Common crane

Last updated

Common crane
Common crane grus grus.jpg
CITES Appendix II (CITES) [2]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Gruiformes
Family: Gruidae
Genus: Grus
Species:
G. grus
Binomial name
Grus grus
Common Crane Range.svg
The range of the common crane
  Extant (non-breeding)
  Extant (resident)
  Extant (breeding)
Synonyms
  • Ardea grusLinnaeus, 1758
  • Grus turfaPortis, 1884

The common crane (Grus grus), also known as the Eurasian crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. A medium-sized species, it is the only crane commonly found in Europe besides the demoiselle crane (Grus virgo) and the Siberian crane (Leucogeranus leucogeranus) that only are regular in the far eastern part of the continent. Along with the sandhill crane (Antigone canadensis), demoiselle crane and the brolga (Antigone rubicunda), it is one of only four crane species not currently classified as threatened with extinction or conservation dependent on the species level. Despite the species' large numbers, local extinctions and extirpations have taken place in part of its range, and an ongoing reintroduction project is underway in the United Kingdom. [3]

Contents

Taxonomy

The first formal description of the common crane was by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Ardea grus. [4] The current genus Grus was erected by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson in 1760. [5] Grus is the Latin word for a "crane". [6] The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised. [7]

Description

Common crane (Grus grus)

The common crane is a large, stately bird and a medium-sized crane. It is 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long with a 180–240 cm (71–94 in) wingspan. The body weight can range from 3 to 6.1 kg (6.6 to 13.4 lb), with the nominate subspecies averaging around 5.4 kg (12 lb) and the eastern subspecies (G. g. lilfordi) averaging 4.6 kg (10 lb). Among standard measurements, the wing chord is 50.7–60.8 cm (20.0–23.9 in) long, the tarsus is 20.1–25.2 cm (7.9–9.9 in) and the exposed culmen is 9.5–11.6 cm (3.7–4.6 in).

Males are slightly heavier and larger than females, with weight showing the largest sexual size dimorphism, followed by wing, central toe, and head length in adults and juveniles. [8]

This species is slate-grey overall. The forehead and lores are blackish with a bare red crown and a white streak extending from behind the eyes to the upper back. The overall colour is darkest on the back and rump and palest on the breast and wings. The primaries, the tips of secondaries, the alula, the tip of the tail, and the edges of upper tail coverts are all black and the greater coverts droop into explosive plumes. This combination of colouration ultimately distinguishes it from similar species in Asia, like the hooded (G. monacha) and black-necked cranes (G. nigricollis). The juvenile has yellowish-brown tips to its body feathers and lacks the drooping wing feathers and the bright neck pattern of the adult, and has a fully feathered crown. Every two years, before migration, the adult common crane undergoes a complete moult, remaining flightless for six weeks, until the new feathers grow.

It has a loud trumpeting call, given in flight and display. The call is piercing and can be heard from a considerable distance. It has a dancing display, leaping with wings uplifted, described in detail below.

Distribution

The common crane breeds in Europe and across the Palearctic to Siberia. [1] By far the largest breeding populations can be found in Russia, Finland and Sweden. It is a rare breeder in southern and western Europe, with larger numbers breeding in the central and eastern parts of the continent. It has reappeared in several western European countries where it had been extirpated as a breeding bird decades or even centuries ago, including the United Kingdom and, since 2021, the Republic of Ireland. [9] In Russia, it breeds as far east at the Chukchi Peninsula. In Asia, the breeding range of the common crane extends as far south as northern China, Turkey and the Caucasus region. [1] [10]

The species is a migrant and common cranes that breed in Europe predominantly winter in Portugal, Spain and northern Africa. [10] Autumn migration is from August to October in the breeding areas, but from late October to early December at the wintering sites. Spring migration starts in February at wintering sites up to early March, [11] [12] but from March through May at the breeding areas. Migration phenology of common cranes is changing due to climate change. [13] Important staging areas occur anywhere from Sweden, the Netherlands and Germany to China (with a large one around the Caspian Sea) and many thousand cranes can be seen in one day in the Autumn. Some birds winter elsewhere in southern Europe, including Portugal and France. [10] During mild winters, some may stay near their breeding locations year-round, even in northwestern Europe. [14] Common cranes that breed in far eastern Europe, including European Russia, winter in the river valleys of Sudan, Ethiopia, Tunisia and Eritrea with smaller numbers in Turkey, northern Israel, Iraq and parts of Iran. The third major wintering region, primarily used by those breeding in central Russia, is in the northern half of the Indian subcontinent, including Pakistan. Minimal wintering also occurs in Burma, Vietnam and Thailand. Lastly, the easternmost breeders winter in eastern China, where they are often the most common crane. [15] Migrating flocks fly in a "V" formation.

