Automobile manufacturers and brands of China

Last updated

There are currently about 150 active brands in the Chinese automobile market. Among them are 97 Chinese domestic brands and 43 joint venture (JV) brands. [1] Before 2010, the traditional "Big Four" refers to the four major state-owned car manufacturers, SAIC, FAW, Dongfeng and Changan. Other Chinese car manufacturers, both from public and private sectors, like Geely, BAIC, BYD, Chery, GAC, Great Wall, JAC and Seres, emerged as the major players with the expansion of the Chinese automotive industry.

Contents

The article is an introduction to major automobile manufacturers and brands of China; for the full list see List of automobile manufacturers of China .

Major manufacturers and brands

Chinese major automobile manufacturers headquarter locations Chinese major auto manufacturers headquarters locations.jpg
Chinese major automobile manufacturers headquarter locations

Central state-owned manufacturers

Central state-owned manufacturer refers to manufacturers directly owned by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council (SASAC) of the People's Republic of China. Currently, FAW, Dongfeng and Changan are owned and controlled by the Central Government. [2] According to the civil service ranks of China, The central government controlled state-owned enterprises are ranked as Sub-Ministerial-Level Enterprise.

Local state-owned manufacturers

Local state-owned manufacturers refers to manufacturers owned by the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of local governments (instead of the State Council). Most local government-controlled manufacturers are ranked as Bureau-Director Level Enterprise or even lower level.

State-private mixed ownership manufacturer

Notable privately owned manufacturers

Chinese major state-owned automobile groups global sales (joint venture brands excluded) [20]
YearCentral state-ownedLocal state-ownedState-private mixed owned
FAW Dongfeng Changan SAIC GAC BAIC JAC Chery Seres Hozon
20101,038,290607,0681,239,9901,424,51345,065682,895442,547750,456226,198
2011907,337654,9911,025,2331,433,38744,056664,812466,459729,497243,053
2012718,327611,4461,053,6451,659,97371,505683,991448,813653,476202,991
2013723,969709,4701,152,5371,884,112124,001866,994495,737561,062205,019
2014627,006715,3441,363,4872,051,240146,694864,783446,802570,718277,000
2015505,849690,5311,504,9362,272,961207,890827,170588,052575,108275,316
2016505,711779,2981,682,7412,533,586375,723988,109643,342682,474381,636
2017572,862810,4071,597,5432,811,224508,797837,129510,892604,708400,038
2018543,986664,3131,270,1002,957,136535,323701,754462,477752,759347,8371,206
2019589,832661,5851,331,8022,621,117384,792743,614421,241747,806325,38111,212
2020779,403725,4751,503,6042,575,775353,597790,241456,125731,117273,59015,509
2021846,803819,1721,754,7072,845,309447,207760,476524,224961,926266,61469,674
2022555,406743,0321,874,5692,779,123633,704570,681500,4011,232,727267,246152,073
2023732,328671,7022,097,7942,804,845886,508821,033592,4991,881,316253,181127,496
2024813,632765,2422,226,4892,429,925789,475872,362403,0942,603,916497,00887,684
Chinese major privately owned automobile groups global sales (joint venture brands excluded) [20]
YearPrivately owned HIMA [21]
Geely BYD GWM Li Auto Leapmotor Nio Xpeng Xiaomi
2010425,194521,761415,779
2011857,006454,676518,965
2012905,083462,512672,234
2013979,691514,188803,449
2014878,818446,329767,825
20151,025,287451,868871,315
20161,333,077510,1571,086,639
20171,938,057421,1581,085,654
20182,276,846528,2981,072,52911,348482
20192,194,145467,9601,097,4511,0001,00020,56516,608
20202,150,134431,4471,111,59833,45710,26643,72827,041
20212,189,409749,3251,280,99390,49143,12191,42998,155
20222,312,6131,881,6691,067,523133,246111,168122,486120,75776,180
20232,790,0003,024,4171,230,704376,030144,155160,038141,60195,279
20243,336,5344,272,1451,233,292500,508251,207221,970190,068135,000444,956

