Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State

"Iraq ... in the face of a horrific insurgency has held historic elections, drafted and ratified a new national charter, and will go to the polls again in coming days to elect a new constitutional government. At this time last year, such unprecedented progress seemed impossible. One day it will all seem to have been inevitable. This is the nature of extraordinary times, which former Secretary of State Dean Acheson understood well and described perfectly in his memoirs. 'The significance of events,' he wrote, 'was shrouded in ambiguity. We groped after interpretations of them, sometimes reversed lines of action based on earlier views, and hesitated long before grasping what now seems obvious.' When Acheson left office in 1953, he could not know the fate of the policies he helped to create. He certainly could never have predicted that nearly four decades later, war between Europe's major powers would be unthinkable, or that America and the world would be harvesting the fruits of his good decisions and managing the collapse of communism. But because leaders such as Acheson steered American statecraft with our principles when precedents for action were lacking, because they dealt with their world as it was but never believed they were powerless to change it for the better, the promise of democratic peace is now a reality in all of Europe and in much of Asia." ^[73]

In 2006, Rice compared US commitment in Iraq to the Civil War, indicating "I'm sure there are people who thought it was a mistake to fight the Civil War to its end and to insist that the emancipation of slaves would hold." BET.com commented "If you're against the war in Iraq, you might as well consider yourself pro-slavery, according to Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice." ^[74]

On January 11, 2007, Rice addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee regarding the President's Iraq Strategy. Rice asserted that insurgents were mainly responsible for American casualties; Senator Chuck Hagel stated, "Madame Secretary, your intelligence and mine is a lot different." ^[75] Senator Benjamin Cardin asked Rice troop increases were adequate given the state of the Iraqi conflict. Rice responded "if you were trying to quell a civil war, you would need much larger forces" but that the augmentation was appropriate for the mission. ^[76]

In January 2007, the National Intelligence Estimate was issued; key judgements included: "The Intelligence Community judges that the term civil war does not adequately capture the complexity of the conflict in Iraq, which includes extensive Shia-on-Shia violence, Al Qaeda and Sunni insurgent attacks on coalition forces, and widespread criminally motivated violence. Nonetheless, the term civil war accurately describes key elements of the Iraqi conflict, including the hardening of ethno-sectarian identities, a sea change in the character of the violence, ethno-sectarian mobilization, and population displacements." ^[77]

In December 2007, Rice made her eighth visit as Secretary of State to Iraq, making an unscheduled stop in Kirkuk before proceeding to Baghdad, where she called on Iraqi leaders to urgently implement a national reconciliation roadmap. ^[78]

On January 15, 2008, Rice took a detour to Baghdad from a Middle East trip with President Bush, where she congratulated Iraqi leaders. She said the process of reconciliation was coming along "quite remarkably." At a news conference, she welcomed a decision to let Saddam Hussein supporters return to government jobs, saying: "A democratic and unified Iraq is here to stay. And while it may have challenges, it has passed through some very difficult times and is now moving forward in a way that is promising, yet still fragile." Rice's visit came as Iraq's defense minister told The New York Times he envisioned US security help until 2018 or later. ^[79]

On April 20, 2008, Rice made yet another unannounced trip to Baghdad, this time to promote what she called the "coalescing center" of Iraqi politics around Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki. Fighting in Baghdad's Sadr City neighborhood continued during Rice's visit, and the Green Zone endured three rocket attacks; visibility was so poor due to dust storms Rice had to take a ground convoy into the city rather than flying. Referring to Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, Rice said she recognized that the "Sadr trend" is a political movement as well as a militia. "Any Iraqi who's willing to lay down their arms and come into the political process and contest in the arena is welcome to do so," she said. "That would include the Sadrist trend." ^[80]

On June 9, 2008, Senators Carl Levin and John Warner, in a letter to Rice concerning U.S.-Iraqi negotiations on a strategic framework and status of forces agreement, demanded that the administration "be more transparent with Congress, with greater consultation about the progress and content of these deliberations." Levin and Warner also wrote that Congress, "in exercising its constitutional responsibilities, has legitimate concerns about the authorities, protections and understandings that might be made" in the agreements." ^[81] On October 16, 2008, after several more months of negotiations, Rice and U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates briefed senior U.S. lawmakers on the draft SOFA, and Iraqi Prime Minister Maliki prepared to circulate it with Iraq's Political National Security Council before going on to the Council of Ministers and the Iraqi parliament. Despite a compromise on the issue of jurisdiction over off-duty U.S. troops who commit crimes under Iraqi law, issues related to the timeline for U.S. withdrawal and Iraqi insistence on "absolute sovereignty" remained. ^[82] On November 19, 2008, Secretaries Gates and Rice held classified briefings for U.S. lawmakers behind closed doors, and neither official commented to reporters. Democratic Representative William Delahunt said: "There has been no meaningful consultation with Congress during the negotiations of this agreement and the American people for all intents and purposes have been completely left out." And Oona Hathaway, Professor Law at the University of California at Berkeley called the lack of consultation with United States Congress unprecedented, asserting that aspects of the accord exceed the independent constitutional powers of the president of the United States. ^[83]

Rice said in a late December 2008 Sunday morning talk show appearance that even in hindsight, Saddam Hussein had to go, to further stability in the Middle East: "I know that the Middle East with Saddam Hussein in its center was never going to be a Middle East that was going to change in a way that will sustain American interests and values and security." ^[84] Speaking with editors and reporters of The Washington Post on January 12, 2009, Rice argued that Iraq shows signs of becoming an inclusive state—it even "declared Christmas a national holiday"—and said that if the country eventually emerges as a democratic, multiethnic state that has friendly ties with the United States, "that will be more important than what anybody thought in 2002 or 2003." Rice added: "That's not to say that it didn't come at great cost. I myself will be haunted by the lives that were lost. I will always think about the people I visited at Walter Reed or at Bethesda and wonder what their lives are like. I also know that nothing of value is won without sacrifice." ^[85]

China

Rice criticized the Chinese government April 3, 2008 for sentencing human rights activist Hu Jia to jail and said the United States will launch new human rights talks with Beijing. ^[86]

North Korea

Rice, in a July, 2005 press conference, announces that North Korea has agreed to return to the Six Party Talks.

