Automotive industry in Argentina

Last updated

The automotive industry in Argentina is the third largest in Latin America, driving 3% of GDP, 10% of total industrial production, and 10% of total exports in 2023. [1] With a dozen global multinationals [2] and over 200 auto parts [3] companies operating in the country, Argentina's automotive sector is a sophisticated and technologically advanced industry. Argentina has also emerged as a regional production hub in Latin America, exporting over USD $8 billion annually [4] in passenger vehicles, light and heavy commercial vehicles, trucks, motorcycles, and parts primarily to Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Central America. [5]

Contents

The Argentine automotive industry is regulated by the Association of Car Manufacturers (Spanish : Asociación De Fabricantes de Automotores, Adefa), [6] created in 1960, which includes automakers (cars, trucks, and buses). Adefa is part of the International Automobile Manufacturers Association (OICA) based in Paris.

In addition to multinational automakers, several Argentine-owned auto manufacturers operate in the country, including Materfer, [7] ТАТ SA, [8] Helvetica, [9] Crespi, and PurSang, [10] primarily as producers of replicas of classic cars.

History

Early industry

Motor vehicle assembly in Argentina started in the early twentieth century when local entrepreneur Horacio Anasagasti operated a workshop from 1906 to 1911 that produced custom vehicles using imported European parts. [11] A commercial scale industry was launched in 1913 with the opening of a Ford plant in the Barracas neighborhood of Buenos Aires that assembled imported knock down kits. By 1920, Ford's Argentine operations had grown to 1,500 employees due to rising demand for cars in South America. [12]

Until the mid-1950s, virtually all motor vehicles in Argentina were imported either as fully assembled vehicles or knock-down kits, which made consumption vulnerable to disruption. From 1925 to 1929, Argentina imported an average of 60,000 motor vehicles per year, which fell to under 10,000 annually in 1932-33 due to the Great Depression and under 500 annually from 1943-1945 due to World War II. Under the Perón regime, imports briefly surged to 80,000 units in 1947 but were restricted to an average of only 9,000 units annually from 1949 to 1955 due to recurring balance of payments crises. [13]

Domestic production started in 1952 when Mercedes-Benz's commercial trucks division opened a chassis manufacturing facility at González Catán in Buenos Aires Province that was the company's first integrated production plant outside of Germany. [11] A large-scale passenger vehicle industry was established in 1955 when the Perón regime and American businessman Henry J. Kaiser formed a joint venture between state-owned Industrias Aeronáuticas y Mecánicas del Estado (IAME) and Kaiser-Frazer Automobile Co. Known as Industrias Kaiser Argentina (IKA), the joint venture was capitalized by a contribution of second-hand equipment by Kaiser, a cash investment by IAME, and a local share offering. The first Argentine manufactured Jeep rolled off the assembly line at IKA's plant at Córdoba in April 1956. [14]

Regional integration

Integration between the automotive industries of Argentina and Brazil has deepened since the 1990s through gradual liberalization and managed trade agreements. Although the 1991 Treaty of Asunción, which established the Mercosur trading bloc, specifically excluded the automotive sector, the Common Market Council (Mercosur's highest decision-marking authority) issued Decision 29/94 in December 1994 calling for a common automotive regime by January 1, 2000. [15]

An industry expert observed that the Argentine and Brazilian automotive sectors are "actually a single industry spread across two countries." [16]

The two governments entered an agreement in August 2022 to reduce non-tariff barriers by recognizing technical certifications for vehicle safety issued by the other country, which authorities claimed would result in a USD $13 billion increase in bilateral automotive trade by 2040. [17]

Production facilities

Motor vehicle assembly plants operating in Argentina today include:

Foreign trade

Prior to 2019, the automotive industry operated with a significant trade deficit that averaged over USD $6 billion per year from 2016 to 2018. However, the economic downturn that started in late 2018 reduced imports while increasing the amount of capacity available for exports; as a result, the sector's annual trade deficit has averaged only USD $60 million since 2019. [37] [38] [39] [40]

Brazil is the top export destination, purchasing over 60% of Argentine vehicle exports, with most of the remainder sold to Chile, Colombia, Peru, and Central America.