It is a rare visitor to Japan and Korea, mostly blown over from the Chinese wintering population, and is a rare vagrant to western North America, where birds are occasionally seen with flocks of migrating sandhill cranes.

Habitat

Common cranes in Osmussaar, Estonia. Wetlands are preferred habitats for the cranes. Osmussaar. 15.jpg
Common cranes in Osmussaar, Estonia. Wetlands are preferred habitats for the cranes.

In Europe, the common crane predominantly breeds in boreal and taiga forest and mixed forests, from an elevation of sea-level to 2,200 m (7,200 ft). In northern climes, it breeds in treeless moors, on bogs, or on dwarf heather habitats, usually where small lakes or pools are also found. In Sweden, breeders are usually found in small, swampy openings amongst pine forests, while in Germany, marshy wetlands are used. Breeding habitat used in Russia are similar, though they can be found nesting in less likely habitat such as steppe and even semi-desert, so long as water is near. Primarily, the largest number of common cranes are found breeding in wooded swamps, bogs and wetlands and seem to require quiet, peaceful environs with minimal human interference. They occur at low density as breeders even where common, typically ranging from 1 to 5 pairs per 100 km2 (39 sq mi).

In winter, this species moves to flooded areas, shallow sheltered bays, and swampy meadows. During the flightless moulting period there is a need for shallow waters or high reed cover for concealment. Later, after the migration period, the birds winter regularly in open country, often on cultivated lands and sometimes also in savanna-like areas, for example on the Iberian Peninsula. [16]

Behaviour

Diet

The common crane is omnivorous, as are all cranes. It largely eats plant matter, including roots, rhizomes, tubers, stems, leaves, fruits and seeds. They also commonly eat, when available, pond-weeds, heath berries, peas, potatoes, olives, acorns, cedar nuts and pods of peanuts. Notably amongst the berries consumed, the cranberry, is possibly named after the species. [17]

Animal foods become more important during the summer breeding season and may be the primary food source at that time of year, especially while regurgitating to young. Their animal foods are insects, especially dragonflies, and also snails, earthworms, crabs, spiders, millipedes, woodlice, amphibians, rodents, and small birds.

Common cranes may either forage on land or in shallow water, probing around with their bills for any edible organism. Although crops may locally be damaged by the species, they mostly consume waste grain in winter from previously harvested fields and so actually benefit farmers by cleaning fields for use in the following year. [18] As with other cranes, all foraging (as well as drinking and roosting) is done in small groups, which may variously consist of pairs, family groups or winter flocks.

Breeding

The long coiled trachea (TR) penetrating the sternum (S, K, A) produces the trumpeting calls of the crane. L on the left - lungs, LA - larynx, L on the right - tongue. PSM V09 D158 Crane throat structure.jpg
The long coiled trachea (TR) penetrating the sternum (S, K, A) produces the trumpeting calls of the crane. L on the left - lungs, LA - larynx, L on the right - tongue.

This species usually lays eggs in May, though seldom will do so earlier or later. Like most cranes, this species displays indefinite monogamous pair bonds. If one mate dies, a crane may attempt to court a new mate the following year. Although a pair may be together for many years, the courtship rituals of the species are enacted by every pair each spring. The dancing of common cranes has complex, social meanings and may occur at almost any time of year. Dancing may include bobs, bows, pirouettes, and stops, as in various crane species. Aggressive displays may include ruffled wing feathers, throwing vegetation in the air and pointing the bare red patch on their heads at each other. Courtship displays begin with a male following the female in a stately, march-like walk. The unison call, consists of the female holding her head up and gradually lowering down as she calls out. The female calls out a high note and then the male follows with a longer scream in a similar posture. Copulation consists of a similar, dramatic display.

