Commuter rail in North America

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NJ Transit has an extensive commuter rail system connecting New Jersey to New York City and Philadelphia. ALP-45DP 4504 On Head of Train 1009, at Hoboken Terminal 6-1-12.jpg
NJ Transit has an extensive commuter rail system connecting New Jersey to New York City and Philadelphia.
Long Island Rail Road commuter train in Westbury, New York. Post Avenue Bridge (37629083090).jpg
Long Island Rail Road commuter train in Westbury, New York.
A Metra train in West Chicago, IL. Metra loco 180 West Chicago.jpg
A Metra train in West Chicago, IL.

Commuter rail services in the United States, Canada, Cuba, Mexico, Panama, and Costa Rica provide common carrier passenger transportation along railway tracks, with scheduled service on fixed routes on a non-reservation basis, primarily for short-distance (local) travel between a central business district and adjacent suburbs and regional travel between cities of a conurbation. It does not include rapid transit or light rail service.

Contents

Services

Many, but not all, newer commuter railways offer service during peak times only, with trains into the central business district during morning rush hour and returning to the outer areas during the evening rush hour. This mode of operation is, in many cases, simplified by ending the train with a special passenger carriage (referred to as a cab car), which has an operating cab and can control the locomotive remotely, to avoid having to turn the train around at each end of its route. Other systems avoid the problem entirely by using bi-directional multiple units.

Other commuter rail services, many of them older, long-established ones, operate seven days a week, with service from early morning to after midnight. On these systems, patrons use the trains not just to get to and from work or school, but also for attending sporting events, concerts, theatre, and the like. Some also provide service to popular weekend getaway spots and recreation areas. The Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) is the only commuter railroad that operates 24 hours a day, 7 days a week in North America.

A GO Transit Bombardier cab car at Toronto's Scarborough Station. GO Transit cab car 300 a.JPG
A GO Transit Bombardier cab car at Toronto's Scarborough Station.

Almost all commuter rail services in North America are operated by government entities or quasi-governmental organizations. Most share tracks or rights-of-way used by longer-distance passenger services (e.g. Amtrak, Via Rail), freight trains, or other commuter services. The 600-mile-long (970 km) electrified Northeast Corridor in the United States is shared by commuter trains and Amtrak's Acela Express, regional, and intercity trains.

Commuter rail operators often sell reduced-price multiple-trip tickets (such as a monthly or weekly pass), charge specific station-to-station fares, and have one or two railroad stations in the central business district. Commuter trains typically connect to metro or bus services at their destination and along their route.

After the completion of SEPTA Regional Rail's Center City Commuter Connection in 1981, which allowed through-running between two formerly separate radial networks, the term "regional rail" began to be used to refer to commuter rail (and sometimes even larger heavy rail and light rail) systems that offer bidirectional all-day service and may provide useful connections between suburbs and edge cities, rather than merely transporting workers to a central business district. [1] This is different from the European use of "regional rail", which generally refers to services midway between commuter rail and intercity rail that are not primarily commuter-oriented.

Some transit lines in the NYC metropolitan areas have commuter lines that act like a regional rail network, as lines often converge at one point and pass as a main line to the destination station. They also pass through large business areas (ie Harlem, Jamaica, Stamford, Metropark), and some lines operate every 5–10 minutes during peak hours, and roughly every 15 minutes during off hours.

Spread

South Station in Boston, Massachusetts is a major transportation hub for the MBTA's commuter rail services. Boston South Station concourse in 2020.jpg
South Station in Boston, Massachusetts is a major transportation hub for the MBTA's commuter rail services.

The two busiest passenger rail stations in the United States are Pennsylvania Station and Grand Central Terminal, which are both located in the Borough of Manhattan in New York City, and which serve three of the four busiest commuter railroads in the United States (the Long Island Rail Road and NJ Transit at Penn Station, and the Metro-North Railroad and the Long Island Rail Road at Grand Central Terminal). The commuter railroads serving the Chicago area are Metra (the fourth-busiest commuter railroad in the United States) and the South Shore Line. Other notable commuter railroad systems include SEPTA Regional Rail (fifth-busiest in the US), serving the Philadelphia area; MBTA Commuter Rail (sixth-busiest in the US), serving the Greater Boston-Providence area; Caltrain, serving the area south of San Francisco along the peninsula as far as San Jose; and Metrolink, serving the 5-county Los Angeles area.

There are only three commuter rail agencies in Canada: GO Transit in Toronto (the fifth-busiest in North America), Exo in Montreal (eighth-busiest in North America), and West Coast Express in Vancouver. The two busiest rail stations in Canada are Union Station in Toronto and Central Station in Montreal.

