Capsella bursa-pastoris

Last updated

Shepherd's purse
A Field of Shepherd's-purse.jpg
Flowering and fruiting
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Capsella
Species:
C. bursa-pastoris
Binomial name
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Synonyms [1]
List
    • Bursa abscissa(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa alandica(Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa anglica(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa astorisWeber
    • Bursa batavorum(Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa belgica(Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa bremensis(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa brittonii(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris(L.) Shafer
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris var. heterisShull
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris var. integrifoliaFarw.
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris var. minorFarw.
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris var. rhomboideaShull
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris var. simplex(Hus) Shull
    • Bursa bursa-pastoris var. tenuisShull
    • Bursa concava(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa divaricata(Walp.) Kuntze
    • Bursa djurdjuraeShull
    • Bursa druceana(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa gallica(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa germanica(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa grossa(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa heegeri(Solms) Shull
    • Bursa hiatula(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa integrella(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa laevigata(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa mediterranea(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa occidentalis var. concavaShull
    • Bursa occidentalis subsp. madeiraeShull
    • Bursa orientalisShull
    • Bursa origo(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa patagonica(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa penarthaeShull
    • Bursa pergrossa(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa robusta(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa segetum(E.B.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa sinuosa(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa sublaevigata(Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa trevirorum(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa turoniensis(E.G.Almq.) Druce
    • Bursa viguieri(Blaringhem) Shull
    • Bursa viminalis(Almq.) Druce
    • Capsella abscissa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella acutifoliaRaf.
    • Capsella aestivalis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella agrestisJord.
    • Capsella agrestis-rubellaPaill.
    • Capsella alandica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella algida(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella alpestris(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella altissima(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella amblodesRaf.
    • Capsella angermannica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella anglica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella angustiloba(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella apetalaOpiz
    • Capsella austriacaSennen
    • Capsella autumnalis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella batavorum(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella belgica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella bicuspis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella bifidaRaf.
    • Capsella biformis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella bottnica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella bremensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella brevisiliqua(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella brittonii(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella bursaRaf.
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris f. attenuataHus
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris var. bifidaCrép.
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris var. integrifoliaDC.
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris var. minorDC.
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris var. pinnataMakino
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris f. pinnatifida(Schltr.) Jovan.-Dunj.
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris var. rubrifloraMuschl.
    • Capsella bursa-pastoris var. stenocarpaCrép.
    • Capsella calmariensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella caucasica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella cavata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella collina(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella compacta(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella convexiformis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella cordata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella coroncpus(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella cuneiformis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella cuneolata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella curvisiliqua(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella cuspidata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella dentataRaf.
    • Capsella denticulata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella difformis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella diodonta(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella divaricataWalp.
    • Capsella druceana(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella elegans(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella emarginata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella erectaWalp.
    • Capsella exotica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella faucialis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella foliosa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella frigida(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella fucorum(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella furcataRaf.
    • Capsella galicica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella gallica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella germanica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella gothica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella gotlandica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella gracilescens(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella grossa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella grossotriangularis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella hanseatica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella heegeriSolms
    • Capsella helsingica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella herjedalica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella hians(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella hiatula(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella hiemalis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella hispidaHobk.
    • Capsella humilisRouy & Foucaud
    • Capsella hyrcanaGrossh.
    • Capsella incisura(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella integrella(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella integrifoliaHegetschw.
    • Capsella integrifoliaRaf.
    • Capsella jemtlandica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella jeniseiensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella kyphosa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lacerata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella laevigata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lanceolatocaspica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella latisiliqua(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lenaensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella leptoloba(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella linearis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lingulata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lobulata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella longiracemosaSennen
    • Capsella longirostris(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella longisiliqua(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lulensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella lutetiana(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella macroclada(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella matura(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella mediterranea(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella microcarpa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella monasterialis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella nanella(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella nylandica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella obovata(Östman) Almq.
    • Capsella obtusa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella odontophylla(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella oelandica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella origo(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella oviculata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella ovifera(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella pastoralisDulac
    • Capsella pastorisRupr.
    • Capsella patagonica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella penarthae(Shull) Wilmott
    • Capsella perconcava(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella perdentata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella pergrossa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella perhians(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella perversa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella pinnata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella pinnatofoliosa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella poimenobalantionSt.-Lag.
    • Capsella polymorphaCav.
    • Capsella praecoxJord.
    • Capsella praematura(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella prionophylla(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella provincialis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella querceti(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella ramselensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella rhenanaAlmq.
    • Capsella rhombea(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella robusta(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella rubella(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella rubelliformis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella rubelloagrestisPaill.
    • Capsella rubiginosa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella ruderalisJord.
    • Capsella salinula(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella savonica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella scanica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella scoliocaspica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella segetum(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella seleniaca(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella semilobata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella semirubella(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella sinuatolinearis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella sinuosa(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella smolandica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella stenocarpa(Crép.) Hobk.
    • Capsella stenocarpaTimb.-Lagr.
    • Capsella subalgida(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella subalpina(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella subarctica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella subbergiana(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella subcanescens(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella subcavata(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella subseleniaca(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella tenerescens(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella tibelensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella tjustiana(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella trevirorum(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella triangularisSt.-Lag.
    • Capsella turoniensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella umensis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella ursina(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella varia(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella vestrogothica(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella viguieriBlaringhem
    • Capsella viminalis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Capsella virgataJord.
    • Capsella viridis(E.B.Almq.) E.B.Almq.
    • Crucifera capsellaE.H.L.Krause
    • Iberis bursa-pastorisCrantz
    • Lepidium bursa-pastorisWilld.
    • Nasturtium bursa-pastoris(L.) Roth
    • Opizia bursoidesRaf.
    • Rodschiedia bursa-pastoris(Medik.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Schreb.
    • Thlaspi bursa-pastorisL.
    • Thlaspi cuneatumStokes
    • Thlaspi infestumSalisb.
    • Thlaspi schrankiiJ.F.Gmel.