The nesting territory of common cranes is variable and is based on the local habitat. It can range in size from variously 2 to 500 ha (4.9 to 1,235.5 acres). In common with sandhill cranes (and no other crane species), common cranes "paint" their bodies with mud or decaying vegetation, apparently in order to blend into their nesting environment. The nest is either in or very near shallow water, often with dense shore vegetation nearby, and may be used over several years. The size and placement of the nest varies considerably over the range, with Arctic birds building relatively small nests. In Sweden, an average nest is around 90 cm (35 in) across.

The clutch of the common crane usually contains two eggs, with seldom one laid and, even more rarely, 3 or 4. If a clutch is lost early in incubation, the cranes may be able to lay another one within a couple of weeks. The incubation period is around 30 days and is done primarily by the female but occasionally by both sexes. If humans approach the nest both parents may engage in a distraction display but known ground predators (including domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)) are physically attacked almost immediately.

New hatchlings are generally quite helpless but are able to crawl away from danger within a few hours, can swim soon after hatching and can run with their parents at 24 hours old. Chicks respond to danger by freezing, using their camouflaged brownish down to defend them beyond their fierce parents. Young chicks use their wings to stabilise them while running, while by 9 weeks of age they can fly short distances. The adult birds go through their postbreeding moult while caring for their young, rendering them flightless for about 5 to 6 weeks around the time the young also can't fly yet. According to figures of cranes wintering in Spain, around 48% birds have surviving young by the time they winter and around 18% are leading two young by winter. By the next breeding season, the previous years young often flock together. The age of sexual maturity in wild birds has been estimated at variously from 3 to 6 years of age.

Longevity

This species could live up to 30 or 40 years of age. [19] But the data on longevity (43 years) and life expectancy (12 years, N=7 cranes) were published with captive cranes. [20] Common cranes living in the wild must show shorter lives. Successful breeders, the best subjects in the population, are guessed to live on average 12 years. [21] Unsuccessful breeding cranes, therefore, may have shorter lives. Elementary survival analysis with the Euring database [22] reports a life expectancy at birth (LEB) of c. 5 years. [23] This LEB of 5 years was similar to that estimated for other crane species, as for example the Florida sandhill cranes (G. canadensis) (LEB = 7 years). [24] Reports of tagged common cranes have increased rapidly in the last decades. [25] Therefore, longevity and life expectancy at birth of wild common cranes will be updated.

Sociality

The common crane is a fairly social bird while not breeding. Flocks of up to 400 birds may be seen flying together during migration. Staging sites, where migrating birds gather to rest and feed in the middle of their migration, may witness thousands of cranes gathering at once. However, the flocks of the species are not stable social units but rather groups that ensure greater safety in numbers and collectively draw each other's attention to ideal foraging and roosting sites. [26] Possibly due to a longer molt, younger and non-breeding cranes are usually the earliest fall migrants and may band together at that time of year. During these migratory flights, common cranes have been known to fly at altitudes of up to 33,000 ft (10,000 m), one of the highest of any species of bird, second only to the Ruppell's Griffin Vulture. [27]

Cranes use a kleptoparasitic strategy to recover from temporary reductions in feeding rate, particularly when the rate is below the threshold of intake necessary for survival. [28] Accumulated intake of common cranes during daytime at a site of stopover and wintering shows a typical anti-sigmoid shape, with greatest increases of intake after dawn and before dusk. [29]

Interspecies interactions

There are few natural predators of adult cranes, although white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla), Bonelli's eagles (Aquila fasciata), eastern imperial eagles (Aquila heliaca) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are a potential predatory threat to common cranes of all ages. [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] The crane has been known to counterattack eagles both on the land and in mid-flight, using their bill as a weapon and kicking with their feet. [15] Mammals such as wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolverine (Gulo gulo) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are attacked at the nest, Herbivorous mammals such as red deer (Cervus elaphus) may also be attacked at the nest, indicating the high aggressiveness of the birds while nesting. [15] The determined attack of a parent crane often assures safety from predators including large mammals such as foxes, but occasional losses to predation are inevitable. [35] The carrion crow (Corvus corone) is locally a successful predator of common cranes' eggs, trickily using distraction displays to steal them. Other species of Corvus may also cause some loss of eggs, with common ravens (Corvus corax) also taking some small chicks. [36] [37] Common cranes may loosely associate with any other crane in the genus Grus in migration or winter as well as greater white-fronted geese and bean geese. [15]