Foreign and joint venture manufacturers

Following the Chinese economic reform, from 1994 to 2018, Chinese automotive policy mandated that foreign carmakers had to establish joint ventures (JVs) with a Chinese counterpart to produce vehicles in the country, with the Chinese partner owning at least 50% of the venture. This measure was implemented to protect local manufacturers and provide it with the chance to bridge the technology gap and develop their brands. [22]

On April 17, 2018, the National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) of China announced that foreign ownership limits on automakers would be phased out over a five-year period. [23] [24] On 28 July 2018, China lifted foreign ownership restrictions on new energy vehicle production, which benefited American electric car manufacturer Tesla, Inc. The company established a plant in Shanghai, becoming the first foreign automaker to open a wholly owned manufacturing facility in China. [25] [26] The liberalization was followed by commercial vehicles in 2020 and passenger cars in 2022. The rule prohibiting foreign automakers from setting up more than two joint ventures in China was also lifted in 2022. Therefore, it became legally possible for foreign automakers to buy out local partners from joint ventures. In 2022, BMW and Volkswagen had acquired 75% stake in their joint ventures. [27] [28]

Foreign manufacturers

The following are foreign manufacturers that operate in China either through wholly owned manufacturing plants or joint ventures where they own more than 50 percent of the shares.

Summary

CompanyMarquesForeign-branded JVs
Central state-owned manufacturers
FAW Hongqi, Jiefang, Bestune FAW-Toyota, FAW-Volkswagen (Volkswagen, Audi, Jetta)
Dongfeng Voyah, M-Hero, Aeolus, Forthing, Nammi Dongfeng-Honda (Honda, Lingxi), Dongfeng-Nissan (Nissan, Infiniti, Venucia), Dongfeng-Peugeot Citroën
Changan Changan, Deepal, Avatr, Kaicene Changan Ford (Ford, Lincoln), Changan Mazda, Changan Ford NEV
Local state-owned manufacturers
SAIC SAIC, IM, Rising, MG, Roewe, Maxus, Baojun/Wuling (under SGMW) SAIC-Volkswagen (Volkswagen, Audi, AUDI, Skoda), SAIC-General Motors (Buick, Chevrolet, Cadillac)
GAC Trumpchi, Aion, Hyptec GAC-Toyota, GAC-Honda
BAIC Arcfox, Beijing, Beijing Off-road, Foton, Stelato Beijing-Benz, Beijing-Hyundai
Chery Chery, Exeed, Jetour, iCar, Luxeed, Jaecoo, Omoda, Aiqar, Exlantix, Freelander Chery-Jaguar Land Rover
JAC JAC, JAC Yiwei, JAC Refine, Maextro
State-private mixed ownership manufacturers
Seres Seres, AITO, Fengon, DFSK, Landian
Privately owned manufacturers
Geely Geely, Livan, Lynk & Co, Zeekr, Volvo Cars, Polestar, Lotus, LEVC, Farizon, Radar, Ji Yue, Smart, Proton
BYD BYD Auto, Yangwang, Denza, Fangchengbao
Great Wall GWM, Haval, Wey, Tank, Ora Mini (Spotlight)
Li Auto Li
Smaller startup manufacturers
Nio Nio, Onvo, Firefly
Xpeng Xpeng, XPeng AeroHT
Leapmotor Leapmotor
Hozon Neta
Xiaomi Xiaomi Auto

Joint venture manufacturers

The following are foreign manufacturers that operate in China through joint ventures where they hold a maximum of 50 percent ownership.

Reversed joint ventures and cooperation

In the 1990s, Chinese automakers pursued Western technology through joint ventures. However, a reversal occurred in the 2020s, with Western manufacturers now seeking technological assistance from Chinese counterparts and invested in China through joint ventures. [37] Several Chinese electric vehicle startups have leveraged their technological advantages, attracting investments from traditional Western automotive giants such as Renault-Nissan, VW, BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Toyota and Stellantis.