Rice has focused international attention on North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Beginning in 2003, a series of talks featuring China, North Korea, South Korea, the United States, Russia, and Japan, dubbed "The Six Party talks," have been aimed at denuclearization.

On February 10, 2005, North Korea withdrew from the talks after President Bush's 2005 State of the Union Address, in which he stated that "We're working closely with the governments in Asia to convince North Korea to abandon its nuclear ambitions". "In the next 4 years, my administration will continue to build the coalitions that will defeat the dangers of our time" ^[87] North Korea complained that the United States harbored a "hostile policy" toward their country and stated that they were permanently withdrawing from the Six-party talks. ^[88] In the following months, there was uncertainty over whether Rice could convince Kim Jong-Il to re-enter the negotiations, but in July 2005, North Korea announced that they had been convinced to return to the discussion.

After the first phase of the 5th round of talks, which took place November 9–11, 2005, North Korea suspended its participations in the negotiations because the United States would not unfreeze some of its financial assets in a Macau bank. ^[89] Rice has consistently called for the regime to return to the talks. On May 1, 2006, Rice stated that North Korea needs "to return expeditiously to the talks without preconditions, to dismantle its nuclear programs in a complete, verifiable and irreversible manner, and to cease all illicit and proliferation activities." ^[90]

On June 19, 2006, matters with North Korea were further complicated when it finished fueling an intercontinental ballistic missile that the regime said it would test fire. North Korea had previously self-imposed a missile-firing moratorium, but threatened to launch the missile anyway. Rice stated that "it would be a very serious matter and indeed a provocative act" for the North to follow through on the act, and that if the North decided to do so, "it would be taken with utmost seriousness." ^[91]

On July 5, 2006, North Korea test-fired seven rockets, including the infamous Taepodong-2, ^[92] sparking international backlash. Rice, in a press conference held on the same day, stated that she couldn't even begin to try to judge what motivated the North Koreans to act in such a way. Rice felt that North Korea had "miscalculated that the international community would remain united [in their opposition to the missile test-firing]" and "whatever they thought they were doing, they've gotten a very strong reaction from the international community." Following the missile test, the United Nations Security Council held an emergency meeting and strongly condemned the actions, though no official sanctions resulted at the time. ^[93]

Then, in early October 2006, North Korea claimed that it was preparing to test a nuclear explosive device. ^[94] While the rumors could not be substantiated by satellite surveillance beforehand, the test was actually carried out on October 9, 2006, with only twenty minutes warning. ^[95] The nuclear detonation test was, purportedly, in response to the United States's decision to not hold direct bilateral talks with the regime, as well as America's increasing pressure on the government, which North Korea claims is evidence that the United States wishes to attack or invade their country. Rice disputes North Korea's claim that the nuclear test was committed to deter America from invading, saying, "We shouldn't even allow them such an excuse ... It's just not the case ... [T]here is no intention to invade or attack them. [T]hey have that guarantee." ^[96]

Rice meets with Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov in Busan, South Korea to discuss North Korea.

Rice has also repeatedly offered direct negotiations with North Korea in the context of the Six Party Talks, but she has held her ground in her decision not to hold bilateral talks with the dictatorship, stating, "We've been through bilateral talks with the North Koreans in the 1994 agreed framework. It didn't hold ... The North Koreans cheated [by] pursuing another path to a nuclear weapon, the so-called 'highly enriched uranium' path ... [I]f [Kim Jong-Il] wants a bilateral deal, it's because he doesn't want to face the pressure of other states [nearer to him] that have leverage. It's not because he wants a bilateral deal with the United States. He doesn't want to face the leverage of China or South Korea or others." ^[96]

Following the nuclear test, Rice made numerous calls to foreign leaders to consolidate support for taking punitive action against North Korea. Rice was able to draw condemnations from even some of North Korea's closest defenders, including China, who admitted the test was "flagrant" and "brazen." ^[97] On the same day as the nuclear detonation, the United Nations Security Council convened another emergency meeting, where a clear consensus was apparent in favor of sanctions against the regime, with even China saying that it supported punishing the regime, ^[98] changing its position from July, 2006, when it vetoed any sanctions on North Korea following its missile tests. On October 14, 2006, Rice worked with allies to pass a UN Security Council resolution against North Korea that demanded North Korea destroy all of its nuclear weapons, imposed a ban on tanks, warships, combat aircraft and missiles in the country, imposed an embargo on some luxury items that government officials enjoy while the general populace starves, froze some of the country's weapons-related financial assets, and allows for inspections of North Korean cargo. ^[99] Rice called the resolution "the toughest sanctions on North Korea that have ever been imposed" and hailed the unanimous passage of the sanctions, which even North Korean–friendly China supported. ^[100]