Population and conservation

In 2015, the global population was estimated to be about 500,000 individuals. [1] The vast majority of pairs nest in Russia, Finland (30-40,000 pairs in 2009 [38] ) and Sweden (c. 30,000 pairs in 2012 [39] ). On the fringes of its range, it has often become rare or even been extirpated, but in several European countries this trend has been reversed and overall the European population is increasing. [1]

In the early 20th century, it was considered rare in Poland, but gradually began to increase and this has accelerated since the 1980s. In 2010-2012, the Polish population was estimated to number 20-22,000 pairs. [40] Norway had 3-5,000 pairs in 2015 and Estonia had 5,800 pairs in 1999, with both increasing. [41] [42] The German breeding population increased from 700 pairs in 1978 to more than 10,000 pairs in 2017, which is still a fraction of the size of the numbers that once bred in the country. After having disappeared as a breeding bird decades earlier, the species began breeding again in France in 2000 and in 2017 there were more than 20 pairs. In Denmark, the common crane returned as a breeder in 1953, about a century after it had disappeared. Numbers remained extremely low, less than 5 pairs, until the 1990s when a rapid increase began; in 2022 there were at least 750 pairs in Denmark. [43] In the Netherlands, the species disappeared as a breeding bird centuries ago, but it returned in 2001 and by 2020 there were about 40 pairs in the country. [44] The common crane returned to the Czech Republic as a breeder in 1981 and by 2004 it had increased to 35 pairs. [45] In 2009, the species again began to breed in Slovakia, [10] and in Austria it returned as a breeding bird in 2018 after having disappeared in 1885. [46] Although large numbers winter in Spain, the last breeding in the country had been in 1954. In 2017, a pair that had been released after being rehabilitated bred in Spain. [47] It was extirpated as a breeder from Italy around 1920 and Hungary by 1952, and it also used to breed in the Balkans; significant numbers still pass through these countries during migration. [10] [15] [48]

In the United Kingdom, the common crane became extirpated in the 17th century, but a small and increasing population now breeds again in the Norfolk Broads [49] and a reintroduction began in 2010 in the Somerset levels. A total of 93 birds were released between 2010 and 2014 as part of the reintroduction effort, and there are now 180 resident birds in the UK. In 2016, a wild crane was born in Wales for the first time in over 400 years. [50] In 2021, the British population had increased to 72 pairs. [9] In the Republic of Ireland, several visiting flocks were observed in the 2000s and in 2021 a pair managed to breed for the first time on the island in 300 years. [9]

The main threat to the species and the primary reason for its decline comes from habitat loss and degradation, as a result of dam construction, urbanisation, agricultural expansion, [51] and drainage of wetlands. Although it has adapted to human settlement in many areas, nest disturbance, continuing changes in land use, and collision with utility lines are still potential problems. Further threats may include persecution due to crop damage, pesticide poisoning, egg collection, and hunting. [52] [53] The common crane is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.

Culture

"Departure of Cranes" - picture of 1870 by Jozef Chelmonski (National Museum in Cracow) Jozef Chelmonski - Odlot zurawi (1870).jpg
"Departure of Cranes" - picture of 1870 by Józef Chełmoński (National Museum in Cracow)
A common crane in the coat of arms in the Tervola municipality Tervola.vaakuna.svg
A common crane in the coat of arms in the Tervola municipality

In 1870 Józef Chełmoński painted a picture: "Departure of Cranes" (National Museum in Cracow)

In Ireland, despite being extinct for over 200 years, the common crane plays a very important part in Irish culture and folklore and so thus recent efforts to encourage it back to Ireland are received with much enthusiasm.

The Kranich Museum in Hessenburg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany, is dedicated to art and folklore related to the common crane.

