History of the internal combustion engine

Last updated

Internal combustion engines date back to between the 10th and 13th centuries, when the first rocket engines were invented in China. Following the first commercial steam engine (a type of external combustion engine) by Thomas Savery in 1698, various efforts were made during the 18th century to develop equivalent internal combustion engines. In 1791, the English inventor John Barber patented a gas turbine. In 1794, Thomas Mead patented a gas engine. Also in 1794, Robert Street patented an internal-combustion engine, which was also the first to use liquid fuel (petroleum) and built an engine around that time. In 1798, John Stevens designed the first American internal combustion engine. In 1807, French engineers Nicéphore and Claude Niépce ran a prototype internal combustion engine, using controlled dust explosions, the Pyréolophore. This engine powered a boat on the river in France. The same year, the Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built and patented a hydrogen and oxygen-powered internal-combustion engine. Fitted to a crude four-wheeled wagon, François Isaac de Rivaz first drove it 100 metres in 1813, thus making history as the first car-like vehicle known to have been powered by an internal-combustion engine.

Contents

Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially in the United States in 1823. Brown also demonstrated a boat using his engine on the Thames in 1827, and an engine-driven carriage in 1828. Father Eugenio Barsanti, an Italian engineer, together with Felice Matteucci of Florence invented the first real internal combustion engine in 1853. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning Journal under the title "Specification of Eugene Barsanti and Felix Matteucci, Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gasses". In 1860, Belgian Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine. In 1864, Nicolaus Otto patented the first commercially successful gas engine.

George Brayton invented the first commercial liquid-fueled internal combustion engine in 1872. In 1876, Nicolaus Otto, working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach, patented the compressed charge, four-stroke cycle engine. In 1879, Karl Benz patented a reliable two-stroke gas engine. In 1892, Rudolf Diesel developed the first compressed charge, compression ignition engine. In 1954 German engineer Felix Wankel patented a "pistonless" engine using an eccentric rotary design.

The first liquid-fuelled rocket was launched in 1926 by Robert Goddard. The Heinkel He 178 became the world's first jet aircraft by 1939, followed by the first ramjet engine in 1949 and the first scramjet engine in 2004.

Prior to 1850

Early-gasoline-engine-models.jpg
Types of farm equipment typically powered by early engines (scale models)

1850–1879

Osservatorio ximeniano, modello del motore a scoppio barsanti-matteucci 03.JPG
1853 Barsanti–Matteucci engine (scale model)
Atmospharischer Ottomotor.jpg
1860s Otto–Langen atmospheric engine

1880–1899

Daimler Standuhr engine 2 Mercedes-Benz Museum.jpg
1885 Grandfather clock engine
Benz Patent Motorwagen Engine.jpg
1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen engine

1900–1919

1920–1939

1940–1979

1980 to present

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diesel engine</span> Type of internal combustion engine

The diesel engine, named after the German engineer Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is called a compression-ignition engine. This contrasts with engines using spark plug-ignition of the air-fuel mixture, such as a petrol engine or a gas engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Reciprocating engine</span> Engine utilising one or more reciprocating pistons

A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is typically a heat engine that uses one or more reciprocating pistons to convert high temperature and high pressure into a rotating motion. This article describes the common features of all types. The main types are: the internal combustion engine, used extensively in motor vehicles; the steam engine, the mainstay of the Industrial Revolution; and the Stirling engine for niche applications. Internal combustion engines are further classified in two ways: either a spark-ignition (SI) engine, where the spark plug initiates the combustion; or a compression-ignition (CI) engine, where the air within the cylinder is compressed, thus heating it, so that the heated air ignites fuel that is injected then or earlier.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Miller cycle</span> Thermodynamic cycle

In engineering, the Miller cycle is a thermodynamic cycle used in a type of internal combustion engine. The Miller cycle was patented by Ralph Miller, an American engineer, U.S. patent 2,817,322 dated Dec 24, 1957. The engine may be two- or four-stroke and may be run on diesel fuel, gases, or dual fuel. It uses a supercharger or a turbocharger to offset the performance loss of the Atkinson cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-stroke engine</span> Internal combustion engine type

A two-strokeengine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes of the piston in one revolution of the crankshaft. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust functions occurring at the same time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Petrol engine</span> Internal combustion engine designed to run on gasoline

A petrol engine is an internal combustion engine designed to run on petrol (gasoline). Petrol engines can often be adapted to also run on fuels such as liquefied petroleum gas and ethanol blends.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Four-stroke engine</span> Internal combustion engine type

