Automotive industry in Australia

Last updated

Monthly domestic sales of new motor vehicles ABS-9314.0-SalesNewMotorVehiclesAustralia-NewMotorVehiclesSalesByTypeAllSeries-Aust-TotalVehicles-A367304A.svg
Monthly domestic sales of new motor vehicles
Monthly value of motor vehicle exports since 1988 ($millions) ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsBroadEconomicCategoryFobValue-PassengerMotorCarsExclPartsAccessories-A1829275A.svg
Monthly value of motor vehicle exports since 1988 ($millions)
Graph of large car sales in Australia since 1991 Australian large car sales 1991 onwards.png
Graph of large car sales in Australia since 1991

A substantial car industry was created in Australia in the 20th century through the opening of Australian plants by international manufacturers. The first major carmaker was Ford Australia and the first Australian-designed mass production car was manufactured by Holden in 1948. Australian manufacture of cars rose to a maximum of almost half a million in the 1970s (10th place in the World) and still exceeded 400,000 in 2004. [1] Australia was best known for the design and production of 'large' sized passenger vehicles. [2] By 2009 total production had fallen to around 175,000 and the Australian market was dominated by cars imported from Asia and Europe.

Contents

As of 2015, Australian-designed cars were manufactured by General Motors subsidiary Holden, and Ford Australia, while Toyota Australia manufactured local variants of its international models, particularly the Camry. However, the Ford Australia engine and vehicle plants closed in October 2016 and the Holden and Toyota Australia factories closed in late 2017. [3] [4] [5] Only Ford's design and development facilities remain in operation, leaving Australia as one of 13 countries with the capabilities to design and develop mass market cars from scratch. [6] [7] [8] [9] As of 2020, Holden has been shuttered and will no longer be sold as a GM brand.

History

The value of monthly vehicle imports ($millions) since 1988
ABS-5439.0-InternationalMerchandiseImportsAustralia-StandardInternationalTradeClassificationCustomsValue-782MotorVehiclesForTransportGoodsSpecialPurposeMotorVehicles-A1828942A.svg
Transportation and special purpose vehicles
ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseImportsBalancePaymentsBroadEconomicCategoryCustomsValue-PassengerMotorVehicles-A1829736F.svg
Passenger vehicles
TModel launch Geelong.jpg
Ford Model T parked outside the Geelong Library at its launch in Australia in 1925
Ford geelong construction.jpg
Ford Australia plant under construction in Geelong in 1926
Labor PM Ben Chifley at the launching of the Holden 48-215 on 29 November 1948. NAA A1200 L84254 Ben Chifley at the launching of the first mass-produced Australian car 1948.jpg
Labor PM Ben Chifley at the launching of the Holden 48-215 on 29 November 1948.

Australian constructors were very active at the very beginning of both car and aircraft development and in some areas, ahead of their overseas counterparts. Due to the isolation of Australia, it was more practical for Australia to make their own cars. [10]

The Highland was one of the first types of automobiles to be offered for sale in Australia, firstly in 1894 as a primitive motorised tricycle, then two years later as a four-wheeled, two-seater vehicle using bicycle components. [11]

The first true cars made in Australia were steam cars. The first of these steam cars, the Phaeton, was made in 1896 by Herbert Thomson and Edward Holmes of Armadale, Melbourne. It was exhibited in 1900 using the first pneumatic tyres made in Australia by Dunlop. The 5 horsepower single cylinder steam carriage which is now in the Institute of Applied Sciences, Melbourne, was reliable and durable enough to take Thomson and a friend 493 miles from Bathurst to Melbourne at an average speed of 8.7 mp/h. [12]

In 1900 Bruno Hammer built a one off automobile in Mount Torrens, South Australia. [13]

In 1901 Harley Tarrant produced the first Tarrant automobile, which was the first petrol-driven car built entirely in Australia in a small workshop in Melbourne. Before that, Tarrant had been using the shop to build engines. Tarrant was joined in this endeavour by bicycle maker, Howard Lewis. The car was powered by a rear-mounted 6 hp Benz engine. This car was followed by many improved designs, including the first fully enclosed car body made in Australia. Later models included locally produced components including: engines, gearboxes and rear axles. [10] The sole surviving Tarrant is on display at the RACV City Club, on the chancery level.