The common crane is the sacred bird of the god Hephaestus, [54] and it features heavily in the god's iconography. In Indian states of Rajsthan and Gujarat this crane is described in lots of folk songs. For example: a newly married woman (whose husband has gone to a far away place for earning) will sing a song to crane to take a message to her husband and request to tell him to come home early.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common buzzard</span> Species of bird of prey

The common buzzard is a medium-to-large bird of prey which has a large range. It is a member of the genus Buteo in the family Accipitridae. The species lives in most of Europe and extends its breeding range across much of the Palearctic as far as northwestern China, far western Siberia and northwestern Mongolia. Over much of its range, it is a year-round resident. However, buzzards from the colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere as well as those that breed in the eastern part of their range typically migrate south for the northern winter, many journeying as far as South Africa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crane (bird)</span> Family of large, long-legged birds

Cranes are a type of large bird with long legs and necks in the biological family Gruidae of the order Gruiformes. The family has 15 species placed in four genera which are Antigone, Balearica, Leucogeranus, and Grus. They are large birds with long necks and legs, a tapering form, and long secondary feathers on the wing that project over the tail. Most species have muted gray or white plumages, marked with black, and red bare patches on the face, but the crowned cranes of the genus Balearica have vibrantly-coloured wings and golden "crowns" of feathers. Cranes fly with their necks extended outwards instead of bent into an S-shape and their long legs outstretched.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-necked grebe</span> Species of migratory aquatic bird

The red-necked grebe is a migratory aquatic bird found in the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Its wintering habitat is largely restricted to calm waters just beyond the waves around ocean coasts, although some birds may winter on large lakes. Grebes prefer shallow bodies of fresh water such as lakes, marshes or fish-ponds as breeding sites.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glossy ibis</span> Species of bird

The glossy ibis is a water bird in the order Pelecaniformes and the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. The scientific name derives from Ancient Greek plegados and Latin, falcis, both meaning "sickle" and referring to the distinctive shape of the bill.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Little stint</span> Species of bird

The little stint is a very small wader. It breeds in arctic Europe and Asia, and is a long-distance migrant, wintering south to Africa and south Asia. It occasionally is a vagrant to North America and to Australia. The genus name is from Ancient Greek kalidris or skalidris, a term used by Aristotle for some grey-coloured waterside birds. The specific minuta is Latin for "small.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian spoonbill</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian spoonbill, or common spoonbill, is a wading bird of the ibis and spoonbill family Threskiornithidae. The species is partially migratory with the more northerly breeding populations migrating south for the winter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Goldcrest</span> Small passerine bird in the kinglet family

The goldcrest is a very small passerine bird in the kinglet family. Its colourful golden crest feathers, as well as being called the "king of the birds" in European folklore, gives rise to its English and scientific names. The scientific name, R. regulus, means 'petty king' or prince. Several subspecies are recognised across the very large distribution range that includes much of the Palearctic and the islands of Macaronesia and Iceland. Birds from the north and east of its breeding range migrate to winter further south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian crag martin</span> Small passerine bird in the swallow family

The Eurasian crag martin or just crag martin is a small passerine bird in the swallow family. It is about 14 cm (5.5 in) long with ash-brown upperparts and paler underparts, and a short, square tail that has distinctive white patches on most of its feathers. It breeds in the mountains of southern Europe, northwestern Africa and across the Palearctic. It can be confused with the three other species in its genus, but is larger with brighter tail spots and different plumage tone. Many European birds are resident, but some northern populations and most Asian breeders are migratory, wintering in northern Africa, the Middle East or India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sandhill crane</span> Species of bird

The sandhill crane is a species of large crane of North America and extreme northeastern Siberia. The common name of this bird refers to their habitat such as the Platte River, on the edge of Nebraska's Sandhills on the American Great Plains. Sandhill cranes are known to frequent the edges of bodies of water. The central Platte River valley in Nebraska is the most important stopover area for the nominotypical subspecies, the great sandhill crane, with up to 450,000 of these birds migrating through annually.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Whooping crane</span> Species of large bird from North America

The whooping crane is an endangered crane species, native to North America, named for its “whooping” calls. Along with the sandhill crane, it is one of only two crane species native to North America, and it is also the tallest North American bird species. The whooping crane's lifespan is estimated to be 22-24 years in the wild. After being pushed to the brink of extinction, due to unregulated hunting and loss of habitat, and just 21 wild cranes remaining by 1941, conservation efforts would lead to a partial recovery. The total number of cranes in the surviving migratory population, plus three reintroduced flocks and in-captivity, only slightly exceeds 800 birds as of 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurasian siskin</span> Species of bird

The Eurasian siskin is a small passerine bird in the finch family Fringillidae. It is also called the European siskin, common siskin or just siskin. Other (archaic) names include black-headed goldfinch, barley bird and aberdevine. It is very common throughout Europe and Eurosiberia. It is found in forested areas, both coniferous and mixed woodland where it feeds on seeds of all kinds, especially of alder and conifers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater spotted eagle</span> Species of bird