A four-strokeengine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

  1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum in the cylinder through its downward motion.
  2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
  3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug or by heat generated by high compression, forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
  4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust port.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nicolaus Otto</span> Inventor of the internal combustion engine

Nicolaus August Otto was a German engineer who successfully developed the compressed charge internal combustion engine which ran on petroleum gas and led to the modern internal combustion engine. The Association of German Engineers (VDI) created DIN standard 1940 which says "Otto Engine: internal combustion engine in which the ignition of the compressed fuel-air mixture is initiated by a timed spark", which has been applied to all engines of this type since.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brayton cycle</span> Thermodynamic cycle

The Brayton cycle, also known as the Joule cycle, is a thermodynamic cycle that describes the operation of certain heat engines that have air or some other gas as their working fluid. It is characterized by isentropic compression and expansion, and isobaric heat addition and rejection, though practical engines have adiabatic rather than isentropic steps.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Herbert Akroyd Stuart</span> English engine design pioneer (1864-1927)

Herbert Akroyd-Stuart was an English inventor who is noted for his invention of the hot bulb engine, or heavy oil engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dugald Clerk</span> Scottish engineer (1854–1932)

Sir Dugald Clerk KBE, LLD FRS was a Scottish engineer who designed the world's first successful two-stroke engine in 1878 and patented it in England in 1881. He was a graduate of Anderson's University in Glasgow, and Yorkshire College, Leeds. He formed the intellectual property firm with George Croydon Marks, called Marks & Clerk. He was knighted on 24 August 1917.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Otto engine</span> Large stationary single-cylinder internal combustion four-stroke engine

The Otto engine is a large stationary single-cylinder internal combustion four-stroke engine, designed by the German Nicolaus Otto. It was a low-RPM machine, and only fired every other stroke due to the Otto cycle, also designed by Otto.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Brayton</span> American mechanical engineer and inventor (1830–1896)

George Bailey Brayton (1830–1892) was an American mechanical engineer and inventor. He was noted for introducing the constant pressure engine that is the basis for the gas turbine, and which is now referred to as the Brayton cycle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of heat engine technology</span>

This timeline of heat engine technology describes how heat engines have been known since antiquity but have been made into increasingly useful devices since the 17th century as a better understanding of the processes involved was gained. A heat engine is any system that converts heat to mechanical energy, which can then be used to do mechanical work.They continue to be developed today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hot-bulb engine</span> Internal combustion engine

The hot-bulb engine, also known as a semi-diesel or Akroyd engine, is a type of internal combustion engine in which fuel ignites by coming in contact with a red-hot metal surface inside a bulb, followed by the introduction of air (oxygen) compressed into the hot-bulb chamber by the rising piston. There is some ignition when the fuel is introduced, but it quickly uses up the available oxygen in the bulb. Vigorous ignition takes place only when sufficient oxygen is supplied to the hot-bulb chamber on the compression stroke of the engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbo-diesel</span> Diesel engine with a turbocharger

The term turbo-diesel, also written as turbodiesel and turbo diesel, refers to any diesel engine equipped with a turbocharger. As with other engine types, turbocharging a diesel engine can significantly increase its efficiency and power output, especially when used in combination with an intercooler.

A six-stroke engine is one of several alternative internal combustion engine designs that attempt to improve on traditional two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Claimed advantages may include increased fuel efficiency, reduced mechanical complexity, and/or reduced emissions. These engines can be divided into two groups based on the number of pistons that contribute to the six strokes.

A steam diesel hybrid locomotive is a railway locomotive with a piston engine which could run on either steam from a boiler or diesel fuel. Examples were built in the United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Italy but the relatively high cost of fuel oil, or failure to resolve problems caused by technical complexity, meant that the designs were not pursued.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hornsby–Akroyd oil engine</span> Early internal combustion engine design using heavy oil.

The Hornsby-Akroyd oil engine, named after its inventor Herbert Akroyd Stuart and the manufacturer Richard Hornsby & Sons, was the first successful design of an internal combustion engine using heavy oil as a fuel. It was the first to use a separate vapourising combustion chamber and is the forerunner of all hot-bulb engines, which are considered predecessors of the similar Diesel engine, developed a few years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free-piston engine</span> Type of engine with no crank

A free-piston engine is a linear, 'crankless' internal combustion engine, in which the piston motion is not controlled by a crankshaft but determined by the interaction of forces from the combustion chamber gases, a rebound device and a load device.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internal combustion engine</span> Engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber

An internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons, turbine blades, a rotor, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance. This process transforms chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to.

