Liverpool Chinatown | |
---|---|
Chinatown Gate, Nelson Street | |
Metropolitan borough | |
Metropolitan county | |
Region | |
Country | England |
Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
Post town | LIVERPOOL |
Postcode district | L1 |
Dialling code | 0151 |
Police | Merseyside |
Fire | Merseyside |
Ambulance | North West |
UK Parliament | |
Liverpool Chinatown | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Traditional Chinese | 利物浦中國城 | ||||||||||||
Simplified Chinese | 利物浦中国城 | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||
Chinese | 利物浦唐人街 | ||||||||||||
|
Chinatown is an area of Liverpool,England,that is home to the oldest Chinese community in Europe. [1] In the south of the city centre,Chinatown has many Chinese businesses,restaurants and supermarkets,and facilities for the Chinese community. The area is also notable for its Chinese-style architecture;with the paifang on Nelson Street being the largest,multiple-span arch of its kind outside China. [2]
The first presence of Chinese people in Liverpool dates back to 1834 when the first vessel direct from China arrived in Liverpool's docks to trade such goods as silk and cotton wool. [3] Many Chinese immigrants first arrived in Liverpool in the late 1860s as a result of Alfred Holt and Company employing large numbers of Chinese seamen while establishing the Blue Funnel Shipping Line. The commercial shipping line created strong trade links between the cities of Shanghai,Hong Kong and Liverpool;mainly importing silk,cotton and tea. [4] From the 1890s onwards,small numbers of Chinese began to set up businesses catering to the Chinese sailors working on Holt's lines and others. Some of these men married working class British women,resulting in a number of British-born Eurasian Chinese being born in Liverpool. [4]
At the beginning of World War II,there were up to 20,000 Chinese mariners in the city. In 1942,there was a strike for rights and pay equal to that of white mariners. The strike had lasted for four months. For the duration of the War these men were labelled as "troublemakers" by the shipowners and the British Government. At the end of the conflict,they were forbidden shore jobs,their pay was cut by two-thirds and they were offered only one-way voyages back to China. Hundreds of men were forced to leave their families,with many of their locally born children continuing to live in and around Liverpool's Chinatown to this day. [5]
Liverpool's first Chinatown existed within the city's docklands,although heavy bombing during World War II led to a relocation to the current spot just west of Liverpool Cathedral.
The Chinese Arch was assembled in 2000 (after being built in one of Liverpool's twin cities –Shanghai) as a mark of redevelopment of the area,which is still continuing today.
Plans to redevelop a significant portion of Chinatown were revealed in October 2010 and April 2012 respectively. [6] One scheme named 'China Square' is to include a Chinese Cultural Museum and Courtyard by Marriott in the former Scandinavian Hotel building. [7] Another regeneration project tipped to take place is 'Shanghai Square',which when built will occupy the southern fringes of Chinatown. [8] The proposal includes building a 23,000 m2 (250,000 sq ft) trade centre that will provide space for up to 100 businesses,specialist accommodation for Chinese students as well as a large Asian Pacific food market. [8]
The Chinatown in Liverpool,England is located near the city centre's southern edge close to Liverpool Cathedral. The city's Chinatown district has spread significantly since its first establishment,now taking up much of Berry Street. The streets of Liverpool's Chinatown are decorated with Chinese-style lanterns,waste bins and all street signs are written in English and Chinese.
English name | Chinese name | Romanisation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Simplified | Traditional | Mandarin (Pinyin) | Cantonese (Jyutping) | |
Bailey Street | 贝利街 | 貝利街 | BèilìJiē | bui3 lei6 gaai1 |
Berry Street | 巴利街 | 巴利街 | BālìJiē | baa1 lei6 gaai1 |
Cornwallis Street | 康和利士街 | 康和利士街 | KānghélìshìJiē | hong1 wo4 lei6 si6 gaai1 |
Cummings Street | 卡明斯街 | 卡明斯街 | KǎmíngsīJiē | kaa1 ming4 si1 gaai1 |
Duke Street | 公爵街 | 公爵街 | GōngjuéJiē | gung1 zoek3 gaai1 |
Griffiths Street | 居富士街 | 居富士街 | JūfùshìJiē | geoi1 fu3 si6 gaai1 |
Knight Street | 励德街 | 勵德街 | LìdéJiē | lai6 dak1 gaai1 |
Nelson Street | 纳尔逊街 | 納爾遜街 | Nà'ěrxùn Jiē | naap6 ji6 seon3 gaai1 |
Roscoe Lane | 罗士高里 | 羅士高里 | Luóshìgāo Lǐ | lo4 si6 gou1 lei5 |
Sankey Street | 桑基街 | 桑基街 | SāngjīJiē | song1 gei1 gaai1 |
Seel Street | 兆街 | 兆街 | Zhào Jiē | siu6 gaai1 |
Upper Duke Street | 上公爵街 | 上公爵街 | Shàng GōngjuéJiē | soeng6 gung1 zoek3 gaai1 |
2007 estimates state 1.7% of Liverpool's population as being of full Chinese descent (some 7,400 people),making it the city's single largest non-White ethnic group. [9] The International Organization for Migration,by contrast,has estimated that the number of Chinese people in Liverpool could range between 25,000 and 35,000. [10] There is also a large number of Chinese Liverpudlians of mixed European and Chinese ethnicity,descendants of the earlier generations of Chinese settlers in the city.