In 1903, the Australian Motoring Association was formed in New South Wales, South Australia and Victoria to protect the interests of motorists. In 1924, this was followed by the Australian Automobile Association. [10]

On 31 March 1925, Ford announced that its Australian headquarters were to be at Geelong, Victoria. The first Australian-built Ford was a Model T launched in June 1925.

Tyre manufacture also existed in Australia. However, the last tyre factory closed in April 2010 when Bridgestone ceased production. [14]

Historical data

Historical production

YearProduction0       100       200       300       400       
195058,000 
1960204,000 
1970475,000 
1980361,000 
2000347,122 
2005388,985 
2006326,000 
2007334,772 
2008324,118 
2009223,354 
2010239,443 
2011219,376 
2012221,224 
2013210,538 
2014174,986 
2015167,538 
2016

Source:, [15] OICA

Historical sales

Top 10 best-selling models in Australia (new passenger and commercial vehicles), 1977–2020
Source : BSCB [16]
Table indicators

  Light (B) Car        Small (C) / Medium (D) Car        Large (E) / Sports (S) Car        Coupé utility / Pickup        Crossover / SUV (J)      XL Locally developed / manufactured / assembled / badged

YearModels and Ranking
1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th
1977Ford Falcon LHolden Kingswood LHolden Torana/Sunbird LDatsun 180B/200BToyota Corona/Celica Lnot available
1978Holden Kingswood LFord Falcon LHolden Torana/Sunbird LChrysler Sigma LFord Cortina LDatsun 200B LToyota Corona/Celica LToyota Corolla LDatsun 120Y Lnot available
1979Holden Commodore Lnot available
1980Holden Commodore L
1981Holden Commodore L
1982Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LMitsubishi Sigma LFord Laser LNissan SkylineHolden Gemini LToyota Corolla LHolden Camira LToyota Corona Lnot available
1983Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LHolden Camira LMitsubishi Sigma LFord Laser Lnot available
1984Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LFord Laser LToyota Corona LFord Telstar Lnot availableHolden Camira Lnot available
1985Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LFord Laser LToyota Corolla LMitsubishi Magna Lnot available
1986Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LFord Laser LMitsubishi Magna LToyota Corolla Lnot available
1987Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LMitsubishi Magna LFord Laser LToyota Camry/Corona LToyota Corolla LNissan Pintara/Skyline Lnot available
1988Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LMitsubishi Magna LToyota Camry Lnot availableNissan Pulsar Lnot available
1989Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LMitsubishi Magna LFord Laser LToyota Camry LToyota Corolla Lnot available
1990Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LFord Laser LMitsubishi Magna LToyota Camry Lnot available
1991Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LFord Laser LToyota Camry LMitsubishi Magna Lnot available
1992Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LToyota Camry LToyota Corolla LFord Laser LNissan Pulsar LToyota HiLuxMazda 626not available
1993Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LToyota Camry/Vienta LToyota Corolla LToyota HiLuxFord Laser Lnot availableHyundai Excel
1994Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LToyota Camry/Vienta LToyota Corolla LToyota HiLuxHyundai Excelnot available
1995Ford Falcon LHolden Commodore LToyota Camry/Vienta LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LHyundai Excelnot availableFord Festiva Lnot available
1996Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LHyundai Excelnot availableDaewoo 1.5i/Cielo
1997Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LHyundai Excelnot availableNissan Pulsarnot available
1998Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LHyundai ExcelToyota Camry/Vienta Lnot availableMitsubishi Lancer