YearForeign manufacturerChinese manufacturerReversed joint venture / collaboration
2017 Renault/Nissan Dongfeng
  • Developing and manufacturing Renault and Dacia brand EV based on Dongfeng's technology
eGT New Energy Automotive (25:25:50)
2019 Renault JMCG
  • 50% of JMEV acquired by Renault
  • Developing and manufacturing JMEV and Mobilize brand EV
JMEV (50:37)
2019 Mercedes-Benz Geely
  • 50% of Smart brand acquired by Geely
  • Developing and manufacturing Smart brand EV by Geely
Smart Automobile (50:50)
2020 BMW Great Wall Motor
  • Developing and manufacturing Mini brand EV by GWM
Spotlight Automotive (50:50)
2020 Toyota BYD
  • Providing technical support for Toyota and supply the BYD-made battery, electric motor and electronic control unit for Toyota's EV.
BYD Toyota EV Technology (50:50)
2023 Volkswagen XPeng
2023 Audi SAIC
  • Establishing new AUDI brand
  • Developing and manufacturing vehicles with EV platform from IM Motors
2023 Stellantis Leapmotor
  • 20% stake of Leapmotor acquired by Stellantis
  • Rebadging/technology transfer for Stellantis vehicles
  • Setup of joint venture for the exclusive rights to sell Leapmotor vehicles outside China
Leapmotor International (51:49)
2023 Renault Geely
Horse (50:50)
2023 Ford Changan
  • Developing and manufacturing vehiclesFord brand electric vehicles by Changan
Changan Ford NEV (30:70)
2023 KG Mobility BYD
  • Supply of battery pack and hybrid powertrain for KG Mobility's electrified SUV and pickup truck
2024 Jaguar Land Rover Chery
  • Establishing Freelander brand
  • Developing and manufacturing vehicles by Chery
2024 KG Mobility Chery
  • Technology transfer of Chery's T2X platform
2025 Nissan Dongfeng
  • Export for Dongfeng-Nissan vehicles and components
JV for export (60:40)

Chinese technology industry involvement in the automotive industry

Since the 2020s, Chinese technology corporations such as Huawei, Baidu, and DJI, with their advanced software or hardware technological capabilities, started entering the automotive business through various approaches.

Huawei's partnership with automobile manufacturers has taken the form of three business models, from the standardized parts supply model, the "Huawei Inside" (HI) model, and the Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance (HIMA). [55] [56] Baidu and DJI have provided autonomous driving system and hardware to automotive manufacturers. [57] [58] Qihoo 360 invested in the Chinese EV startup company Hozon Auto. [59] Geely collaborates with Baidu to set up joint venture brands, and acquired Chinese smartphone company Meizu for its Polestar and Lynk & Co brands with its auto OS and AR system. Xiaomi is the first and the only Chinese tech company that is directly involved in automotive design, development and manufacturing, and operates its factory in Beijing. [60]

Chinese technology industry involvement in the automotive industry
Tech companyManufacturerCollaborating brandNote
Huawei

(HIMA)

Seres Group AITO Collaborates under the Harmony Intelligent Mobility Alliance (HIMA) model. Huawei provides a complete set of vehicle solutions and participates in product definition, design, marketing, user experience, quality control and delivery, while the manufacturers are responsible for vehicle manufacturing. [55]
Chery Luxeed
JAC Group Maextro
BAIC BluePark Stelato
SAIC Motor SAIC
Huawei

(Huawei Inside)