But Nobel Laureate and cold-war nuclear strategist Thomas Schelling criticized Rice for organizing a punitive response, when she should have encouraged Taiwan, South Korea and Japan to reaffirm the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. ^[101]

While Rice consistently affirms that the United States will not preemptively invade, attack, or topple the North Korean regime, she emphatically assured Japan during an October 18, 2006, visit that "the United States has the will and the capability to meet the full range—and I underscore full range—of its deterrent and security commitments to Japan," which many have interpreted to mean that America would not hesitate to use its military might should North Korea attack one of America's allies. ^[102]

In mid-June 2008, Rice defended U.S. diplomacy toward North Korea, saying an agreement earlier in 2008 for Pyongyang to disable its nuclear reactor and provide a full accounting of its plutonium stockpile, "acknowledge" concerns about its proliferation activities and its uranium enrichment activity, and continue cooperation with a verification process to ensure no further activities are taking place, made Asia and the U.S. safer.

Speaking at The Heritage Foundation, a conservative Washington, D.C.-based think tank, Rice said, "North Korea will soon give its declaration of nuclear programs to China." ^[103] In a mid-January 2009 interview, Rice made the case that the Bush administration has made unappreciated strides in eliminating that country's nuclear weapon programs. Rice argued that events turned out for the best. "Yes, it's unfortunate that they reprocessed in that period of time, creating some stockpile of plutonium, but, frankly, given the attention now on their program ... I think it is a very good development" because, she said, nations in the region now have joined together in a diplomatic process to persuade Pyongyang to give up the weapons it built.." ^[104]

Japan

Rice expressed hope February 27, 2008 that the arrest of a U.S. Marine on suspicion of raping a 14-year-old girl on the southern Japanese island of Okinawa would not damage Washington's relations with Tokyo. ^[105]

Russia

Rice speaks with Russian President Vladimir Putin during an April 2005 trip to Russia.

In April 2005, Rice went to Russia to meet President Vladimir Putin. On the plane trip over, she related comments critical of Russia's democratic progress to reporters. "Trends have not been positive on the democratic side," said Rice. "There have been some setbacks, but I do still think there is a considerable amount of individual freedom in Russia, which is important." ^[106] In person Rice told Putin: "We see Russia as a partner in solving regional issues, like the Balkans or the Middle East."

In late 2005, there was a dispute between Russia and Ukraine after Russia decided to quadruple the price of energy being provided to the Ukrainian market ^[107] (Ukraine was receiving heavily subsidized prices for gas from Russia, the increase would have made the price equal to that of the current market price). ^[108] Rice subsequently criticised Russia's actions, accusing Russia of using its gas wealth as a political weapon. She called on Russia to behave as a responsible energy supplier and stated that the act did not show the international community "that it is now prepared to act ... as an energy supplier in a responsible way." Rice insisted, "When you say you want to be a part of the international economy and you want to be a responsible actor in the international economy, then you play by its rules ... I think that kind of behavior is going to continue to draw comment about the distance between Russian behavior and something like this and what would be expected of a responsible member of the G8." ^[109]

Though there was some question over whether or not Rice could convince Russia not to block the United States's move to refer Iran to the United Nations Security Council in early 2006 (because of Russia's economic and diplomatic ties to Iran), Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov eventually called Rice to confirm that Russia had agreed to allow the move. ^[110]

In February 2006, Rice described the United States's relationship with Russia as "very good," saying, "In general, I think we have very good relations with Russia. Probably the best relations that have been there for quite some time. We cooperate in the war on terror. We cooperate in a number of areas. Obviously we have some differences, too. But on the Iranian situation, we've actually had very good cooperation with the Russians."

In February 2007, Putin criticized US plans to expand European missile defenses. "Who needs the next step of what would be, in this case, an inevitable arms race?" Putin also characterized US military action as illegitimate, indicating "They bring us to the abyss of one conflict after another. 'Political solutions are becoming impossible. ^[111] Rice soon responded ""Everybody understands that with a growing Iranian missile threat, which is quite pronounced, that there need to be ways to deal with that problem and that we are talking about long lead times to be able to have a defensive counter to offensive-missile threats" ^[112] In April 2007, Rice indicated that Russia's concerns over the missile defense system were "ludicrous;" Putin responded by suggesting imposing a moratorium on an arms control treaty that NATO countries had long refused to ratify. ^[113]

India

Under Secretary Rice, and President George W. Bush, the long strained relationship between the United States and India, has strengthened. Even her and President Bush's critics, credit Secretary Rice, and President Bush, with stabilizing and improving the relationship between these two countries.^{[ citation needed ]} From 2005, India and the US, negotiated about a civilian nuclear energy partnership. This deal was controversial, because India is not a signatory of the NPT, despite possessing nuclear weapons. However it was endorsed by Mohammed ElBaradei, head of the nuclear watchdog, IAEA.^{[ citation needed ]} After overcoming domestic opposition, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, won the 2008 Lok Sabha Vote of Confidence. The Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement, was then passed by the IAEA board of governors and by the Nuclear Suppliers Group. ^[114] It was then passed with bipartisan support in the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate, and Secretary Rice, and Foreign Minister Pranab Mukherjee, signed it in October 2008. This has been one of the more popular foreign policy initiatives of the Bush administration.^{[ citation needed ]}