1999Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota Camry/Vienta LHyundai ExcelToyota Corolla LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LNissan Pulsarnot availableHolden Rodeo Lnot available
2000Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota Camry/Vienta LToyota CorollaHyundai Excel/Accentnot availableMitsubishi LancerHolden Astra L
2001Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota Corolla LHolden Astra LToyota Camry/Vienta LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LHyundai Accent/Excelnot available
2002Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota CorollaToyota Camry LHolden Astra LMitsubishi Magna/Verada LToyota HiLuxnot available
2003Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota Camry LToyota CorollaHolden Astra LToyota HiLuxMitsubishi Magna/Verada LMazda 323Ford Falcon Ute LHolden Rodeo L
2004Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota Camry LToyota CorollaToyota HiLuxHolden Astra LHolden Rodeo LHolden Commodore Ute LMazda3Ford Falcon Ute L
2005Holden Commodore LFord Falcon LToyota CorollaToyota Camry LHolden Astra LMazda3Toyota HiLuxnot availableFord Territory Lnot available
2006Holden Commodore LToyota CorollaFord Falcon LToyota HiLuxMazda3Toyota Camry LToyota Yarisnot available
2007Holden Commodore LToyota CorollaToyota HiLuxMazda3Ford Falcon LToyota Yarisnot availableToyota Aurion LMitsubishi Lancernot available
2008Holden Commodore LToyota CorollaToyota HiLuxMazda3Ford Falcon LToyota YarisToyota Camry LMitsubishi LancerToyota AurionNissan Navara
2009Holden Commodore LToyota CorollaToyota HiLuxMazda3Ford Falcon LHyundai i30Mitsubishi LancerToyota Camry LHyundai GetzToyota Yaris
2010Holden Commodore LToyota CorollaToyota HiLuxMazda3Hyundai i30Ford Falcon LHolden Cruze LToyota Camry LMitsubishi LancerHyundai Getz
2011Mazda3Holden Commodore LToyota HiLuxToyota CorollaHolden Cruze LHyundai i30Nissan NavaraToyota Camry LFord Falcon LMitsubishi Lancer
2012Mazda3Toyota HiLuxToyota CorollaHolden Commodore LHolden Cruze LHyundai i30Toyota Camry LNissan NavaraToyota YarisFord Focus L
2013Toyota CorollaMazda3Toyota HiLuxHyundai i30Holden Commodore LToyota Camry LMitsubishi TritonHolden Cruze LNissan NavaraFord Ranger L
2014Toyota CorollaMazda3Toyota HiLuxHyundai i30Holden Commodore LFord Ranger LMitsubishi TritonToyota Camry LMazda CX-5Volkswagen Golf
2015Toyota CorollaMazda3Toyota HiLuxHyundai i30Ford Ranger LHolden Commodore LToyota Camry LMitsubishi TritonMazda CX-5Volkswagen Golf
2016Toyota HiLuxToyota CorollaHyundai i30Ford Ranger LMazda3Toyota Camry LHolden Commodore LMazda CX-5Mitsubishi TritonHyundai Tucson
2017Toyota HiLuxFord Ranger LToyota CorollaMazda3Hyundai i30Mazda CX-5Hyundai TucsonHolden Commodore LToyota Camry LMitsubishi Triton
2018Toyota HiLuxFord Ranger LToyota CorollaMazda3Hyundai i30Mazda CX-5Mitsubishi TritonToyota RAV4Nissan X-TrailVolkswagen Golf
2019Toyota HiLuxFord Ranger LToyota CorollaHyundai i30Mitsubishi TritonMazda CX-5Mazda3Toyota RAV4Kia CeratoMitsubishi ASX
2020Toyota HiLuxFord Ranger LToyota RAV4Toyota CorollaMazda CX-5Hyundai i30Mitsubishi TritonToyota PradoKia CeratoHyundai Tucson
2021Toyota HiLuxFord Ranger LToyota RAV4Toyota CorollaHyundai i30Isuzu D-MaxMazda CX-5Toyota PradoMitsubishi TritonMG ZS
2022Toyota HiLuxFord Ranger LToyota RAV4Mitsubishi TritonMazda CX-5Toyota CorollaIsuzu D-MaxMG ZSHyundai i30Toyota Prado
2023Ford Ranger LToyota HiLuxIsuzu D-MaxToyota RAV4MG ZSTesla Model YMitsubishi OutlanderMazda CX-5Hyundai TucsonToyota Prado
1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th
See also : Best-selling models in

Large scale manufacturers

Current

The current mainstream automotive manufacturers in Australia all build heavy vehicles. Large scale production of light vehicles ended with the departure of Holden.