Capsella bursa-pastoris, known as shepherd's purse because of its triangular flat fruits, which are purse-like, is a small annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). [2] It is native to eastern Europe and Asia minor, [3] but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates, [4] including the British Isles, [5] where it is regarded as an archaeophyte, [6] [7] North America [8] [9] and China, [10] but also in the Mediterranean and North Africa. [3] C. bursa-pastoris is the second-most prolific wild plant in the world, [10] and is common on cultivated ground and waysides and meadows. [11]

Contents

Scientists have referred to this species as a protocarnivore, since it has been found that its seeds attract and kill nematodes as a means to locally enrich the soil. [12] [13]

Description

Rosette (a), pointed leaves, flowers (c-e), pods (i, k) Capsella bursa-pastoris Sturm23.jpg
Rosette (a), pointed leaves, flowers (c–e), pods (i, k)

Capsella bursa-pastoris plants grow from a rosette of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem most often 10–50 cm (4–20 in) tall, but occasionally as much as 70 cm (28 in) or as little as 2 cm (0.8 in), which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. [14] The flowers, which appear in any month of the year in the British Isles, [11] : 56  are white and small, 2.5 mm (0.098 in) in diameter, with four petals and six stamens. [11] They are borne in loose racemes, and produce flattened, two-chambered seed pods known as silicles, which are triangular to heart-shaped, each containing several seeds. [9]

Like a number of other plants in several plant families, its seeds contain a substance known as mucilage, a condition known as myxospermy. [15] Recently, this has been demonstrated experimentally to perform the function of trapping nematodes, as a form of 'protocarnivory'. [12] [13] [16]

Capsella bursa-pastoris is closely related to the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and is also used as a model organism, because the variety of genes expressed throughout its life cycle can be compared to genes that have been well studied in A. thaliana. Unlike most flowering plants, it flowers almost all year round. [9] [10] Like other annual ruderals exploiting disturbed ground, C. bursa-pastoris reproduces entirely from seed, has a long soil seed bank, [6] and short generation time, [3] and is capable of producing several generations each year.