Secretary Rice was scheduled to travel to India on December 3, 2008, at the request of President Bush in the wake of the November 2008 Mumbai attacks, the White House said. "Secretary Rice's visit to India is a further demonstration of the United States' commitment to stand in solidarity with the people of India as we all work together to hold these extremists accountable," White House spokeswoman Dana Perino said in a statement. ^[115] Arriving in New Delhi to deter Indian officials from a rash response, Rice told reporters: "I have said that Pakistan needs to act with resolve and urgency to cooperate fully and transparently ... That message has been delivered and will be delivered to Pakistan.". ^[116]

Equatorial Guinea

Rice has worked to support and expand relations with the oil-rich African nation. In April 2006, Rice welcomed dictator-President Obiang to a press conference and stated, "You are a good friend and we welcome you." The welcome was extended 35 days after the State Department issued a report noting instances of "torture, arbitrary arrest, judicial corruption, child labor, forced labor, and 'severe restrictions' on freedoms of speech and press." ^[117]

Kenya

During a six-day tour of the African continent in February 2008, President Bush directed Rice, who was with him, to break off to go to Kenya, where Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general, was trying to broker a power-sharing deal. A senior administration official said that the main purpose of Rice's trip would be to step up pressure on Kenya's president, warning him that he risked losing American support if he did not compromise. The message, the official said, was, "If you can't make a deal, you're not going to have good relations." ^[118]

Malaysia

At the sidelines of the ASEAN regional forum in Singapore Secretary of State Rice reiterated the U.S. view that transparency and rule of law must be followed in Anwar's case. Anwar Ibrahim, a former deputy premier and current opposition leader, faces an allegation that he engaged in a homosexual act with a former aide that could derail his political plans. He has not been charged with sodomy, a crime punishable by up to 20 years imprisonment in Malaysia. But the claim mirrors events in 1998, when his rise was halted by a jail term for sodomy and corruption.

She said the United States had long spoken out in cases deemed to be political in nature and would continue to do so. "We are always going to speak up on human rights cases, political cases, but again we do so in a spirit of respect for Malaysia," Rice told a news briefing. ^{[119] [120]}

Venezuela

Rice discusses American-Venezuelan relations at the CARICOM Ministerials in March 2006.

The Bush administration has been particularly critical of the leadership of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez, and brands the country an "outlaw country in the drug war." ^[121] During Rice's confirmation hearings, she commented on Chávez: "We are very concerned about a democratically elected leader who governs in an illiberal way, and some of the steps he's taken against the media, against the opposition, I think are really very deeply troubling."

Venezuela actively campaigned for a non-permanent seat in the 2006 United Nations Security Council election. Rice, however, directed a global lobbying campaign by US envoys in foreign capitals, contending that Venezuela did not belong on the Security Council. ^[122] On November 1, after 47 rounds of deadlocked voting, Panama was selected as a compromise. ^[123]

On February 7, 2007, Ms. Rice declared that she believed Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez "was destroying his country economically and politically". ^[124] to which Chávez later replied that Rice "is an illiterate in need of a husband". ^[125]

Pakistan

When President Pervez Musharaff imposed a state of emergency in November 2007, it was rumored that she called General Musharaff and asked him not to impose a state of emergency. For the time being the General listened to the advice. However, on November 3, 2007, General Musharaff imposed a state of emergency despite opposition from Rice. ^[126]

In the aftermath of the defeat of Musharaff's own PML-Q in the election of February 18, 2008, Rice stated the US position saying that "How they arrange their coalition is really a Pakistani affair. The President of Pakistan is Pervez Musharraf ... And so, of course, we will deal with him. We will continue to pursue the American interests, which are for a stable and democratic Pakistan." ^[127]

Secretary Rice on December 1, 2008, urged Pakistan to give its "absolute, total" cooperation in finding those responsible for the previous week's attacks in Mumbai, India. ^[128] Rice then visited Islamabad on December 4, saying Pakistan "understands its responsibilities" in responding to terrorism in the wake of the attacks, and that the sophisticated nature of the attacks underscored the need for a swift and thorough investigation. "That means there is urgency to getting to the bottom of it," she said, "... to bringing the perpetrators to justice, and there is urgency to using the information to disrupt and prevent further attacks." Rice told reporters she was "quite satisfied" with her talks with senior government and military officials, but a senior Pakistani official said the tone was tougher in private, with Rice emphasizing U.S. expectations that Pakistan aggressively pursue evidence against militant groups. ^[129]

Zimbabwe

Rice has been tough on Zimbabwe, calling Zimbabwe President Robert Mugabe "a disgrace to the people of Zimbabwe and a disgrace to southern Africa and to the continent of Africa as a whole." ^[130] She has also accused Mugabe of taking a country that was once considered the jewel of Africa and "turning it into a failed state that threatens not only the lives of Zimbabweans but the security and stability of all southern Africa." ^[131] Reflecting on her tenure in early December 2008, Rice said one of her greatest regrets was the inability of the international community to remove Mugabe, whom she emphasized should have been removed long ago. ^[132]