The greater spotted eagle, also called the spotted eagle, is a large migratory bird of prey in the family Accipitridae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Red-crowned crane</span> Species of large bird from East Asia

The red-crowned crane, also called the Manchurian crane, is a large East Asian crane among the rarest cranes in the world. In some parts of its range, it is known as a symbol of luck, longevity, and fidelity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siberian crane</span> Species of bird

The Siberian crane, also known as the Siberian white crane or the snow crane, is a bird of the family Gruidae, the cranes. They are distinctive among the cranes: adults are nearly all snowy white, except for their black primary feathers that are visible in flight, and with two breeding populations in the Arctic tundra of western and eastern Russia. The eastern populations migrate during winter to China, while the western population winters in Iran and (formerly) in Bharatpur, India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demoiselle crane</span> Species of large migratory bird

The demoiselle crane is a species of crane found in central Eurosiberia, ranging from the Black Sea to Mongolia and Northeast China. There is also a small breeding population in Turkey. These cranes are migratory birds. Birds from western Eurasia will spend the winter in Africa while the birds from Asia, Mongolia and China will spend the winter in the Indian subcontinent. The bird is symbolically significant in the culture of India, where it is known as Koonj or Kurjaa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siberian jay</span> Species of bird

The Siberian jay is a small jay with a widespread distribution within the coniferous forests in North Eurasia. It has grey-brown plumage with a darker brown crown and a paler throat. It is rusty-red in a panel near the wing-bend, on the undertail coverts and on the sides of the tail. The sexes are similar. Although its habitat is being fragmented, it is a common bird with a very wide range so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cranes of Great Britain</span>

Cranes are large, long-legged and long-necked birds of the order Gruiformes. Two species occur as wild birds in Great Britain: the common crane, a scarce migrant and very localised breeding resident currently being reintroduced to the country, and the sandhill crane, an extreme vagrant from North America. A third species, the demoiselle crane, has been recorded on a number of occasions, but these birds have not generally been accepted as being of wild origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Great bustard</span> Species of bird

The great bustard is a bird in the bustard family, and the only living member of the genus Otis. It breeds in open grasslands and farmland from northern Morocco, South and Central Europe to temperate Central and East Asia. European populations are mainly resident, but Asian populations migrate farther south in winter. Endangered as of 2023, it had been listed as a Vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 1996.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Iberian magpie</span> Bird in the crow family

The Iberian magpie is a bird in the crow family. It is 31–35 cm (12–14 in) long and similar in overall shape to the Eurasian magpie but is slenderer with proportionately smaller legs and bill. It belongs to the genus Cyanopica.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sarus crane</span> Species of bird

