑ "ALEXANDER PETOFI". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  18. ↑ "JOHN F. KENNEDY". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  19. ↑ "GIUSEPPE VERDI (ORIGINAL)". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  20. ↑ "FREDERIC CHOPIN". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  21. ↑ "FRANK X. SCHWAB". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  22. ↑ "Indian Hunter". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  23. ↑ "General Daniel Davidson Bidwell". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  24. ↑ "Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry". ci.buffalo.ny.us. Retrieved October 9, 2015.
  25. ↑ Claire L. Ross (January 26, 2004). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Birge--Horton House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved June 14, 2009. See also: "Accompanying four photos".
  26. ↑ "Delaware Avenue Historic District". livingplaces.com. Retrieved September 9, 2015.
  27. ↑ Darwin D. Martin House website
  28. ↑ Francis Kowsky (April 10, 1980). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: William Dorsheimer House". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved June 14, 2009. See also: "Accompanying seven photos".
  29. 1 2 Reyner Banham & Francis R. Kowsky, Buffalo Architecture, pp. 163–164, Buffalo Architectural Guidebook Corporation; 1981.
  30. ↑ Edgar Tafel, Years with Frank Lloyd Wright: Apprentice to Genius, p. 84, Courier Dover Publications; 1985.
  31. ↑ Brendan Gill, Many Masks, pp. 145–146, Da Capo Press; 1998.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.