References

1. The Nomination of Dr. Condoleezza Rice to be Secretary of State: Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Ninth Congress, First Session, January 18 and 19, 2005. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2005. ISBN   9780160752124.
2. "Standing for the Founding Principles of the Republic: Voting No on the Nomination of Dr. Rice as Secretary of State" (Press release). Robert Byrd. January 25, 2005. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
3. "Biography of Shirin Tahir-Kheli – Senior Advisor to the Secretary of State". Whitehouse.gov . Retrieved November 4, 2008.
4. "Princeton University's Celebration of the 75th Anniversary Of the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs" (Press release). United States Department of State. September 30, 2005. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
5. "Transformational Diplomacy" (Press release). United States Department of State. January 18, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2008. "Georgetown University address" (Press release). United States Department of State. January 18, 2006. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
6. Kessler, Glenn; Bradley Graham (January 19, 2006). "Diplomats Will Be Shifted to Hot Spots". The Washington Post. p. A01. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
7. Shanker, Thom (February 20, 2007). "Pentagon to Fill Iraq Reconstruction Jobs Temporarily". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
8. "Travels With the Secretary". United States Department of State. January 26, 2005. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
9. "Rosa Parks honored, to be laid to rest in Detroit" (Press release). United Church of Christ. November 1, 2005. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
10. Mohammed, Arshad (October 1, 2007). "Rice questioned about her sleep, fears and dreams". Reuters. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
11. Gollust, David (April 12, 2005). "Rice Conducts Telephone Diplomacy on Israel's Gaza Withdrawal Plans". Voice of America. Archived from the original on February 19, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
12. Kessler, Glenn (July 25, 2005). "Rice Mediates Gaza Disputes". The Washington Post. p. A19. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
13. Rice, Condoleezza (September 12, 2005). "Completion of Israeli Withdrawal From Gaza". United States Department of State . Retrieved November 4, 2008.
14. Wright, Robin; Scott Wilson (November 16, 2005). "Rice Negotiates Deal to Open Gaza Crossings". The Washington Post. p. A12. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
15. Levy, Gideon (October 10, 2006). "The mystery of America". Haaretz . Retrieved November 4, 2008.
16. "Rice on Palestinian Elections". Voice of America. January 18, 2006. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
17. Heilman, Uriel. "Would Condoleezza Rice as Veep choice undercut GOP's Israel argument?" Archived July 17, 2012, at the Wayback Machine JTA, July 15, 2012.
18. "Rice Lauds Peaceful Palestinian Elections, Decries Terrorism" (Press release). United States Department of State. January 30, 2006. Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
19. Aronson, Geoffrey (October 16, 2006). "A Bush policy of 'Apres moi, le deluge'". Daily News Egypt . Archived from the original on October 4, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
20. Soros, George (April 12, 2007). "On Israel, America and Aipac". New York Review of Books . 54 (6). Retrieved November 4, 2008.
21. Israel and the Palestinians: Key terms, BBC
22. http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/254A8588-3089-495E-9D54-FE87479080DB.htm "Aljazeera.Net - Hamas 'willing' to recognise Israel". Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved January 20, 2009. Hamas 'willing' to recognise Israel. April 12, 2006.
23. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050924230847/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9424469/ NBC News] "Hamas: We could one day recognize Israel - Mideast/N. Africa - MSNBC.com". Archived from the original on September 24, 2005. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "Hamas: We could one day recognize Israel", MSNBC , September 21, 2005.
24. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/02/27/rice.mideast.ap/index.html "Rice: Hamas rockets need to stop - CNN.com". Archived from the original on September 26, 2008. Retrieved January 20, 2009. "Rice: Hamas rockets need to stop", CNN , February 27, 2008.
25. "Israel returns to Gaza; Rice urges return to talks". CNN. March 4, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
26. McCarthy, Roy (November 5, 2008). "Gaza truce broken as Israeli raid kills six Hamas gunmen". The Guardian. London. Retrieved June 6, 2009.
27. Riechmann, Deb (December 27, 2008). "US urges Hamas to cease rocket attacks on Israel". Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 29, 2008. Retrieved December 27, 2008.
28. "Security Council overwhelmingly calls for immediate Gaza ceasefire". UN News Center.
29. "Olmert stands by his version of Rice flap". International Herald Tribune. Associated Press. January 14, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2009.
30. "Actions in Northern Israel and Southern Lebanon", United States Department of State , online posting, state.gov, July 12, 2006.
31. "US's Rice urges Israel to exercise restraint", July 14, 2006, oneindia.
32. Rice holds key talks in Lebanon. July 24, 2006.
33. "Special Briefing on Travel to the Middle East and Europe", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, July 21, 2006.
34. Israel strike kills at least 54, Lebanon shuns Rice. July 30, 2006.
35. "Israel Leaves Lebanon to UN" Archived October 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine , online posting, metro.co.uk, July 24, 2006.
36. "Progress as Rice talks to Syria and chats with Iran", Times Online, May 3, 2007.
37. Kessler, Glenn (February 26, 2005). "Rice Drops Plans for Visit to Egypt". The Washington Post. p. A14. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
38. Williams, Daniel (March 13, 2005). "Egypt Frees An Aspiring Candidate". The Washington Post. p. A16. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
39. Kaplan, Fred (January 16, 2007). "Waking Up to Reality: Condi makes nice in the Middle East". Slate . Retrieved November 4, 2008.