The sarus crane is a large nonmigratory crane found in parts of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m, they are a conspicuous species of open wetlands in South Asia, seasonally flooded Dipterocarpus forests in Southeast Asia, and Eucalyptus-dominated woodlands and grasslands in Australia.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 BirdLife International (2016). "Grus grus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2016: e.T22692146A86219168. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22692146A86219168.en . Retrieved 19 February 2022.
  2. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ↑ "Common cranes 'here to stay' after recolonising eastern England". The Guardian . 17 July 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  4. ↑ Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae:Laurentii Salvii. pp. 141–142.
  5. ↑ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 374–375.
  6. ↑ Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p.  179. ISBN   978-1-4081-2501-4.
  7. ↑ Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (December 2023). "Finfoots, flufftails, rails, trumpeters, cranes, Limpkin". IOC World Bird List Version 14.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 19 July 2024.
  8. ↑ Alonso, J.C.; Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.A. (2019). "Sexual size dimorphism in the Common Crane, a monogamous, plumage-monomorphic bird" (PDF). Ornis Fennica. 96 (4): 194–204. doi:10.51812/of.133960. hdl:10261/196174. S2CID   208369252.
  9. 1 2 3 "More crane chicks born in Ireland after 300-year absence". BBC. 11 July 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 Prange, H.; Ilyaschenko, E.I. (2019). "Eurasian Crane" (PDF). IUCN SSC Crane Specialist Group – Crane Conservation Strategy. pp. 397–424.
  11. ↑ Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A.; Cantos, F.; Bautista, L.M. (1990). "Spring crane Grus grus migration through Gallocanta, Spain. I. Daily variations in migration volume" (PDF). Ardea: 365–378.
  12. ↑ Alonso, J.A.; Alonso, J.C.; Cantos, F.; Bautista, L.M. (1990). "Spring crane Grus grus migration through Gallocanta, Spain. II. Timing and pattern of daily departures" (PDF). Ardea: 379–386.
  13. ↑ Orellana, J.M.; Bautista, L.M.; Merchán, D.; Causapé, J.; Alonso, J.C. (2020). "Shifts in crane migration phenology associated with climate change in southwestern Europe" (PDF). Avian Conservation and Ecology. 15: 16.
  14. ↑ "Flere traner overvintrer i Danmark". netnatur.dk. 11 January 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 Johnsgard, P. (1983). "Eurasian Crane (Grus grus)". Cranes of the World. University of Nebraska Lincoln. pp. 226–237.
  16. ↑ Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1992). "A 20-year study of wintering common crane fluctuations using time series analysis" (PDF). The Journal of Wildlife Management. 56 (3): 563–572. doi:10.2307/3808873. hdl: 10261/43950 . JSTOR   3808873.
  17. ↑ Harper, Douglas (4 May 2018). "Cranberry (n.)". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  18. ↑ Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A.; Bautista, L.M. (1994). "Carrying capacity of staging areas and facultative migration extension in common cranes". Journal of Applied Ecology. 31 (2): 212–222. Bibcode:1994JApEc..31..212A. doi:10.2307/2404537. JSTOR   2404537.
  19. ↑ Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia Set. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 585–. ISBN   978-0-7614-7266-7 . Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  20. ↑ Mitchell, P.C. (1911). "On longevity and relative viability in mammals and birds; with a note on the theory of longevity". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. 81 (2): 425–548. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1911.tb01942.x.
  21. ↑ Wessling, B. (2021). "Individual recognition of cranes, monitoring and vocal communication analysis by sonagraphy". Proceedings of the European Crane Conference 9:65-68. Conference organized by Syndicat Mixte de Gestion des Milieux Naturels – Réserve Nationale de Faune Sauvage d’Arjuzanx (editor: Patrick Dulau), 3rd December 2018, Arjuzanx, France.
  22. ↑ "EURING Bird Ringing Databank". EURING. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  23. ↑ Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C. (2021). "What do we know about survival of Common cranes? An elementary introduction with EURING databank" (PDF). Proceedings of the European Crane Conference 9:76-80. Conference organized by Syndicat Mixte de Gestion des Milieux Naturels – Réserve Nationale de Faune Sauvage d’Arjuzanx (editor: Patrick Dulau), 3rd December 2018, Arjuzanx, France.
  24. ↑ Tacha, T.C.; Nesbitt, S.A.; Vohs (1992). "Sandhill Crane Grus canadensis". In Poole, A.; Stettenheim, P.; Gill, F. (eds.). The Birds of North America. No. 31. The Academy of Natural Sciences (Philadelphia), and American Ornithologist's Union (Washington, D.C.). p. 24.
  25. ↑ Nowald, G. (2021). "iCORA: Internetbased Crane Observation Ring Archive".