References

  1. ↑ Ogata, Masanori; Shimotsuma, Yorikazu (20–21 October 2002), "Origin of Diesel Engine is in Fire Piston of Mountainous People Lived in Southeast Asia", First International Conference on Business and technology Transfer, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, archived from the original on 23 May 2007, retrieved 1 December 2020
  2. ↑ Needham, Joseph (1965), Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–141, ISBN   9780521058032
  3. ↑ Chapters 1–2, Blazing the trail: the early history of spacecraft and rocketry, Mike Gruntman, AIAA, 2004, ISBN 156347705X.
  4. ↑ See:
  5. ↑ "ELECTRIC PISTOL". ppp.unipv.it.
  6. ↑ "The Hydrogen Engine". www3.eng.cam.ac.uk.
  7. ↑ Spies, Albert (1892–95). Modern gas and oil engines. New York, The Cassier's magazine company – via Internet Archive. in 1794, Thomas Mead and Robert Street both obtained patents in England for gas or vapor engines, Mead proposing to raise the piston in his engine cylinder by the ignition of a gaseous, explosive mixture and to utilize for the down-stroke both the weight of the piston and the partial vacuum formed underneath it.
  8. ↑ "All hail the Pyréolophore". John Robson. 20 July 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  9. ↑ "The History of the Automobile - Gas Engines". About.com. 11 September 2009. Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  10. ↑ Hardenberg, Horst O. (1992). Samuel Morey and his atmospheric engine. SP-922. Warrendale, Pa.: Society of Automotive Engineers. ISBN   978-1-56091-240-8.
  11. ↑ Dugald Clerk, "Gas and Oil Engines", Longman Green & Co, (7th Edition) 1897, pp. 3–5.
  12. ↑ Dugald Clerk, "Gas and Oil Engines", Longman Green & Co, 1897.
  13. ↑ "The Historical Documents". Barsanti e Matteucci. Fondazione Barsanti & Matteucci. 2009. Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 1 November 2013.
  14. ↑ Ricci, G.; et al. (2012). "The First Internal Combustion Engine". In Starr, Fred; et al. (eds.). The Piston Engine Revolution. London: Newcomen Society. pp. 23–44. ISBN   978-0-904685-15-2.
  15. ↑ Taylor, Michael J.H. (1983). Milestones of Flight. Jane's. ISBN   9780710602589.
  16. ↑ "The Motor Museum in Miniature". www.themotormuseuminminiature.co.uk. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Friedrich Sass: Geschichte des deutschen Verbrennungsmotorenbaus von 1860 bis 1918, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1962, ISBN   978-3-662-11843-6
  18. ↑ "125 Jahre Viertaktmotor". www.nicolaus-august-otto.de. Archived from the original on 7 May 2011.
  19. ↑ "Siegfried Marcus - German inventor". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  20. ↑ "Siegfried Marcus Car". www.asme.org. Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  21. ↑ Ways of the world. Rutgers University Press. 1992. p. 152. ISBN   978-0-8135-1758-2 . Retrieved 2 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Rudolf Krebs: Fünf Jahrtausende Radfahrzeuge: 2 Jahrhunderte Straßenverkehr mit Wärmeenergie. Über 100 Jahre Automobile . Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg 1994, ISBN   9783642935534, p. 203.
  23. ↑ Ben (17 May 2020). "The Benz Patent-Motorwagen - The First Car in History". Garage Dreams. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  24. ↑ "Sir Dugald Clerk- Scottish engineer". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  25. ↑ "US249307A- Clerk". Google Patents. 8 November 1881. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  26. ↑ McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopaedia of the history of technology. London; New York : Routledge. p. 315. ISBN   978-0-203-33017-3 . Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  27. ↑ Parissien, Steven (2014). The life of the automobile : the complete history of the motor car. Internet Archive. New York, N.Y. : Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press. pp. 2–5. ISBN   978-1-250-04063-3.
  28. ↑ "The first automobile (1885–1886)". Mercedes-Benz Group. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  29. ↑ Gardiner, Mark (1997), Classic motorcycles, MetroBooks, p. 16, ISBN   1-56799-460-1
  30. ↑ Brown, Roland (2005), The Ultimate History of Fast Motorcycles, Bath, England: Parragon, p. 6, ISBN   1-4054-5466-0
  31. ↑ Wilson, Hugo (1993), The Ultimate Motorcycle Book, Dorling Kindersley, pp.  8–9, ISBN   1-56458-303-1
  32. ↑ Hendrickson III, Kenneth E. (2014). The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History, Volume 3. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 236. ISBN   978-0810888883.