40. Spolar, Christine (March 6, 2006). "Egypt Reformer Feels Iron Hand of the Law". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on December 11, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
41. Cohen, Roger (November 15, 2006). "TimesSelect Confronting Democracy as an Era Ends in Egypt". The New York Times. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
42. "Egypt torture centre, report says". BBC News. April 11, 2007. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
43. McMahon, Robert (May 3, 2007). "Transforming U.S. Foreign Aid". Council on Foreign Relations. Archived from the original on October 27, 2008. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
44. Levinson, Charles (April 12, 2004). "$50 billion later, taking stock of US aid to Egypt". The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved November 4, 2008.
45. "Interview on KSL-TV With Bruce Lindsay" (Press release). United States Department of State. August 29, 2006. Retrieved November 4, 2008.
46. Rice, Condoleezza (May 23, 2005). "Remarks at the American Israel Public Affairs Committee's Annual Policy Conference". U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on October 10, 2007.
47. After Saudis' First Steps, Efforts for Reform Stall New York Times. Published April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 26, 2007.
48. Paraipan, Manuela. Religious Freedom: A Taboo in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Worldpress.org Published December 6, 2005. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
49. Saudi police 'stopped' fire rescue BBC. Published March 15, 2002. Retrieved April 25, 2007.
50. Iran human rights record 'to be loathed' – Rice Archived October 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Iran Focus. February 3, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
51. Ahmadinejad: Wipe Israel Off Map. Al Jazeera. October 26, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2006. Archived October 24, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
52. Rice denounces Iranian president's call for Israel to be 'wiped off the map' Archived May 19, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Iran Focus. October 29, 2005. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
53. Anne Gearan. Rice asks for $75M for democracy in Iran Archived September 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Iran Focus. February 15, 2006. Retrieved July 11, 2006.
54. Tully, Andrew. U.S.: Senators Ask Rice Tough Questions On Iraq, Iran, Hamas Radio Free Europe. Published February 15, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2007.
55. "Nuclear Power Plants Will Generate 6,000MW by 2010" (PDF). Iran Daily. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2006. Retrieved April 25, 2006.
56. Iran at a Crossroads: An Historic Opportunity for A Better Future. U.S. State Department. June 20, 2006.
57. World Powers Agree on Deal, Wait on Iran. Deutsche Welle. June 2, 2006. Retrieved June 2, 2006.
58. On-the-Record Briefing by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice. U.S. State Department. January 12, 2006.
59. Hirsh, Michael. "Diplo-Dancing With Iran." Newsweek. June 12, 2006: 32.
60. P5 + 1 Statement: Negotiations With Iran. July 12, 2006.
61. CHAPTER VII: ACTION WITH RESPECT TO THREATS TO THE PEACE, BREACHES OF THE PEACE, AND ACTS OF AGGRESSION. Archived July 4, 2006, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved July 12, 2006.
62. Rice 'not ruling out Iran talks'. BBC News. April 30, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2007.
63. Rosa-Marbrell, Nestor (November 20, 2007). "PR Gov Accuses US of Lying to the World". Prensa Latina. Archived from the original on October 3, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
64. http://espanol.news.yahoo.com/s/19112007/54/eeuu-gobernador-pide-rice-enmiende-informe-estatus-pol-tico-p.html Archived January 10, 2008, at the Wayback Machine El Gobernador pide a Rice que enmiende el informe sobre el estatus político de P.Rico Yahoo News November 19, 2007. Retrieved December 1, 2007.
65. Leopold, Jason (September 14, 2006). "Iraq and 9/11: The Truth is Out". The Black Commentator (197). Retrieved November 3, 2008.
66. King, Colbert I. (September 20, 2003). "Baghdad, Birmingham and True Believers". The Washington Post. p. A31. Archived from the original on April 4, 2004. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
67. Sanger, David E. (October 6, 2003). "White House to Overhaul Iraq and Afghan Missions". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
68. Dana Milbank (May 18, 2004). "Stabilization Is Its Middle Name". The Washington Post. p. A17. Retrieved July 28, 2010.
69. Benjamin, Daniel (August 29, 2003). "Condi's Phony History". Slate . Retrieved November 3, 2008.
70. "Interview on ABC's This Week with George Stephanopoulos" (Press release). United States Department of State. June 19, 2005. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
71. "Rice makes clear US objectives in Iraq". Xinhua News Agency. October 20, 2005. Archived from the original on February 25, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
72. "Senator Barbara Boxer and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice". The New York Times. January 11, 2007. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
73. Rice, Condoleezza (December 11, 2005). "The Promise of Democratic Peace". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
74. "Rice: Being Anti-War Is Being Pro-Slavery". BET . September 6, 2006. Archived from the original on November 19, 2004. Retrieved March 12, 2007.
75. Kornblut, Ann E. (January 12, 2007). "The Reach of War, Devastating Criticism by Both Parties". The New York Times. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
76. http://12.170.145.161/search/basic.asp?ResultStart=1&ResultCount=10&BasicQueryText=Hearing+with+Sec.+State+Rice&image1.x=20&image1.y=10 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2009. Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearing with Secretary of State Rice Cspan.org January 11, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
77. The Analysis: On the 'Polarization' of Iraqis and Their 'Ready Recourse to Violence' New York Times February 3, 2007. Retrieved March 24, 2008.
78. "Rice pushes "roadmap" as Turkish troops enter Iraq". Reuters. December 18, 2007.
79. "News Summary for January 15, 2008", PBS Online NewsHour, January 15, 2008. Retrieved February 1, 2008.
80. "Rice Praises 'Coalescing Center' in Iraqi Politics", The Washington Post, April 21, 2008, p. A12. Retrieved May 28, 2008.