  26. ↑ Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1995). "A field test of ideal free distribution in flock-feeding common cranes". Journal of Animal Ecology. 64 (6): 747–757. Bibcode:1995JAnEc..64..747B. doi:10.2307/5853. JSTOR   5853.
  27. ↑ "Top 10 Highest Flying Birds In The World - The Mysterious World". 31 March 2015.
  28. ↑ Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1998). "Foraging site displacement in common crane flocks" (PDF). Animal Behaviour. 56 (5): 1237–1243. doi:10.1006/anbe.1998.0882. hdl: 10261/46357 . PMID   9819341. S2CID   23926741.
  29. ↑ Bautista, L.M.; Alonso, J.C. (2013). "Factors influencing daily food intake patterns in birds: a case study with wintering common cranes" (PDF). Condor. 115: 330–339. doi:10.1525/cond.2013.120080. hdl: 10261/77900 . S2CID   86505359.
  30. ↑ Moll, K.H. (1963). "Kranichbeobachtungen aus dem Müritzgebiet" [Crane observations from the Müritz region]. Beiträge zur Vogelkunde (in German). 8: 221–253.
  31. ↑ Sulkava, S.; Huhtala, K.; Rajala, P. (January 1984). "Diet and breeding success of the Golden Eagle in Finland 1958–82" (PDF). Annales Zoologici Fennici. 21. Finnish Academy of Sciences, Societas Scientiarum Fennica, Societas pro Fauna et Flora Fennica and Societas Biologica Fennica Vanamo: 283–286.
  32. ↑ Muñoz-Pulido, R.; Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A. (1993). "Common Crane (Grus grus) killed by golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos)". Vogelwarte. 37: 78–79.
  33. ↑ Avilés, J.M.; Sánchez, J.M.; Medina, F.J. (1998). "Response of the crane Grus grus to potential predators in traditional wintering areas". Vogelwarte. 39: 202–203.
  34. ↑ Horváth, M., Solti, B., Fatér, I., Juhász, T., HaraSztHy, L., Szitta, T. & Pásztory-Kovács, S. (2018). Temporal changes in the diet composition of the Eastern Imperial Eagle in Hungary. Ornis Hungarica, 26(1), 1-26.
  35. ↑ Stanbury, Andrew, and Norman Sills. "Common crane habitats in Britain." British Wildlife 23.6 (2012): 381.
  36. ↑ "Grus grus Common Crane". www.eol.org eol.or. Encyclopedia of Life. 16 July 2012. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  37. ↑ Leito, A.; Ojaste, I.; Truu, J.; Palo, A. (2005). "Nest site selection of the Eurasian Crane Grus grus in Estonia: an analysis of nest record cards" (PDF). Ornis Fennica. 82 (2): 44–54.
  38. ↑ Valkama, J.; Vepsäläinen, V.; Lehikoinen, A. (2011). Suomen 3. lintuatlaksen (2006-2010) tulokset (PDF). Finnish Museum of Natural History and Finland's Ministry of the Environment. ISBN   978-952-10-6918-5 . Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  39. ↑ "Storfågelkunskap: Trana". Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. 28 January 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  40. ↑ Chodkiewicz, T.; et al. "Ocena liczebności populacji ptaków lęgowych w Polsce w latach 2008–2012" (PDF). Ornis Polonica. 56: 149–189.
  41. ↑ "Trane Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Artsdatabanken. 24 November 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  42. ↑ Leito, A.; Truu, J.; Leivits, A.; Ojaste, I. (2003). "Changes in distribution and numbers of the breeding population of the Crane Grus grus in Estonia". Ornis Fennica. 80: 159–171.
  43. ↑ "Danmarks bestand af traner på vej mod 1.000 ynglepar". Danish Ornithological Society. 20 August 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  44. ↑ "Kraanvogel". Vogelbescherming Nederland. 20 August 2022. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  45. ↑ Kondělka, D.; Petro, R. (2008). "Prvé známé případy prokázaného hnízdění jeřába popelavého (Grus grus) na Moravě a ve Slezsku". Sylvia. 44: 67–68.
  46. ↑ "Bild der Woche: Naturspektakel Kranichzug". WWF Austria. 9 November 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  47. ↑ "Primera reproducción de grulla común -Grus grus- en España". GrusExtremadura. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
  48. ↑ Mingozzi, T.; et al. (2013). "Autumn migration of Common Cranes Grus grus through the Italian Peninsula: new vs. historical flyways and their meteorological correlate". Acta Ornithologica. 48 (2): 165–177. doi:10.3161/000164513X678810. S2CID   55629395.
  49. ↑ "Common crane". Norfolk Wildlife Trust. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
  50. ↑ "Where are we at? | The Great Crane Project". www.thegreatcraneproject.org.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2021.
  51. ↑ Alonso, J.C.; Alonso, J.A.; Bautista, L.M. (2018). "A review of the crane-agriculture conflict at Gallocanta Lake" (PDF). Cranes and Agriculture: A Global Guide for Sharing the Landscape: 272–279.
  52. ↑ "Species factsheet: Grus grus". www.birdlife.org. BirdLife International. 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015.
  53. ↑ del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A.; Sargatal, J., eds. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol. 3. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. p.  88. ISBN   84-87334-20-2.
  54. ↑ Atsma, Aaron J. "Hephaistos (Sacred Birds & Animals)". www.theoi.com.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.