Liverpool's universities also host a large number of Chinese students,with the University of Liverpool having the largest number of Chinese students of any university in the UK. [11]
Chinese owned restaurants,supermarkets (including Chung Wah and Hondo),book shops and other businesses are now spread throughout the district. The large and increasing Chinese student population has seen the growth of a new network of businesses catering to the needs of Mainland Chinese students,building upon the existing Chinatown in the city.
Chinatown is also home to many community organisations as well as the Liverpool Chinese Gospel Church and the Liverpool Chinese Christian Disciples Church.
Planning for an arch began in 1992 as part of a regeneration scheme by Liverpool City Council for the Chinatown area. Designs for the arch were chosen by the local Chinese community through a competition. [12]
Initial construction began in October 1999 as part of the Ropewalks Phase 1 regeneration,with Dowhigh Civil Engineering of Bootle,Liverpool being announced as principal contractor and the arrival of 20 specially selected craftmen from Liverpool's twin city of Shanghai. The craftsmen included stonemasons,stone carvers,painters and construction engineers. [12] Along with the Chinese workers,block components manufactured by The Shanghai Linyi Garden Company Ltd were also shipped from China to Liverpool in five large containers with 2,000 pieces. [12] [13] Overall design was co-ordinated through the architectural practice of Wilkinson Hindle Hallsall and Lloyd with Liverpool City Council providing engineering design and supervision of the infrastructure and structural frame to the arch. Work finished in a relatively short time period of 90 days. This was due to the Chinese workers not traditionally celebrating Christmas and Boxing Day meaning that they could carry on working. Building of the arch finished in 2000 and was officially opened on Chinese New Year at a final cost of £700,000. [14]
Standing at 13.5 metres (44 ft) high the arch is the tallest in Europe and the second tallest in any Chinatown outside mainland China. [15] (Washington D.C. having the tallest outside China at 47 ft.) [16] The arch boasts 200 hand carved dragons of which 188 are ordinary and 12 are pregnant,the meaning of which is to symbolise good fortune between Liverpool and Shanghai. [12] The word "Chinatown" (trad. Chinese:中國城;pinyin:zhōngguóchéng) is written on the centre of the arch from right-to-left using traditional Chinese characters. In 2010 as part of a £25,000 lighting scheme,multicoloured,low energy illuminating lights were added to the arch as a way to highlight one of Liverpool's significant structures. [17]
A Chinatown is an ethnic enclave of Chinese people located outside Greater China,most often in an urban setting. Areas known as "Chinatown" exist throughout the world,including Europe,Asia,Africa,Oceania,and the Americas.
Chinatown is a neighbourhood in Vancouver,British Columbia,and is Canada's largest Chinatown. Centered around Pender Street,it is surrounded by Gastown to the north,the Downtown financial and central business districts to the west,the Georgia Viaduct and the False Creek inlet to the south,the Downtown Eastside and the remnant of old Japantown to the northeast,and the residential neighbourhood of Strathcona to the southeast.
Chinatown is an urban enclave situated in the southern part of the Sydney central business district,in New South Wales,Australia. It comprises the majority of the Haymarket suburb,between Central station and Darling Harbour. It is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney,and is Australia's largest Chinatown.
Urban Chinatowns exist in several major European cities. There is a Chinatown in London,England,as well as major Chinatowns in Manchester,Birmingham,Newcastle and Liverpool. In Paris there are two Chinatowns:one where many Vietnamese –specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam –have settled in the Quartier chinois in the 13th arrondissement of Paris which is Europe's largest Chinatown,and the other in Belleville in the northeast of Paris. Berlin,Germany has two Chinatowns,one in the East and one in the West. Antwerp,Belgium also has an upstart Chinese community.