Taxonomy

Capsella bursa-pastoris subsp. thracicus (Velen.) Stoj. & Stef. is the only known subspecies. [17]

History

A very early European illustration of Capsella bursa-pastoris was published in a medieval Herbarius in aproximatly 1486. The book was printed in Louvain in what is now Belgium. The species was apparently not included in the ancient pharmacopoeia with William Turner stating in 1548 that it and twenty or thirty others had come to be known as medicinal plants from Arab sources. [18]

It was formally described by the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in his seminal publication Species Plantarum in 1753, and then published by Friedrich Kasimir Medikus in Pflanzen-Gattungen (Pfl.-Gatt.) in 1792. [17] [19]

Names

William Coles wrote in his book, Adam in Eden (1657), "It is called Shepherd's purse or Scrip (wallet) from the likeness of the seed hath with that kind of leathearne bag, wherein Shepherds carry their Victualls [food and drink] into the field." [20]

In England and Scotland, it was once commonly called 'mother's heart', from which was derived a child's game/trick of picking the seed pod, which then would burst and the child would be accused of 'breaking his mother's heart'. [20]

Uses

Capsella bursa-pastoris gathered from the wild or cultivated [21] [22] has many uses, including for food, [10] [22] to supplement animal feed, [21] for cosmetics, [21] and in traditional medicine [10] [21] —reportedly to stop bleeding. [23] The plant can be eaten raw; [24] the leaves are best when gathered young. [25] Native Americans ground it into a meal and made a beverage from it. [23]

Cooking

It is cultivated as a commercial food crop in Asia. [26] In China, where it is known as jìcài (荠菜; 薺菜) it is commonly used in food in Shanghai and the surrounding Jiangnan region. The savory leaf is stir-fried with rice cakes and other ingredients or as part of the filling in wontons. [27] It is one of the ingredients of the symbolic dish consumed in the Japanese spring-time festival, Nanakusa-no-sekku . In Korea, it is known as naengi (냉이) and used as a root vegetable in the characteristic Korean dish, namul (fresh greens and wild vegetables). [28]

The seeds of shepherd's purse were used as a pepper substitute in colonial New England. [29] [ failed verification ]

Chemistry

Fumaric acid is one chemical substance that has been isolated from C. bursa-pastoris. [30]

Pathogens

Pathogens of this plant include:[ citation needed ]

Related Research Articles

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British NVC community OV19 is one of the open habitat communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system. It is one of six communities characteristic of gateways, tracksides and courtyards.

<i>Capsella rubella</i> Species of flowering plant

Capsella rubella, the pink shepherd's-purse, is a plant species in the genus Capsella, a very close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana and a member of the mustard family, Brassicaceae. It has a very similar appearance to Capsella bursa-pastoris, but C. rubella has a diploid genome, whereas C. bursa-pastoris is tetraploid. Capsella rubella is used as a model plant to study the evolution of self-incompatibility into self-compatibility in plant reproduction. The species is found mostly in Mediterranean region. Separation of this species from its closest ancestor is predicted to have happened around 30,000 to 50,000 years ago.

Capsella grandiflora is a species of flowering plant in the Brassicaceae family. It is referred to by the common name grand shepherd's-purse and is a close relative of Arabidopsis thaliana. It is predicted together with Capsella orientalis to be the surviving progenitor of Capsella bursa-pastoris.