Industry challenges

Productivity

Like much of Argentina's manufacturing sector, Argentina's automotive industry suffers from low productivity by global standards. Labor productivity during the period 2010-2018 for motor vehicle production in Argentina was estimated to be 10-15% lower than in Brazil and India, 55% lower than in Mexico, and 65% lower than in Thailand. [41]

Productivity challenges in the Argentine motor vehicle industry are partly due to limited economies of scale. Experts believe that an automotive assembly plant requires annual production volume of at least 100,000 to 300,000 units in order to achieve scale efficiencies. [42] In Argentina, only Toyota's Zárate assembly plant, which produced over 180,000 vehicles in 2023, has sufficient scale to be globally competitive. By contrast, the local subsidiaries of General Motors, Ford, Volkswagen, Stellantis, and Renault-Nissan-Mitsubishi produced an average of only 60,000 units per assembly facility in 2023. [43]

However, scale is not the only driver of Argentina's low productivity. Toyota has disclosed that key performance indicators such as operational availability, employee absenteeism, and defects per vehicle at its Zárate facility significantly lagged company benchmarks between 2006 and 2010. [44] The company publicly stated in 2021 that a shortage of skilled labor was an obstacle to its expansion plans in the country and elaborated that many of its job candidates had not completed their secondary education and in some cases lacked basic literacy skills. [45]

Sustainability

Despite holding large reserves of lithium and copper, Argentina is a marginal player in the production of electric and hybrid vehicles. Argentine automotive exports focus on SUVs and pickup trucks, which have lost share to Chinese-made vehicles in the important Brazilian market as consumers there switch to inexpensive electric vehicles (EVs). As a result, during the first eight months of 2024, the proportion of Brazilian automotive imports sourced in Argentina decreased to 46% of total vs. 65% for the same period in 2023. Meanwhile, the share of Brazilian imports from China soared from 8% to 26% of total during the same time period, with most of the increase consisting of EVs. [46]

To date, the EV revolution in Argentina has been led by small-scale local entrepreneurs such as CORADIR, which delivered 500 units of its Tito model during 2023. [47] Domestic production of electric buses also launched in August 2024 when bus operator DOTA S.A. placed an order for the first five zero-emissions MT17.0e buses to be assembled by local manufacturers Agrale and Todo Bus in partnership with British electric drivetrain producer Equipmake. [48]

However, global EV manufacturers have yet to establish operations at scale in Argentina. An announcement by Chery in February 2023 to invest USD $400 million in an Argentine assembly plant [49] has not been followed up publicly by the company and is not currently mentioned on the website of its Argentine subsidiary. [50] Local expectations (or perhaps wishful thinking) that Tesla might open an assembly plant in Argentina emerged after CEO Elon Musk posted on X in May 2024: “I recommend investing in Argentina;” [51] as of September 2024, Tesla has not announced an investment in the country.

Meanwhile, a plan by the outgoing Fernández administration to launch lithium cell and battery manufacturing by UniLiB, a joint venture between state oil giant YPF and the Universidad Nacional de La Plata, was suspended by President Javier Milei amid concerns about the economic viability of the project. [52] As a result, Argentina’s participation in the green transition is primarily as a raw materials producer, exemplified by Stellantis’ USD $90 million acquisition in 2023 of a 19.9% stake in Argentina Litio y Energia to secure future lithium supplies. [53]

Recent developments

Argentina’s automotive industry has been severely impacted by the economic downturn that started in mid-2023. During the first seven months of 2024, total automotive industry production at constant prices decreased by -18.3% compared to the same period in 2023. [54]

Exports declined by -8.9% during the first seven months of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023 due to reduced shipments to Chile, Colombia, and Peru. [9]

Automakers have been impacted by the scarcity of foreign currency available to buy imported parts, resulting in production shutdowns for several manufacturers in early 2024. General Motors’ Alvear plant suspended production from December 29, 2023 to March 4, 2024. [55] Several manufacturers have implemented layoffs, including Toyota, which laid off 400 employees in March 2024, [56] and Volkswagen, which laid off 300 employees in August 2024. [57]