Changan Avatr Collaborates under the Huawei Inside (HI) model. Huawei provides a full-stack smart car solution and Huawei's smart cockpit to car manufacturers. Huawei supplies both software and hardware, but does not participate in the design, development, or marketing of the vehicles. [55]
Dongfeng M-Hero
Voyah
BAIC BluePark Arcfox
Changan Deepal
GAC Trumpchi
SAIC-VW Audi
FAW-VW
Audi-FAW NEV
Dongfeng Dongfeng eπ
Dongfeng Nissan
Xiaomi Xiaomi Auto Directly invests and is involved in automotive design, development and manufacturing. [60]
Baidu Dongfeng Voyah Baidu equips Dongfeng's electric vehicle brand, Voyah, with its Apollo autonomous driving system. [57]
Geely Jidu Auto / Ji Yue Baidu and Geely have established two joint venture companies, Jidu Auto for automotive technology, and Ji Yue for car manufacturing. [61] [59]
DJI SAIC-GM-Wuling Baojun DJI provides its autonomous driving system for several brands, including Baojun, Volkswagen, [62] and iCar. [63]
Volkswagen
Chery iCar
Qihoo 360 Hozon Neta Collaborates in a form of investment. [59]
Meizu Geely Lynk & Co, Polestar Meizu provides an auto OS called Flyme Auto OS, and an AR system. [64]

Statistics

Historic sales volume of Chinese brand passenger vehicles
YearChinese brand passenger vehicle sales [65] Domestic share of Chinese brand passenger vehicles [65] Global passenger vehicle sales [66] Global share of Chinese brand passenger vehicles
20106,273,00045.6%58,239,49410.77%
20116,112,20042.2%59,897,27310.20%
20126,485,00041.9%63,081,02410.28%
20137,222,00040.3%65,745,40310.98%
20147,518,00038.1%67,782,03511.09%
20158,737,60041.3%68,539,51612.75%
201610,529,00043.2%72,105,43514.60%
201710,847,00043.9%73,456,53114.77%
20189,890,00042.1%70,498,38814.03%
20198,470,00039.2%64,033,46313.23%
20207,749,00038.4%53,915,92814.37%
20219,543,00044.4%56,437,80316.91%
202211,766,00049.9%57,485,37820.47%
202314,596,00056%65,272,36722.36%
202417,970,00065.2%67,542,08126.61%
Historic production data and notable milestones in the Chinese automobile industry [67] [68] [69]
YearProductionGlobal shareMilestones
195561Foundation of the First Automobile Works (FAW)
196022,574
197087,166
1978149,062Beginning of the reform and opening-up
1985443,377
1990509,242
19951,452,697
20023,250,0005.6%Accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO)
20055,710,0008.6%
200913,790,00025.0%Surpassed the United States as the world's largest automobile producer
201018,260,00024.2%Largest number of cars produced by any nation
201524,500,00027.43%Became the world's largest EV producer
201729,020,00030.19%
202227,021,00031.8%Surpassed Germany as the world's second largest car exporter
202330,161,00032.4%Surpassed Japan as the world's largest car exporter
202431,436,00033.0%Highest production record in history
Automotive industry production capacity of China by province [70]
RegionProduction shareProvincialProduction volume in 2023Capacity utilizationChinese brandsForeign brands
Yangtze Delta 28.1% Anhui 2,250,74367.0% Chery, BYD, Changan, Sehol, JAC, Jetour Land Rover, Jaguar
Jiangsu 1,837,25239.3% Li Auto, BYD, Ora, Roewe, MG, Maxus, Deepal, HiPhi Volkwagen, Kia, Mazda
Shanghai 1,810,67969.6% IM Motors, Roewe, Rising, BYD Cadillac, Audi, Tesla, Buick, Mercedes-Benz
Zhejiang 1,368,00529.7% Geely, Zeekr, Geely Galaxy, Lynk & Co, Polestar, Aion, Neta, Leapmotor, BYD Volkswagen, Volvo, Ford
Central 14.8% Hubei 1,585,29441.4% Voyah, M-Hero, Aeolus, Trumpchi, Tank Honda, Nissan, Infiniti, Buick, Chevrolet, Dacia
Hunan 1,009,72042.1% BYD, Denza, Geely, Beijing Volkswagen
Henan 811,83637.4% MG, Jetour, Roewe, BYD, Fangchengbao Venucia
Jiangxi 431,24426.3% BYD, Trumpchi, JMC Ford
Chuan-Yu9.6% Chongqing 1,698,58634.9% Changan, Avatr, Deepal, Oshan, Tank, Jinbei, AITO, Seres, Landian, Livan, Wuling, Baojun Ford, Lincoln
Sichuan 782,92443.3% Zeekr, Lynk & Co, Kaiyi Volvo, Toyota, Volkswagen, Jetta
Pearl River Delta 13.2% Guangdong 3,418,74965.5% Trumpchi, Aion, BYD, Xpeng, Beijing Toyota, Honda, Nissan, Audi, Volkswagen
Jing-Jin-Ji 9.8% Tianjin 1,075,24471.1% Haval Volkswagen, Audi, Toyota
Beijing 912,00345.6% Changan, Beijing, Xiaomi, Li Auto Mercedes-Benz, Hyundai
Hebei 542,21435.0% Haval, Wey, Lynk & Co Hyundai
Northeast 10.5% Jilin 1,450,02065.0% Hongqi, Bestune Volkswagen, Audi, Toyota
Liaoning 1,197,28564.9% Chery BMW, Nissan, Infiniti, Buick
Heilongjiang 83,87652.4%Volvo, Ford
Other14.0% Shaanxi 1,255,30785.1 BYD, Yangwang, Denza, Smart
Guangxi 882,89236.8% Guangxi Auto, Forthing Chevrolet
Shandong 849,46936.5% BYD, Wuling Volkswagen, Audi, Cadillac, Buick, Chevrolet
Fujian 287,02144.5% MG Mercedes-Benz
Shanxi 164,18854.7% Geely Geometry
Inner Mongolia 89,77589.8% Chery
Guizhou 51,52916.6% Geely
Xinjiang 40,78940.8% Trumpchi Volkswagen
Hainan 12,8712.9% Haima
Yunnan 3,3873.4% JMEV