References

  1. ↑ "Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik". Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  2. ↑ Parnell, J.; Curtis, T. (2012). Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press. p. 262. ISBN   978-185918-4783.
  3. 1 2 3 Aksoy, A; Dixon, JM; Hale, WH (1998). "Biological flora of the British Isles. Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medikus (Thlaspi bursapastoris L., Bursa bursa-pastoris (L.) Shull, Bursa pastoris (L.) Weber)". Journal of Ecology. 86: 171–186. arXiv: 1303.1393 . doi:10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00260.x. S2CID   84689066.
  4. ↑ "Capsella bursa-pastoris". Flora of Pakistan.
  5. ↑ Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   0-521-04656-4
  6. 1 2 Preston, CD; Pearman, DA; Dines, TD (2002). New Atlas of the British & Irish Flora. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0198510673.
  7. ↑ Preston, CD; Pearman, DA; Hall, AR (2004). "Archaeophytes in Britain". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 145 (3): 257–294. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00284.x .
  8. ↑ "Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik". USDA Plants Database.
  9. 1 2 3 Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Capsella bursa-pastoris". Flora of China.
  11. 1 2 3 Clapham, A.R.; Tutin, T.G.; Warburg, E.F. (1981). Excursion Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0521232906.
  12. 1 2 Nature - Evidence for Facultative Protocarnivory in Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds
  13. 1 2 Telegraph - Tomatoes Can Eat Insects
  14. ↑ Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (5 November 2020). "Capsella bursa-pastoris - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 9 May 2024.
  15. ↑ Tamara L. Western; Debra J. Skinner; George W. Haughn (February 2000). "Differentiation of Mucilage Secretory Cells of the Arabidopsis Seed Coat". Plant Physiology. 122 (2): 345–355. doi:10.1104/pp.122.2.345. PMC   58872 . PMID   10677428.
  16. ↑ Barber, J.T. (1978). "Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds: Are they "carnivorous"?" (PDF). Carnivorous Plant Newsletter . 7 (2): 39–42. doi:10.55360/cpn072.jb538.
  17. 1 2 "Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  18. ↑ Morton, A.G. (1981). History of Botanical Science'. Academic Press. pp. 96–97, 118, 150. ISBN   0125083823.
  19. ↑ "Brassicaceae Capsella bursa-pastoris Medik". ipni.org. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  20. 1 2 Reader's Digest Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain. Reader's Digest. 1981. p. 54. ISBN   9780276002175.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "Capsella bursa-pastoris (Ecocrop code 4164)". ecocrop. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2008-08-06.
  22. 1 2 "Capsella bursa-pastoris - (L.)Medik". Plants For A Future database report.
  23. 1 2 Nyerges, Christopher (2017). Foraging Washington: Finding, Identifying, and Preparing Edible Wild Foods. Guilford, CT: Falcon Guides. ISBN   978-1-4930-2534-3. OCLC   965922681.
  24. ↑ Nyerges, Christopher (2016). Foraging Wild Edible Plants of North America: More than 150 Delicious Recipes Using Nature's Edibles. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 164. ISBN   978-1-4930-1499-6.
  25. ↑ Benoliel, Doug (2011). Northwest Foraging: The Classic Guide to Edible Plants of the Pacific Northwest (Rev. and updated ed.). Seattle, WA: Skipstone. p. 139. ISBN   978-1-59485-366-1. OCLC   668195076.
  26. ↑ Mills, David (March 11, 2014). Nature's Restaurant: Fields, Forests & Wetlands Foods of Eastern North America - A Complete Wild Food Guide.
  27. ↑ Samuels, Debra (12 May 2015). "This Chinese grandma forages and cooks". bostonglobe.com. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  28. ↑ Pratt Keith L.; Richard Rutt; James Hoare (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary. Richmond, Surrey.: Curzon Press. p. 310. ISBN   978-0-7007-0464-4.
  29. ↑ Hussey, Jane Strickland (Jul–Sep 1974). "Some Useful Plants of Early New England". Economic Botany. 28 (3): 311–337. doi:10.1007/BF02861428. JSTOR   4253521. S2CID   12764441.
  30. ↑ Kuroda, K.; Akao, M.; Kanisawa, M.; Miyaki, K. (1976). "Inhibitory effect of Capsella bursa-pastoris extract on growth of Ehrlich solid tumor in mice". Cancer Research. 36 (6): 1900–1903. PMID   1268843.
  31. ↑ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi. Fjölrit Náttúrufræðistofnunar. Náttúrufræðistofnun Íslands [Icelandic Institute of Natural History]. ISSN 1027-832X
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