Bustech

Bustech CDi double decker bus Transport NSW liveried (mo 6088), operated by Hillsbus, Bustech CDi at Castle Hill Interchange.jpg
Bustech CDi double decker bus

Bustech has manufactured buses on the Gold Coast, Queensland since 1998.

Denning Manufacturing

Denning Manufacturing Silver Phoenix Allens Coaches- Denning Silver Phoenix 3939 MO.jpg
Denning Manufacturing Silver Phoenix

Denning Manufacturing has manufactured buses in Brisbane since 2004

Iveco

Australian built pre-generation Iveco PowerStar assembled in Dandenong New Zealand Trucks - Flickr - 111 Emergency (71).jpg
Australian built pre-generation Iveco PowerStar assembled in Dandenong

Iveco Australia is a subsidiary of CNH Industrial and was formed after the takeover of International Trucks. It currently produces the Iveco PowerStar in a number of variants and, up until 2020, the venerable ACCO. It is known for being the only foreign semi truck maker that isn't producing an American branded Conventional semi truck.

IVECO Australia has announced it will cease local manufacturing at its Dandenong plant from mid-2022.

Kenworth

Kenworth T404 Woolworths transport truck.jpg
Kenworth T404

Kenworth Australia is a wholly owned subsidiary of Paccar Inc. Kenworth are currently the largest single-nameplate manufacturer in Australia. [17] Kenworth began Australian production in 1971 and mainly manufactures heavy duty semi trucks specifically for the Australian and New Zealand markets at their plant in Bayswater, Victoria. In 2018, Paccar began assembly of DAF Trucks from a facility next to Kenworth.

Mack

Mack trucks have been manufactured in Australia since 1963, starting at Richlands, Queensland.

On 26 April 2000, Volvo acquired the truck and bus arm of Renault. This sale included Mack. Volvo Group Australia moved Mack production into their Wacol facility not long after.

Volvo

Volvo Group Australia began Australian production in Wacol, Queensland in 1972.

After the acquisition of Mack in April 2000, both manufacturers were merged into the one facility at Wacol. This is now[ when? ] the largest vehicle plant in Australia.

Previous

Australian Motor Industries

The Standard Vanguard was one of many models produced by Australian Motor Industries 1962 Standard Vanguard Six (22033100295).jpg
The Standard Vanguard was one of many models produced by Australian Motor Industries

Founded in 1926, Australian Motor Industries (AMI) began assembly operations in 1952. It produced a wide range of Standard, Triumph, Mercedes-Benz cars, as well as variety of Rambler models from American Motors Corporation (AMC) up to 1987. Assembly of Toyota automobiles began in 1963. The Japanese company took a controlling interest in AMI in 1968 and increased its investment until AMI renamed itself as AMI Toyota Ltd in 1985.

British Leyland

British Leyland's Australian subsidiary produced the Leyland P76 from 1973 to 1975 Leyland P76 Super slightly cropped to eliminate distracting neighbor from view.jpg
British Leyland's Australian subsidiary produced the Leyland P76 from 1973 to 1975

British Leyland assembled and manufactured vehicles in Australia from 1950 to 1975. British Leyland was formed when Leyland Motors and British Motor Holdings (formerly BMC) merged.

Chrysler Australia

Chrysler Australia produced the Chrysler Valiant from 1962 to 1980 Chrysler VF Valiant Pacer.JPG
Chrysler Australia produced the Chrysler Valiant from 1962 to 1980

Chrysler departed the Australian car market in 1981 when it sold the remainder of its shareholding in Chrysler Australia Ltd to the Mitsubishi Motor Corporation of Japan. The new owner renamed the company Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMA) and this company continues to operate today as one of Australia's major importers of road vehicles. However, local production of passenger vehicles was discontinued in March 2008. [18] During the 1970s, Chrysler began working closely with Mitsubishi Motors Corporation after they acquired a 15 percent interest in the company in 1971, with the result that Chrysler Australia began building Mitsubishi-designed Chrysler-branded vehicles such as the Chrysler Valiant Galant (1972–1977 Mitsubishi Galant) and the Chrysler Sigma (1977–1985 Mitsubishi Galant). The Tonsley Park plant was sold to Mitsubishi Motors Corporation and was run by Mitsubishi Motors Australia after Chrysler pulled out of Australian manufacturing in 1980. Production of the popular Sigma and Colt range of vehicles continued under the Mitsubishi name until the late-1980s, when production was switched exclusively to the Magna.