  33. ↑ Larson, Len (2008). Dreams to Automobiles. Xlibris Corporation. p. 171. ISBN   978-1-4691-0104-0 . Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  34. ↑ Automotive Manufacturing and Maintenance: Report of a Panel of the Interagency Task Force on Motor Vehicle Goals Beyond 1980. US: Office of the Secretary of Transportation. 1976.
  35. ↑ English, Bob (29 April 2010). "The engine that Benz built still survives". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  36. ↑ "On a January day in 1902 — a very special patent request of Robert Bosch". Bosch. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  37. ↑ Bakken, Lars E.; Jordal, Kristin; Syverud, Elisabet; Veer, Timot (2004). "Centenary of the First Gas Turbine to Give Net Power Output: A Tribute to Ægidius Elling" (Technical report). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. pp. 83–88. doi:10.1115/GT2004-53211.
  38. ↑ Koch, Jeff (23 September 2018). "Cadillac V-8-6-4". Hemmings. US. Retrieved 25 December 2023.
  39. ↑ "Holzwarth Gas Turbine, 1908". www.deutsches-museum.de. Deutsches Museum. Archived from the original on 14 March 2018. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  40. ↑ "Hans Holzwarth". Grace's Guide. UK. 7 February 2022. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  41. ↑ "Gas-turbine engine - Development of gas turbines". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  42. ↑ Smithsonian Institution (2018). "Gnome Omega No. 1 Rotary Engine". National Air and Space Museum. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on 10 July 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.
  43. ↑ Dawson, Virginia P. (6 August 2004). "Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology - Chapter 4". NASA History. US. SP-4306. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  44. ↑ Lindh, Björn-Eric (1992). Scania fordonshistoria 1891–1991 (in Swedish). Streiffert. ISBN   978-91-7886-074-6. (Translated title: Vehicle history of Scania 1891–1991)
  45. ↑ Olsson, Christer (1987). Volvo – Lastbilarna igår och idag (in Swedish). Förlagshuset Norden. ISBN   978-91-86442-76-7. (Translated title: Volvo trucks yesterday and today)
  46. ↑ Dawson, Virginia Parker (1991). Engines and Innovation: Lewis Laboratory and American Propulsion Technology. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 93–. ISBN   978-0-16-030742-3.
  47. ↑ U.S. Patent 1,980,266
  48. ↑ Buttler, Tony (19 September 2019). Jet Prototypes of World War II: Gloster, Heinkel, and Caproni Campini's wartime jet programmes. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN   978-1-4728-3597-0.
  49. ↑ Alegi, Gregory (15 January 2014). "Secondo's Slow Burner, Campini Caproni and the C.C.2". The Aviation Historian . No. 6. United Kingdom. p. 76. ISSN   2051-1930.
  50. ↑ "Commercial Aircraft Survey". Flight International . 23 November 1967. pp. 856–857.
  51. 1 2 El-Sayed, Ahmed F. (25 May 2016). Fundamentals of Aircraft and Rocket Propulsion. Springer. ISBN   978-1-4471-6796-9 – via Google Books.
  52. ↑ Walker, Mick (11 February 2002). Mick Walker's Japanese Grand Prix Racing Motorcycles. Redline Books. ISBN   978-0-9531311-8-1 – via Google Books.
  53. ↑ Raphael Orlove (9 September 2014), "The Coolest 'Hot Vee' Turbo Engines", Jalopnik
  54. ↑ Kawamura, Hideo (1 February 1988). Development Status of Isuzu Ceramic Engine. SAE International Congress and Exposition. US: SAE. doi:10.4271/880011. ISSN   0148-7191 . Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  55. ↑ "Isuzu Motors said Thursday it has developed a ceramic..." UPI. US. 27 October 1983. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  56. ↑ "UDF runs at full throttle". Propulsion. Flight International . Vol. 128, no. 3981. Peebles, Ohio, USA. 12 October 1985. pp. 20–21. ISSN   0015-3710.
  57. ↑ "The VTEC Engine". Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2011.
  58. ↑ Hossay, Patrick (12 July 2019). Automotive Innovation: The Science and Engineering behind Cutting-Edge Automotive Technology. CRC Press. ISBN   978-0-429-87729-2 – via Google Books.
  59. ↑ Eckermann, Erik (2001). World History of the Automobile. Society of Automotive Engineers. pp. 199–200. ISBN   978-0-7680-0800-5 . Retrieved 9 May 2016.
  60. ↑ Kawasaki, Minoru; Takase, Koyu; Kato, Sinji; Nakagawa, Masahiro; Mori, Kazuhiko; Nemoto, Morie; Takagi, Soya; Sugimoto, Hisashi (1 February 1992). Development of Engine Valve Seats Directly Deposited onto Aluminum Cylinder Head by Laser Cladding Process (Technical report). p. 17. doi:10.4271/920571. ISSN   0148-7191 . Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  61. ↑ "Laser cladding improves mass production of engine valve seats". Laser Focus World. 1 July 2019.