However, even in the midst of this severe downturn, Argentina's automotive sector continues to attract greenfield foreign direct investment. In February 2024, Toyota announced a USD $50 million investment to produce the Hiace utility vehicle at its plant in Zárate, creating 100 local direct and indirect jobs. [58] Mercedes-Benz announced construction of a new bus and truck plant, also in Zárate, in March 2024; this new plant will complete the company's USD $110 million investment cycle initiated in 2021. [59] Stellantis announced USD $270 million in investment at its El Palomar factory in April 2024 [60] and a further USD $385 million at its Ferreyra facility in September 2024. [61] In May 2024, Volkswagen opened a truck and bus assembly plant next to an existing operation Córdoba that produces car transmissions for export. [62] Honda announced a USD $15 million investment at its Campana motorcycle factory in August 2024 to export parts to Brazil. [63] In September 2024, Renault announced a USD $300 million investment at its Santa Isabel to assemble a new pickup truck with plans to export 65-70% of production. [64] These announcements and new plant openings demonstrate that global automakers remain confident about Argentina’s long-term potential as a market and regional production base.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tata Motors</span> Indian multinational automobile manufacturing company

Tata Motors Limited is an Indian multinational automotive company, headquartered in Mumbai and part of the Tata Group. The company produces cars, trucks, vans, and buses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siam Di Tella</span>

SIAM is an Argentine home appliance brand, currently owned by "Grupo Industrial Newsan", a leader of the segment in the region. The original "Siam Di Tella" company was founded in Buenos Aires by Torcuato di Tella in 1911, established as a manufacturer of mechanical bread machines. Subsequently, production was diversified by incorporating the production of refrigerators, washing machines, kitchens, televisions, scooters, vans, automobiles, and elements for private industry and the public sector, such as oil pumping equipment, large electrical transformers, steel pipes and generators for diesel-electric locomotives. By the 1940s, the company became the largest metalworking industry in South America.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Falcon (Argentina)</span> Motor vehicle

The Argentine Ford Falcon is a compact car and executive car built by Ford Argentina from 1962 to 1991. Mechanically, it was based on the parent company's first generation Falcon. The Falcon retained the same body style throughout its production, with several substantial facelifts taking place during its lifespan, giving it a more European flavor and bringing it into line with other more contemporary Fords. However, several decades later, it was apparent that it was a 1960s design wearing a 1980s grille. Falcons are still raced in the Turismo Carretera stock car racing series.

Los Andes, founded on July 31, 1791 as Santa Rosa de Los Andes, is a Chilean city and commune located in the province of the same name, in Valparaíso Region. It lies on the route between Santiago and Chile's primary border crossing with Argentina by way of the summit of the Uspallata Pass in the Andes mountain range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispano-Argentina</span>

Hispano-Argentina was an Argentine automotive and engineering company that manufactured automobiles, military vehicles, engines, weaponry, and parts for public works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Motor Argentina</span>

Ford Argentina S.C.A. is the Argentine subsidiary of Ford Motor Company founded in Buenos Aires in 1913. Its first products were Model Ts assembled from complete knock down (CKD) kits provided by Ford Motor Company in 1917. Nevertheless, Ford Motor Argentina is best known in more recent times for producing the Ford Focus and, previously, the Argentine version of the Ford Falcon, originally a U.S. model introduced in Argentina in 1961, but adapted to the Argentine market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automotive industry in Brazil</span>

The Brazilian automotive industry is coordinated by the Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Anfavea), created in 1956, which includes automakers with factories in Brazil. Anfavea is part of the Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles (OICA), based in Paris. In 2021, the annual production exceeded 2.2 million vehicles, the 8th largest in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automotive industry in Turkey</span>

The automotive industry in Turkey plays an important role in the manufacturing sector of the Turkish economy. The companies operating in the Turkish automotive sector are mainly located in the Marmara Region, especially Bursa.

This article provides an overview of the automotive industry in countries around the world.