Ford Australia

The Ford Territory, an Australian SUV 2015 Ford Territory (SZ II) TX AWD wagon (2015-07-03) 01.jpg
The Ford Territory, an Australian SUV

Ford Australia is the Australian subsidiary of Ford Motor Company and was founded in Geelong in 1925 as an outpost of Ford Motor Company of Canada, Limited. At that time, Ford Canada was a separate company from Ford USA. Henry Ford had granted the manufacturing rights to Ford in British Empire (later Commonwealth) countries (excepting the UK) to Canadian investors. Ford Australia also has a performance car division, Ford Performance Vehicles, with the cars being marketed under the FPV brand. In May 2013 Ford announced that it will end Australian production in October 2016, [19] but will remain as a competitor in the Australian marketplace with imported vehicles. All factories had closed by 20 October 2016.

Holden

The Holden Commodore (prior to 2018) was a locally produced vehicle by Holden 2016 Holden Commodore (VF II) SV6 sedan (2016-08-13) 01.jpg
The Holden Commodore (prior to 2018) was a locally produced vehicle by Holden

Holden was an Australian automaker based in Elizabeth, South Australia. After local production ended in 2017, the company became an importer of GM-branded motor vehicles. The company was founded in 1856 as a saddlery business in Adelaide, South Australia, but later moved into the automotive field, becoming a subsidiary of General Motors (GM) in 1931. Holden has taken charge of vehicle operations for GM in Australasia and, on behalf of GM, holds partial ownership of GM Korea (formerly GM Daewoo) in South Korea. Over the years, Holden has offered a broad range of original, locally produced vehicles (such as the Holden Commodore), supplemented by imported GM models. In the past, Holden had offered badge-engineered Chevrolet, Isuzu, Nissan, Suzuki, Toyota, and Vauxhall Motors models in sharing arrangements, with Daewoo, Opel, and Isuzu-sourced models sold in later years. Holden also had a performance vehicle partner, Holden Special Vehicles, which marketed modified Holdens under the HSV brand. In December 2013, Holden announced they would end their local manufacturing operations in Australia on 20 October 2017. [20] After the closure of its production plant in Elizabeth, South Australia, Holden changed its business focus to car styling and importing.[ citation needed ] The Holden brand name was retired in 2020 and dealers compensated as they were shut down. [21] [22]

Leader Trucks

Leader Trucks was a truck manufacturing company based in Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia. It was established as an initiative of Cyril Anderson and Western Transport. Nearly 2,000 trucks were manufactured between 1972 and 1984.

Mitsubishi Motors Australia

Mitsubishi Motors Australia produced the Sigma from 1980 to 1987 1985 Mitsubishi Sigma (GN) GL 2.6 station wagon (2015-07-15).jpg
Mitsubishi Motors Australia produced the Sigma from 1980 to 1987

Mitsubishi Motors Australia (MMA) is a fully owned subsidiary of parent company Mitsubishi Motors Corporation of Japan. A site in Tonsley, South Australia was the location of MMA's vehicle assembly plant. The plant was closed in March 2008 when lacklustre sales of the large Mitsubishi 380 confirmed that domestic vehicle manufacturing was no longer viable.