  62. ↑ Corporation, Bonnier (19 November 1995). "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.
  63. ↑ Ward, Wayne. "Aluminium-Beryllium". Ret-Monitor. Archived from the original on 1 August 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  64. ↑ Collantine, Keith (8 February 2007). "Banned! – Beryllium". Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 18 July 2012.
  65. ↑ "Mclaren Engine Material Under Threat". Crash. UK. 24 September 1998. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  66. ↑ "Nanoslide Iron Coating to be used in Mercedes-Benz diesel engines for lower consumption". Coatings World. Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  67. ↑ https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15147892/2007-bmw-hydrogen-7-car-news/ [ bare URL ]
  68. ↑ Brian Silvestro (4 October 2017), "Here's How "Hot V" Turbocharged Engines Work", Road & Track
  69. ↑ Bobzin, K.; Ernst, F.; Richardt, K.; Schlaefer, T.; Verpoort, C.; Flores, G. (2008). Thermal spraying of cylinder bores with the Plasma Transferred Wire Arc process (Technical report). Vol. 202. Surface and Coatings Technology. pp. 4438–4443. doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.04.023. ISSN   0257-8972.
  70. ↑ Thomas, Phillip (14 October 2015). "Ford Shows You How it Uses Plasma to Eliminate Cast-Iron Cylinder Liners in GT350 & GT350R's Screaming Flat-Plane V8". Motor Trend. US. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  71. ↑ Hada, Satoshi; Yuri, Masanori; Masada, Junichiro; Ito, Eisaku; Tsukagoshi, Keizo (9 July 2013). Evolution and Future Trend of Large Frame Gas Turbines: A New 1600 Degree C, J Class Gas Turbine (Technical report). The American Society of Mechanical Engineers. doi:10.1115/GT2012-68574 . Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  72. ↑ Trimble2013-03-22T16:05:00+00:00, Stephen. "ANALYSIS: GE opens five-year development effort for 777X engine". Flight Global.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  73. ↑ "LiquidPiston unveils 70cc rotary gasoline engine prototype embodying HEHC; power dense, low-vibration - Green Car Congress".
  74. ↑ Menon, Kiran (17 May 2023). "Why Everyone Forgot Koenigsegg's Revolutionary Freevalve Engine Technology". HotCars. Archived from the original on 18 May 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  75. ↑ Warner, Robin (26 March 2020). "Free Valve! It's The Only Way To Achieve A True Engine Democracy". Autoweek. US. Retrieved 23 December 2023./
  76. ↑ Wright, Micah (16 May 2023). "Whatever Happened to the Freevalve Zero Camshaft Engine?". EngineLabs.
  77. ↑ Truett, Richard (21 November 2017). "A look inside the Infiniti VC-Turbo engine". Automotive News. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  78. ↑ Abani, Neerav; Nagar, Nishit; Zermeno, Rodrigo; Chiang, Michael; Thomas, Isaac (28 March 2017). Developing a 55% BTE Commercial Heavy-Duty Opposed-Piston Engine without a Waste Heat Recovery System. World Congress Experience. Society Automotive Engineers. doi:10.4271/2017-01-0638 . Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  79. ↑ "Under the skin: How Maserati's new V6 is more potent". Autocar.
  80. ↑ Markus, Frank (11 February 2021). "We Dive Deep Into Maserati's New Nettuno V-6". Motor Trend. US. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
  81. ↑ Jemes, Martín (29 April 2024). "Ingenieros crearon un revolucionario motor de combustión de 1 único tiempo que integra admisión, compresión, combustión y escape en un solo ciclo teórico" [Engineers created a revolutionary single-stroke combustion engine that integrates intake, compression, combustion and exhaust in a single theoretical cycle]. diariomotor (in Spanish). Spain. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  82. ↑ Gitlin, Jonathan M. (3 January 2022). "Hyundai stops engine development and reassigns engineers to EVs". Ars Technica.
  83. ↑ "GAC China says it's building "world first" ammonia engine for cars". New Atlas. 27 June 2023.
  84. ↑ "China's GAC Unveils World's First Ammonia Car Engine". Bloomberg. 26 June 2023 – via www.bloomberg.com.
  85. ↑ Buckley, Julian (13 August 2024). "WinGD to start field tests of marine VCR tech". Power Progress International. UK. Retrieved 20 October 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.