British Chinese are people of Chinese –particularly Han Chinese –ancestry who reside in the United Kingdom,constituting the second-largest group of Overseas Chinese in Western Europe after France.
Philadelphia Chinatown is a predominantly Asian American neighborhood in Center City,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,United States. The Philadelphia Chinatown Development Corporation supports the area. The neighborhood stretches from Vine Street on the north;Arch Street on the south;North Franklin Street and North 7th Street on the east;to North Broad Street on the west.
Chinatown is an neighbourhood in Winnipeg,Manitoba,that was formed in 1909 and serves as an enclave of Chinese expatriates.
The Melbourne central business district is the city centre and main urban area of the city of Melbourne,Victoria,Australia,centred on the Hoddle Grid,the oldest part of the city laid out in 1837,and includes its fringes. The Melbourne CBD is located in the local government area of the City of Melbourne which also includes some of inner suburbs adjoining the CBD.
Wirral Waters is a large scale £4.5bn development currently being built by the Peel Group for Birkenhead,on the Wirral Peninsula,England. It is the sister programme of the Liverpool Waters project. Since 2012 the two projects have enjoyed enterprise zone status,together forming the Mersey Waters Enterprise Zone.
Chinatown in Manchester,England,is the second largest Chinatown in the United Kingdom and the third largest in Europe. Its archway was completed in 1987 on Faulkner Street in Manchester city centre,which contains Chinese restaurants,shops,bakeries and supermarkets.
The demography of Liverpool is officially analysed by the Office for National Statistics. The Liverpool City Region is made up of Liverpool alongside the Metropolitan Boroughs of Halton,Knowsley,Sefton,St Helens,and the Wirral. With a population of around 496,784,Liverpool is the largest settlement in the region and the sixth largest in the United Kingdom.
Shanghai Tower is a proposed 50-storey skyscraper,to be built as part of the multibillion-pound Liverpool Waters development in Liverpool,England. The proposal pays homage to Shanghai in China,which is a sister city of Liverpool. As of 2017 Shanghai tower was not included in the scheme central docks master plan.
Liverpool city centre is the commercial,cultural,financial and historical centre of Liverpool and the Liverpool City Region,England. Different definitions of the city centre exist for urban planning and local government,however,the border of Liverpool city centre is broadly marked by the inner city districts of Vauxhall,Everton,Edge Hill,Kensington and Toxteth.
A Chinese restaurant is a restaurant that serves Chinese cuisine. Most of them are in the Cantonese style,due to the history of the Chinese diaspora,though other regional cuisines such as Sichuan cuisine and Hakka cuisine are also common. Many Chinese restaurants may adapt their cuisine to fit local taste preferences,as in British Chinese cuisine and American Chinese cuisine. Some Chinese restaurants may also serve other Asian cuisines in their menus,such as Japanese,Korean,Indonesian,or Thai cuisines,though their selection is often limited and minimal compared to Chinese dishes.
Chinatowns are enclaves of Chinese people outside of China. The first Chinatown in the United States was San Francisco's Chinatown in 1848,and many other Chinatowns were established in the 19th century by the Chinese diaspora on the West Coast. By 1875,Chinatowns had emerged in eastern cities such as New York City,Boston,and Philadelphia. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 barred Chinese immigration to the United States,but the Magnuson Act of 1943 repealed it,and the population of Chinatowns began to rise again. In the 2010s,the downturn in the U.S. economy caused many Chinese Americans to return to China.
Chinese immigrants to the United Kingdom currently has more than 400,000,around 0.7% of the United Kingdom population. The first notable Chinese known to visit Britain was Michael Alphonsius Shen Fu-tsung in 1687,who travelled to Europe with a Belgian Jesuit Father Philippe Couplet. Shen helped to translate Chinese works at the Bodleian Library,University of Oxford. He and Couplet left in 1688.
Otterspool Tower is a name commonly given to a supertall skyscraper that was proposed in Liverpool,United Kingdom. Developers,Wiggins Group,first touted the idea in 1995 before moving forward with the proposal in 1998. Also dubbed the "Scousescraper",the building was set to be 305 m (1,000 ft) high and would have become the tallest building in Europe at the time. It was never built.
Home Office 213/926 or HO 213/926 is a Home Office file which records the secret deportation from the United Kingdom of thousands of seafarers to China in 1945 and 1946,permanently separating them from their families. It was officially entitled "Compulsory repatriation of undesirable Chinese seamen."