Nissan Australia

The Nissan Pintara was a product of Nissan Australia 1989-1992 Nissan Pintara (U12) Ti sedan 01.jpg
The Nissan Pintara was a product of Nissan Australia

Nissan began assembling cars in 1966, when Pressed Metal Corporation began assembly of the Datsun Bluebird 1300. This deal ended after about a year and a half, but by 1968 Motor Producers Ltd. of Melbourne began assembling Datsuns again at their Clayton plant. By 1971 locally assembled cars were to include the 1200 and 1600 saloons, with at least 60% local parts content. A deal lasting until 1976 was signed with Motor Producers. [23]

Nissan used the Clayton factory to build cars in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis. Models produced in Australia included the Pulsar, Pintara, and Skyline. By the end of the 1980s, however, Nissan was facing financial difficulties, while Nissan's local car assembly lines closed in 1992.

Renault Australia

Renault (Australia) Pty Ltd was established in the late 1950s to organise the importation and contract assembly of Renault vehicles in Australia. [24] In August 1966 Renault Australia purchased the assembly facilities of Continental and General Distributors at Heidelberg in Victoria. [24] Models including the Renault 10, [24] 12, [24] 16 [25] and 18 [26] were assembled and the company also entered into an agreement to assemble cars for Peugeot. [24] Australian production ended with the closure of the Heidelberg plant in July 1981 with LNC Industries then taking over importation and distribution of Renaults in Australia. [24] As of 2012, Renault vehicles are sold in Australia through Vehicle Distributors Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of Nissan Australia. [27]

Rootes Australia

The Humber Vogue was produced by Rootes Australia Humber Vogue Series I.jpg
The Humber Vogue was produced by Rootes Australia

Rootes Australia produced a range of Hillman, Humber, and Singer automobiles in Australia between 1946 and 1965. In December 1965, Rootes Australia was merged with Chrysler Australia.

Toyota Australia

Toyota Aurion, built at the Altona plant 2016 Toyota Aurion (GSV50R) AT-X sedan (2018-02-20) 01.jpg
Toyota Aurion, built at the Altona plant

Toyota Australia (TA), is a subsidiary of Toyota. TA first began in 1958, TA markets Toyota products and manages motorsport, advertising and business operations for Toyota in Australia. TA is also responsible for Lexus vehicles in Australia.

On 10 February 2014, Toyota announced it would cease manufacturing vehicles and engines in Australia. [28] [29] The Altona plant was closed on 3 October 2017, marking the end of locally produced Toyota vehicles in Australia.

Volkswagen Australia

The Volkswagen Country Buggy was a product of Volkswagen Australia Volkswagen Country Buggy.jpg
The Volkswagen Country Buggy was a product of Volkswagen Australia

Volkswagen Australia Pty Ltd was formed in 1954 by Volkswagen of Germany and various Australian state Volkswagen distributors. [30] The company acquired a suitable site from Martin & King situated at Clayton having facilities for CKD vehicle assembly in Victoria, that site having been used for local assembly of the Volkswagen Beetle since 1954. [30] By 1960, sheet metal panels were being pressed at Clayton, and by 1967 the engine and most components were being produced there. [30]

In 1967 Volkswagen Australia developed a unique model, the Country Buggy, which used components from the Beetle and the Kombi. [31] This local design was later also manufactured in the Philippines.

Due to falling sales, the operation reverted to assembly only in 1968. [30] A new company, Motor Producers Limited, was formed and operations were expanded to include Datsun and Volvo models as well as Volkswagens. [30] The factory was sold to Nissan in 1976 and Australian assembly of Volkswagens ended shortly after. [30]

Western Star

Western Star began assembly of kit trucks in 1983 at the former White Trucks factory in Wacol, Queensland. The kits were imported from Kelowna, BC Canada. This continued until 1992, when fully built trucks were imported from Canada.

Small-scale producers

A Goggomobil Dart. Goggomobil 1960 Dart Front.jpg
A Goggomobil Dart.
An OKA 4wd. Coober-Pedy-Oodnadatta-Mail-Truck.JPG
An OKA 4wd.
An Elfin MS8 Streamliner. Elfin streamlinerMS8.jpg
An Elfin MS8 Streamliner.

There are a number of current, previous or future small scale producers of cars in Australia, including;

Tuning companies

A HDT VK Commodore SS. Holden Commodore VK SS HDT (15322155954).jpg
A HDT VK Commodore SS.

Current tuning or customisation companies in Australia include:

Past tuning companies

See also

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References

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