A suburban train in Bejucal, Cuba Tren suburbano en Bejucal.jpg
A suburban train in Bejucal, Cuba

Commuter rail networks outside of densely populated urban areas like the Washington D.C., New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, Montreal, and Toronto metropolitan areas have historically been sparse. Since the 1990s, however, several commuter rail projects have been proposed and built throughout the United States, especially in the Sun Belt and other regions characterized by urban sprawl that have traditionally been underserved by public transportation. Since then, commuter rail networks have been inaugurated in Dallas–Fort Worth, Los Angeles, San Diego, Minneapolis, Denver, Salt Lake City, and Orlando, among other cities. Several more commuter rail projects have been proposed and are in the planning stages.

Rolling stock

Commuter trains are either powered by diesel-electric or electric locomotives, or else use self-propelled cars (some systems, such as the New York area's Metro-North Railroad, use both). A few systems, particularly around New York City, use electric power, supplied by a third rail and/or overhead catenary wire, which provides quicker acceleration, lower noise, and fewer air-quality issues. Philadelphia's SEPTA Regional Rail uses exclusively electric power, supplied by overhead catenary wire.

Diesel-electric locomotives based on the EMD F40PH design as well as the MP36PH-3C are popular as motive power for commuter trains. Manufacturers of coaches include Bombardier, Kawasaki, Nippon Sharyo, and Hyundai Rotem. A few systems use diesel multiple unit vehicles, including WES Commuter Rail near Portland and Austin's Capital MetroRail. These systems use vehicles supplied by Stadler Rail or US Railcar (formerly Colorado Railcar).

List of North American commuter rail operators

Metropolitan area(s)CountrySystemProvince / StateNumber of linesAvg. Weekday
ridership
(Q4 2018) [2]
Electrified
San JoseTri-ValleyStockton Flag of the United States.svg  USA Altamont Corridor Express (ACE) California 1 (2 under construction)6,100No
San FranciscoSan Jose Flag of the United States.svg  USA Caltrain California 157,000No (under construction: Overhead line, 25 kV 60 Hz AC)
SacramentoSan Francisco Bay Area Flag of the United States.svg  USA Capitol Corridor [note 1] California 15,700No
San DiegoOceanside Flag of the United States.svg  USA Coaster California 14,500No
BrunswickPortlandBoston Flag of the United States.svg  USA Downeaster [note 1] Maine / New Hampshire / Massachusetts 11,300No
Montreal Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  CAN Exo Quebec 583,300No
OgdenSalt Lake CityProvo Flag of the United States.svg  USA FrontRunner [3] Utah 119,200No
TorontoGreater Golden Horseshoe Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  CAN GO Transit Ontario 8271,000No
New Haven / Hartford / Springfield / New London Flag of the United States.svg  USA CT Rail Connecticut / Massachusetts 2No (Hartford Line)

Overhead line, 12 kV 25 Hz AC and 25 kV 60 Hz AC (Shore Line East)

Havana Flag of Cuba.svg  CUB Havana Suburban Railway La Habana / Artemisa / Mayabeque / Matanzas 8No (Lines 1 to 7)

Overhead line, 600 V DC (Hershey Railway)

Greater Metropolitan Area Flag of Costa Rica.svg  CRI Interurbano Line San José / Alajuela / Cartago / Heredia 3No
Mexico CityToluca Flag of Mexico.svg  MEX El Insurgente Mexico City / Mexico 1Overhead line, 25 kV 60 Hz AC
HarrisburgPhiladelphiaNew York City Flag of the United States.svg  USA Keystone Service [note 1] Pennsylvania / New York 15,000Overhead line, 12 kV 25 Hz AC
New York CityLong Island Flag of the United States.svg  USA Long Island Rail Road New York 11360,000Third rail, 750 V DC (only parts of the network)
BaltimoreWashington, D.C. Flag of the United States.svg  USA MARC Train Maryland / West Virginia / District of Columbia 423,500No (Brunswick Line, Camden Line)

Overhead line, 12 kV 25 Hz AC (Penn Line)

Boston / Worcester / Providence Flag of the United States.svg  USA MBTA Commuter Rail Massachusetts / Rhode Island 12 (1 under construction)121,600No
Chicago Flag of the United States.svg  USA Metra Illinois / Wisconsin 11277,100Overhead line, 1,500 V DC (Metra Electric District)

No (Other lines)

Los AngelesSouthern California Flag of the United States.svg  USA Metrolink California 837,600No
New York City / New Haven / Poughkeepsie Flag of the United States.svg  USA Metro-North Railroad New York / Connecticut 8 (1 under construction)315,700Overhead line, 12 kV 25 Hz AC

Third rail, 750 V DC (only parts of the network)