81. "Iraqis Condemn American Demands", The Washington Post, June 11, 2008, p. A11. Retrieved June 12, 2008.
82. Karen DeYoung (October 2008). "Gates, Rice Brief Lawmakers On Draft Accord With Iraq". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2008.
83. Robinson, Dan (November 2008). "US Lawmakers Debate US-Iraq Security Accord". The Voice of America News. Archived from the original on December 12, 2008. Retrieved November 19, 2008.
84. Kessler, Glenn (December 28, 2008). "Rice says Iraq war better than Saddam". UPI . Retrieved January 19, 2009.
85. Glenn Kessler (January 13, 2009). "Rice, Eager to Depart, Heartily Defends Record". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
86. "Rice criticizes China for sentencing rights activist", CNN, April 3, 2008. Retrieved April 4, 2008.
87. State of the Union Address. February 2, 2005.
88. "N. Korea Agrees To Rejoin Talks", The Washington Post, July 10, 2005.
89. N Korea offers nuclear talks deal. April 13, 2006.
90. "Joint Statement by Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, Secretary of Defense Rumsfeld, Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs Taro Aso, and Japanese Minister of State for Defense Fukushiro Nukaga", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, May 1, 2006.
91. "U.S.: North Korea Readies Missile for Test", Fox News , June 19, 2006.
92. North Korea test-fires 7th missile Archived December 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . July 5, 2006.
93. "Remarks with Deputy Prime Minister Abdullah Gul After Their Meeting", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, July 5, 2006.
94. "North Korea Threatens Nuke Test" Archived October 12, 2007, at the Wayback Machine , The National Post , online posting, Canada.com, October 3, 2006.
95. "Defiant North Korea conducts nuke test". The Daily Star . Bangladesh. October 10, 2006.
96. Transcript of Interview with Wolf Blitzer of CNN, United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, October 10, 2006.
97. China backs punishing N. Korea ^{[ permanent dead link ]}. October 11, 2006.
98. "U.S. Aircraft Keeps Watch for N. Korean Nuke Test" Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Fox News , October 11, 2006.
99. U.N. Adopts Resolution Against N. Korea October 14, 2006. Archived November 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
100. Transcript of Interview on Fox News Sunday with Chris Wallace, United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, October 15, 2006.
101. Michael Spence, "Mr. Counterintuition", The Wall Street Journal , February 17, 2007.
102. "Remarks With Japanese Foreign Minister Taro Aso After Their Meeting", United States Department of State, online posting, state.gov, October 18, 2006.
103. Amanpour, Christiane (June 23, 2008). "N. Korea invites media to nuclear plant blast". CNN International.com/Asia. CNN. Retrieved June 23, 2008.
104. Kessler, Glenn (January 13, 2009). "Rice, Eager to Depart, Heartily Defends Record". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 19, 2009.
105. "Rice tries to soothe Japan outrage", CNN, February 27, 2008.
106. "Rice Attacks Russia On Democracy", Herald Sun , April 21, 2005. Retrieved February 29, 2008. Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
107. "Russia-Ukraine Gas Row Heats Up", BBC News, December 27, 2005.
108. Ukraine warms to Putin gas deal - CNN.com
109. "Rice: Russia Uses Energy Wealth as Political Weapon", Fox News, January 5, 2006.
110. "Russia Won't Block U.S. on Iran", The Washington Post, January 12, 2006.
111. Speech at the 43rd Munich Conference on Security Policy 02/10/2007. Archived March 3, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Retrieved February 21, 2007.
112. "Rice Deplores Russian Comment On Missile Shield" ^{[ dead link ]}, The Washington Post, February 21, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2007.
113. Danilova, Maria. Putin Threatens Pullout From Arms Pact Los Angeles Times. Published April 26, 2007. Retrieved April 27, 2007. ^{[ dead link ]}
114. By Sharad Joshi, A Pause in the Indo-US Nuclear Agreement, May 2, 2008, Retrieved November 28, 2013
115. "Rice to visit India on Wednesday, White House says". Reuters. December 1, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
116. Martha Raddatz and Kirit Radia (December 3, 2008). "White House Says America's Goal Is to Reduce Tensions". ABC News . Retrieved December 6, 2008.
117. Silverstein, Ken. Our Friend Teodoro: DEPARTMENT Washington Babylon April 18, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-18.
118. Sheryl Gay Stolberg, "Bush, in Africa, Emphasizes Successes", New York Times online edition February 17, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2008.
119. Reuters, "Rice says will continue to speak out on Anwar", Reuters July 28, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
120. TheStar, "US rejects claim that Anwar case is an internal affair" Archived September 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , TheStar July 28, 2008. Retrieved July 28, 2008.
121. Jackson, Jesse Dilemma of horns: Stop calling people, or nations, the devil Archived December 11, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Chicago Sun-Times. September 26, 2006.
122. Varner, Bill Chavez's Push for UN Council Seat Sets Up a Showdown With U.S.. Bloomberg. October 11, 2006.
123. "Panama agreement ends UN seat row", BBC News, November 2, 2006
124. "Voice of America - Rice: President Chavez Policies 'Destroying' Venezuela". Archived from the original on May 10, 2007. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
125. Chávez's Fix - Daniel Wilkinson (The Nation)
126. "Musharraf imposes emergency rule", BBC News, November 3, 2007
127. ", US to continue to keep in touch with Musharraf: Rice , February 23, 2008
128. "Rice urges Pakistan to cooperate in Mumbai inquiry". Reuters. December 1, 2008. Archived from the original on December 6, 2008. Retrieved December 1, 2008.
129. Henry Chu and Laura King (December 5, 2008). "India unsettled by warnings of airborne attack". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 6, 2008.
130. Lee, Matthew (March 30, 2008). "Rice: Zimbabwe President a 'disgrace'". The Huffington Post. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
131. Charbonneau, Louis (June 19, 2008). "Zimbabwe vote can't be free or fair: Rice". Reuters. Retrieved November 2, 2008.
132. Stephanopoulos, George (December 7, 2008). "This Week (ABC TV series)". ABC News .