Sevel Argentina S.A. was an Argentine automobile company established in 1981 that produced and marketed Fiat, Peugeot, Alfa Romeo, Chevrolet, and Citroën vehicles for the local market until it was dissolved in 1999. The company was created by merging Fiat's and Peugeot's Argentine operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International TerraStar</span> Motor vehicle

The International TerraStar is a medium-duty truck that was manufactured by International Trucks from 2010 to 2015. The smallest conventional-cab truck ever produced by International, the TerraStar competed against chassis-cab vehicles derived from large pickup trucks along with the smallest versions of the Freightliner M2 and Hino 600. Though never officially designated by the company as a replacement for the 2006-2009 CityStar LCF COE, the TerraStar is of similar dimensions and GVWR.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automotive industry in Russia</span>

Automotive production is a significant industry in Russia, directly employing around 600,000 people or 1% of the country's total workforce. Russia produced 1,767,674 vehicles in 2018, ranking 13th among car-producing nations in 2018, and accounting for 1.8% of the worldwide production. The main local brands are light vehicle producers AvtoVAZ and GAZ, while KamAZ is the leading heavy vehicle producer. Eleven foreign carmakers have production operations or are their plants in Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Industry in Argentina</span>

With industrial production of USD $79.8 billion in 2023, Argentina is the third-largest industrial power in Latin America after Mexico and Brazil. Argentine industry is dominated by the food processing, chemicals, and motor vehicle sectors, which together drive almost 50% of gross value added in manufacturing.

South Africa is traditionally the leader in Africa of the automotive industry and now produces more than half a million automobiles annually of all types. While domestic development of trucks and military vehicles exists, cars built under license of foreign brands are the mainstay.

Traton SE, known as the Traton Group, is a subsidiary of the Volkswagen Group and one of the world's largest commercial vehicle manufacturers, with its MAN, Scania, Navistar, IC Bus, Volkswagen Truck & Bus and Neoplan brands. The company also has digital services branded as RIO. In 2023, the group sold 338,183 vehicles. The range of products includes light-, medium-, and heavy-duty trucks, as well as vans and buses. As of December 31, 2023, Traton employed around 100,000 people in its commercial vehicle brands.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">General Motors de Argentina</span> Argentinas division of General Motors

General Motors de Argentina S.R.L. is the Argentine subsidiary of the US-based company General Motors. The company is currently headquartered in Vicente López, Buenos Aires, with its factory located in Alvear, Santa Fe Province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa</span>

Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa (Pty.) Ltd. is an automobile and commercial vehicle manufacturer with corporate headquarters in Pretoria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Citroën Argentina</span> Former automotive manufacturer in Argentina

Citroën Argentina S.A. was the Argentine subsidiary of French automotive manufacturer Citroën which produced vehicles of the brand in the country. Established in 1959 and headquartered in Barracas, Buenos Aires, it operated in the country for 30 years producing vehicles until the economic crisis during the military government reorganisation process forced the company to cease its operations.

Stellantis Argentina S.A. is the Argentine subsidiary of international conglomerate Stellantis which produces and markets Citroën, Fiat, and Peugeot vehicles in the country. Established in 2021, the company is successor of several firms that had operated in Argentina as subsidiaries or licensors for these brands, such as Fiat Argentina, and Groupe PSA Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercedes-Benz Argentina</span> Automotive manufacturer in Argentina

Mercedes-Benz Argentina S.A.U. is the Argentine subsidiary of international conglomerate Mercedes-Benz Group which produces and markets Mercedes-Benz utility vehicles in the country. The company was established in 1951 and has its assembly plant in Virrey del Pino, La Matanza Partido, where trucks and buses have been produced. Furthermore, MBA imports a wide range of luxury automobile models including sedans, SUVs, and AMG performance cars.