Etymology of major manufacturers

Trade name in EnglishCommon name in ChineseLiteral meaning in ChineseNote
Central State-owned manufacturers
FAW 一汽abbreviation for First Automotive WorksFirst automotive manufacturer of the People's Republic of China
Dongfeng 东风'the East Wind'Taken from Mao Zedong's famous saying "East wind prevails over the west wind", which means that the power of socialism will surely defeat the power of capitalism. [71]
Changan 长安'Long-lasting peace'Originated from "Chongqing Changan Arsenal", the predecessor entity in defense industry in 1950s. Changan is also the ancient name for the capital of Tang Dynasty. [72]
Local State-owned manufacturers
SAIC 上汽abbreviation for Shanghai Automotive Industry CorporationLocation of the manufacturer
GAC 广汽abbreviation for Guangzhou Automobile GroupLocation of the manufacturer
BAIC 北汽abbreviation for Beijing Automotive Industry CorporationLocation of the manufacturer
JAC 江淮abbreviation for Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group CorpLocation of the manufacturer. Jianghuai refers to the northern Jiangsu and northern and central Anhui, where JAC located.
Chery 奇瑞'unexpected and auspicious'Named by Yin Tongyue, the company's first technical director
State-private mixed ownership manufacturer
Seres 赛力斯'China'Derived from the Ancient Greek word Σῆρες, which means 'China'
Privately owned manufacturers
Geely 吉利'auspicious, propitious'Phonetic transliteration of the company's native name 吉利
BYD 比亚迪abbreviation for Build Your DreamOriginated from Yadi Electronics, the company's initial name, the character bi () was added to the name to prevent duplication, and to provide the company with an alphabetical advantage in trade shows. The backronymic slogan "Build Your Dreams" was adopted starting in 2008. [73]
GMW 长城'the Great Wall'Name by Wei Jianjun, the company's founder
Li Auto 理想'ideal' Homophone of its founder, Li Xiang.
XPeng 小鹏'Little Peng ' (a gigantic bird in Chinese myth)Derived from the given name of the founder He Xiaopeng
Nio 蔚来'Future' (homophone)"N" stands for new era, "I" for innovation, and "O" for openness [74]
Leapmotor 零跑'Leading the race' (homophone) in Chinese means 'zero', which represents the vision of zero emissions, zero accidents, and zero traffic jams. [75]

See also

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