Further reading

Main article: Foreign policy of the George W. Bush administration § Further reading

• Bracey, Christopher Alan. Saviors Or Sellouts: The Promise and Peril of Black Conservatism, from Booker T. Washington to Condoleezza Rice (Beacon Press, 2008).
• Bumiller, Elisabeth. Condoleezza Rice: an American life: a biography (Random House, 2007).
• De Castilla, Clariza Ruiz, and Zazil Elena Reyes García. "From sexual siren to race traitor: Condoleezza Rice in political cartoons." in Howard and Jackson, eds. Black Comics (2013) pp: 169–88. online
• Gates, Henry Louis, and Condoleezza Rice. "A Conversation with Condoleezza Rice: On Leadership." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 12.1 (2015): online, a primary source
• Jones, Jason. "Controlling the discourse: interviews with Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice." Critical Discourse Studies 7.2 (2010): 127–141. online
• Larres, Klaus. "George W. Bush’s Secretaries of State and Europe: Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6 (2008): 201–216. online
• Mabry, Marcus. Twice as good: Condoleezza Rice and her path to power (Rodale, 2008).
• Pennington, Dorthy. "The “Rhetorical Condition” as Mediator in the Response of African Americans to Perceptions of Terrorism: Condoleezza Rice as Symbol." The Howard Journal of Communications 22.2 (2011): 123–139. online

Official portrait, 2005

Condoleezza Rice's tenure as Secretary of State January 26, 2005 –January 20, 2009

v t e Presidency of George W. Bush (2001–2009)
Timeline	Transition 1st inauguration 2nd inauguration Timeline 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008–09 Legislation and programs Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy Email controversy Shoeing incident Judicial appointments Supreme Court candidates John Roberts Harriet Miers Samuel Alito controversies Pardons Cabinet Impeachment efforts Executive actions Executive orders Presidential proclamations State funeral of Ronald Reagan State funeral of Gerald Ford Obama transition Speeches Joint session of Congress (2001) Joint session of Congress (September 11 attacks) (2001) Axis of evil Mission Accomplished 2002 SOTU Address 2003 SOTU Address 2004 SOTU Address 2005 SOTU Address 2006 SOTU Address 2007 SOTU Address 2008 SOTU Address
Foreign policy	Bush Doctrine International trips by Colin Powell by Condoleezza Rice Jordan–United States Free Trade Agreement Trade Act of 2002 Trade promotion authority Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Dominican Republic–Central America Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea 2002 steel tariff Darfur Peace and Accountability Act Mexico City policy PEPFAR Space policy Vision for Space Exploration Russia summits Slovenia summit Slovakia summit Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty USA Freedom Corps September 11 attacks Communication issues Military response Pre-attack intelligence Phoenix Memo August 2001 daily briefing War on terror 2001 AUMF Afghanistan War 2002 Iraq AUMF Iraq War financial cost 2008 Iraq SOFA Executive Order 13355 Executive Order 13470 H-1B Visa Reform Act of 2004 L-1 Visa Reform Act of 2004 Secure Fence Act of 2006 Foreign Investment and National Security Act of 2007
Domestic policy	Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act Amber alert Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act Born-Alive Infants Protection Act Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act Government response to September 11 attacks Rescue and recovery effort 9/11 Commission report criticism National Construction Safety Team Act NIST WTC Disaster Investigation Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Terrorist Surveillance Program NSA warrantless surveillance Homeland Security Act of 2002 U.S. Department of Homeland Security National Security Entry-Exit Registration System No Fly List Secondary Security Screening Selection Terrorist Screening Center Terrorist Screening Database Real ID Act Protect America Act of 2007 FISA Amendments Act of 2008 Help America Vote Act Election Assistance Commission Higher Education Opportunity Act Higher Education Relief Opportunities For Students Act Hurricane Katrina Criticism of government response Disaster relief Medicare Modernization Act Medicare Part D No Child Left Behind Act Highly qualified teachers Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act President's Council on Service and Civic Participation award Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003 Public Service Loan Forgiveness Unborn Victims of Violence Act 2006 VRA Amendments White House Office of Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
Economic policy	American Jobs Creation Act of 2004 Bush tax cuts Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act Credit Rating Agency Reform Act Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 Energy Policy Act of 2005 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act Financial Literacy and Education Commission Red Flags Rule Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 Forest Land Enhancement Program Flood Insurance Reform Act of 2004 Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008 Job Creation and Worker Assistance Act of 2002 Mortgage Forgiveness Debt Relief Act of 2007 Pension Protection Act of 2006 Public Law 110-343 Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 Troubled Asset Relief Program Renovation, Repair and Painting Rule SAFE Transportation Equity Act Sarbanes–Oxley Act Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006
Environmental policy	Clean Boating Act of 2008 Climate change policy Clear Skies Initiative Committee on Climate Change Science and Technology Integration Executive Order 13432 Diesel Emissions Reduction Act Healthy Forests Initiative Magnuson–Stevens Reauthorization Act Renewable Fuel Standard Renewable Identification Number Small Business Liability Relief and Brownfields Revitalization Act Water Resources Development Act of 2007
← Clinton administration Obama administration →