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Figure skating is a sport in which individuals, pairs, or groups perform on figure skates on ice. It was the first winter sport to be included in the Olympic Games, with its introduction occurring at the 1908 Olympics in London. The Olympic disciplines are men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance; the four individual disciplines are also combined into a team event, which was first included in the Winter Olympics in 2014. The non-Olympic disciplines include synchronized skating, Theater on Ice, and four skating. From intermediate through senior-level competition, skaters generally perform two programs, which, depending on the discipline, may include spins, jumps, moves in the field, lifts, throw jumps, death spirals, and other elements or moves.
Ice dance is a discipline of figure skating that historically draws from ballroom dancing. It joined the World Figure Skating Championships in 1952, and became a Winter Olympic Games medal sport in 1976. According to the International Skating Union (ISU), the governing body of figure skating, an ice dance team consists of one woman and one man.
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The European Figure Skating Championships are an annual figure skating competition in which figure skaters compete for the title of European champion. Medals are awarded in men's singles, women's singles, pair skating, and ice dance. The event is sanctioned by the International Skating Union (ISU) and is the sport's oldest competition. The first European Championships were held in 1891 in Hamburg, Germany, and featured one segment, compulsory figures, with seven competitors. They have been held continuously since 1891, with only five interruptions, and have been sanctioned by the ISU since 1893. Women were allowed to compete for the first time in 1930, which is also the first time pair skating was added to the competition. Ice dance was added in 1954. Only eligible skaters from ISU member countries in Europe are allowed to compete.
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- ↑ "CHAMPIONS ON ICE". movietone.com. 27 November 1961. Archived from the original on 26 March 2014. Retrieved 26 March 2014.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Plataro Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: Evolution of Dance on Ice. Columbus Ohio U.S.A.: Platoro Press. p. 55. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 63. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 108. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- 1 2 Richardson, T.D. (1956). Ice Skating. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 89.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 111. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. pp. 119, 125. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Richardson, T.D. (1956). Ice Skating. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 89.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 125. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Richardson, D.T. (1956). Ice Skating. London: B.T. Batsford. p. 89.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Richardson, T.D. (1956). Ice Skating. London: B.T. Batsford Ltd. pp. 89–90.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Interview with Nesta Davies, competitor in the event.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. pp. 152, 156. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 161. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History; The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 166. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 172. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 188. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
- ↑ Copley-Graves, Lynn (1992). Figure Skating History: The Evolution of Dance on Ice. Platoro Press. p. 195. ISBN 0-9631758-1-5.