References

  1. ↑ "Cuentas nacionales, Vol. 8, n° 16, Ingreso nacional y ahorro nacional, Año 2023" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). August 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ↑ "Mission and Objectives". Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA). September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ↑ "Autopartes: una de las industrias más importantes del país". Asociación de Fábricas Argentinas de Componentes (AFAC). September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ↑ "Comercio exterior, Vol. 8, n° 13, Intercambio comercial argentino, Cifras estimadas de julio de 2024" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). August 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  5. ↑ "Informe de Prensa: Evolución de la Producción, Exportaciones y Ventas a Concesionarios" (PDF). Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores (ADEFA). August 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. ↑ Home | Asociación de Fabricantes de Automotores (ADEFA)
  7. ↑ ::: Materfer :::
  8. ↑ "Fábrica de carrocerías de buses y camiones (Terminal Automotriz) | Tecnología Avanzada en Transporte S.A. - TATSA". Archived from the original on 2016-11-23. Retrieved 2019-05-09.
  9. 1 2 Helvética remolques
  10. ↑ :: Establecimiento PurSang Argentina ::
  11. 1 2 1966: 1.000.000 de automotores argentinos (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores. 1967. p. 2.
  12. ↑ "Los primeros años de Ford en Argentina". Ford Argentina. Retrieved August 18, 2024.
  13. ↑ 1966: 1.000.000 de automotores argentinos (PDF) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores. 1967. p. 19.
  14. ↑ MacDonald, Norbert (1988). "Henry J. Kaiser and the Establishment of an Automobile Industry in Argentina". Business History. 30 (3): 337–340 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  15. ↑ O'Keefe (1) and Haar (2), Thomas (1) and Jerry (2) (September 2001). "The Impact of MERCOSUR on the Automobile Industry". The North-South Agenda.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Watanabe, Marta (April 8, 2024). "China surpasses Argentina, supplying 40% of Brazil's imported cars". Valor International. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  17. ↑ Martinez, Juan (August 23, 2022). "Brazil-Argentina agreement to boost auto trade by US$13 billion, says government". The Rio Times. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  18. ↑ "Toyota". Autohistoria. September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  19. ↑ "Ford Motor Company Pacheco Assembly Plant – Pacheco, Argentina". Ford Authority. September 8, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  20. ↑ Foote, Brett (March 17, 2022). "FORD PACHECO ASSEMBLY PLANT EXPORTING RANGER TRUCKS FOR FIRST TIME". Ford Authority. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  21. ↑ Ferraresi, Fabio (June 18, 2024). "Ford To Manufacture Ranger Engines in Argentina". Power Systems Research. Retrieved September 8, 2024.
  22. ↑ Centeno, Deivis (March 5, 2024). "Production Restarts At GM Alvear Plant In Argentina". GM Authority. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  23. ↑ Centeno, Deivis (June 16, 2023). "GM To Increase Chevy Tracker Production In Argentina". GM Authority. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  24. ↑ "Volkswagen Argentina S.A." Volkswagen Newsroom. January 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  25. ↑ Aldaya, Francisco (December 15, 2022). "Volkswagen to Begin Manufacturing Buses, Trucks In Argentina". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved September 9, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  26. ↑ "Córdoba Plant". Renault Group. September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  27. ↑ Smith, Federico (June 4, 2024). "Nissan Frontier: 100 Mil Unidades Producidas En Córdoba". Motorweb Argentina. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  28. ↑ "German companies confirmed investments in Argentina". Buenos Aires Herald. April 28, 2023. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  29. ↑ "Facts and figures: Mercedes-Benz Plant Buenos Aires". Mercedes-Benz Group AG. September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  30. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz celebrates 70 years of production in Argentina". Automotive World. September 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  31. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz Buses will build a new facility in Argentina by 2026". Busworld Latin America. April 3, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  32. ↑ "Honda Announces Changes in Production Operations in Argentina". Honda Motor Company press release. August 14, 2019. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  33. ↑ "Smata, en alerta por despidos en la planta de Scania Tucumán, concesionarias y talleres". La Gaceta. July 4, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  34. ↑ Schillaci, Pablo (September 2024). "Oscar Jaern, CEO de Scania Argentina. "Tucumán produce a todo vapor"". VisionAuto. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  35. ↑ Pereyra, Carlos Alfredo (August 8, 2022). "Iveco Argentina: cifras de crecimiento y anuncios de proyectos". Motor1.com. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  36. ↑ "Iveco en Argentina". Iveco. September 10, 2024. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  37. ↑ "Comercio exterior vol. 1 nº 1. Intercambio Comercial Argentino (ICA). Cifras estimadas de diciembre de 2016" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). January 2017. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  38. ↑ "Comercio exterior vol. 3 nº 1. Intercambio comercial argentino. Cifras estimadas de diciembre de 2018" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). January 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  39. ↑ "Balanza comercial argentina por secciones de la Nomenclatura Común del Mercosur. Años 2019-2023". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). September 18, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  40. ↑ "Comercio exterior. Vol. 8, n° 13. Intercambio comercial argentino. Cifras estimadas de julio 2024" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos de la República Argentina (INDEC). August 20, 2024. Retrieved September 18, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  41. ↑ Guevara (1) and Fitzsimmons (2), Sebasitán (1) and Alejandro (2) (February 2023). "Wages, Price, and Profit: Protection and Value Capture in the Mercosur Automotive Industry". Latin American Perspectives. 50 (5) – via ResearchGate.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  42. ↑ Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press. 2015. p. 249. ISBN   978-0-309-37388-3.
  43. ↑ "Memoria – Anuario 2023". Asociación de Fábricas de Automotores. 2024. Retrieved September 15, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  44. ↑ Tamayo (1), Snowberg (2), and Buitrago (3), Jorge (1), Erik (2), and Jenyfeer Martínez (3) (January 20, 2021). Toyota and Its Labor Union in Argentina. HBS No. 9-721-394. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Publishing.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  45. ↑ "Toyota Argentina can't find 200 new workers who have finished secondary education". MercoPress. August 10, 2021. Retrieved September 10, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  46. ↑ "Coletiva de Imprensa Desempenho da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira" (PDF). Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (ANFAVEA). September 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  47. ↑ Corso, Pablo (May 21, 2024). "Small inventors lead the charge on EVs in Argentina". Dialogue Earth. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  48. ↑ May, Tiana (August 30, 2024). "Argentina: Equipmake to Supply Zero Emission Drivetrains in Agrale Buses". Bus-News. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  49. ↑ "Chery Group's August Sales Exceeded 170,000 Vehicles! Overseas Expansion Has Progressed Steadily". Chery International. September 4, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  50. ↑ "Institucional: La marca Chery en el país y el mundo". Chery Argentina. September 17, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  51. ↑ Goldstein, Steve (May 7, 2024). "Invest in Argentina, Musk says in post alongside Milei". MarketWatch. Retrieved September 17, 2024.
  52. ↑ "La Universidad Nacional de La Plata quiere poner en marcha su planta de baterías de litio". Periferia. August 26, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  53. ↑ "Argentina Lithium Announces US$90 Million Investment by Stellantis in ARS$ Equivalent". Argentina Lithium & Energy Corp. press release. September 27, 2023. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  54. ↑ "Industria manufacturera, Vol. 8, n° 22 (Julio 2024) Índice de producción industrial manufacturero". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INDEC) de la República Argentina. September 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
  55. ↑ Centeno, Deivis (March 5, 2024). "Production Restarts At GM Alvear Plant In Argentina". GM Authority. Retrieved September 9, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  56. ↑ "Toyota busca reducir 400 puestos de trabajo y lanza plan de retiros voluntarios". ámbito. March 25, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  57. ↑ "VW Argentina lays off over 300 workers amid economic struggle". MarkLines. August 24, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  58. ↑ "Toyota presents plan to produce Hiace utility vehicle in Argentina". Agenzia Nova. February 16, 2024. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  59. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz announces construction of a new truck and bus factory in Argentina". America Economia. March 22, 2024. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  60. ↑ Estigarríbia, Juliana (April 25, 2024). "Stellantis Will Invest Billions to Manufacture New Models in Brazil, Argentina". Bloomberg Línea. Retrieved May 27, 2024.
  61. ↑ "Stellantis to invest $385 mln in Argentine plant". Reuters. September 6, 2024. Retrieved September 8, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  62. ↑ Olmos, Marli (May 15, 2024). "Volkswagen opens truck factory in Argentina". Valor International. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  63. ↑ Ceriotto, Luis (August 21, 2024). "Honda invierte US$ 15 millones para exportar a Brasil piezas para motos". Clarín. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  64. ↑ "Renault anuncia una millonaria inversión para fabricar una pick up en Córdoba". Clarín. September 17, 2024. Retrieved September 17, 2024.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.