Northern New JerseyNew York City
PhiladelphiaAtlantic City
Flag of the United States.svg  USA NJ Transit Rail Operations New Jersey / New York / Pennsylvania 12 (1 under construction)238,082 (FY2017) [4] [note 2] Overhead line, 25 kV 60 Hz AC

Overhead line, 12 kV 25 Hz AC (only parts of the network)

AlbuquerqueSanta Fe Flag of the United States.svg  USA New Mexico Rail Runner Express New Mexico 12,500No
Minneapolis–Saint Paul Flag of the United States.svg  USA Northstar Line Minnesota 12,600No
Panama CityColón Flag of Panama.svg  PAN Panama Canal Railway Panamá / Colón 11,500 (2013) [5] [ needs update ]No
Denver Flag of the United States.svg  USA RTD Rail Colorado 428,700Overhead line, 25 kV 60 Hz AC
Santa RosaSan Rafael Flag of the United States.svg  USA Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit California 1No
ChicagoSouth Bend Flag of the United States.svg  USA South Shore Line Illinois / Indiana 1 (1 under construction)10,900Overhead line, 1,500 V DC
Philadelphia Flag of the United States.svg  USA SEPTA Regional Rail Pennsylvania / New Jersey / Delaware 13126,000Overhead line, 12 kV 25 Hz AC
EverettSeattleTacoma Flag of the United States.svg  USA Sounder Washington 218,300No
Greater Orlando Flag of the United States.svg  USA SunRail Florida 15,600No
Mexico City Flag of Mexico.svg  MEX Tren Suburbano Mexico City / Mexico 1 (2 under construction)195,000 (2017) [6] Overhead line, 25 kV 60 Hz AC
Dallas–Fort Worth Flag of the United States.svg  USA Trinity Railway Express Texas 16,800No
Miami–South Florida Flag of the United States.svg  USA Tri-Rail / Brightline Florida 214,600No
Washington, D.C. Flag of the United States.svg  USA Virginia Railway Express Virginia / District of Columbia 216,800No
Nashville Flag of the United States.svg  USA WeGo Star Tennessee 11,100No
Vancouver Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  CAN West Coast Express British Columbia 19,900No
Portland Flag of the United States.svg  USA WES Commuter Rail Oregon 11,600No

List of under construction and planned systems

There are several commuter rail systems currently under construction or in development in Canada, Mexico and the United States.

Metropolitan AreaCountryProvince/StateSystemOfficial
site
Other
sites
Aguascalientes Flag of Mexico.svg  MEX Aguascalientes Tren Suburbano (no official name yet) [7] [8]
Guadalajara Flag of Mexico.svg  MEX Jalisco Tren Suburbano [9] [10]
Monterrey Flag of Mexico.svg  MEX Nuevo León FIDEPROES [11]
Alameda County / San Joaquin County Flag of the United States.svg  USA California Valley Link [12] [13]
Anchorage Flag of the United States.svg  USA Alaska Alaska Railroad (existing long-distance railroad, proposed commuter service) [14] [15] [16] [17]
Dallas Flag of the United States.svg  USA Texas DART Silver Line [18]
Detroit Flag of the United States.svg  USA Michigan SEMCOG Commuter Rail [19] [20] [21]
Durham Flag of the United States.svg  USA North Carolina GoTriangle commuter rail (no official name) [22] [23]
Fort Worth Flag of the United States.svg  USA Texas Burleson commuter rail [24]
Houston Flag of the United States.svg  USA Texas Southwest Rail Corridor [25] [26]
Jacksonville Flag of the United States.svg  USA Florida First Coast Commuter Rail [27]
Miami-Dade Flag of the United States.svg  USA Florida Northeast Corridor Rapid Transit Project
Milwaukee Flag of the United States.svg  USA Wisconsin Kenosha-Racine-Milwaukee Commuter Rail [28] [29]
Minneapolis Flag of the United States.svg  USA Minnesota Dan Patch Corridor [30]
Oklahoma City Flag of the United States.svg  USA Oklahoma Oklahoma City commuter rail [31]
Phoenix Flag of the United States.svg  USA Arizona Arizona Passenger Rail Corridor Study
San Diego Flag of the United States.svg  USA California SANDAG Transit Leap [32]
San Luis Obispo Flag of the United States.svg  USA California Coast Rail Corridor Study [33]
Santa Cruz Flag of the United States.svg  USA California Santa Cruz and Monterey Bay Railroad [34]
Under construction

Former

The following systems have ceased operations since the formation of Amtrak in 1971.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 State sponsored Amtrak route with commuter rail focus
  2. This figure is from NJ Transit's Fiscal Year 2017, which covers the calendar period July 2016 to June 2017.

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