Demographics of Nicaragua

Last updated

Nicaragua population pyramid in 2020 Nicaragua single age population pyramid 2020.png
Nicaragua population pyramid in 2020
Demographics of Nicaragua
Population6,850,540(2021 est.) [1] [2]
Male population2,839,168
Female population2,836,188
Population growth 1.855%
Birth rate 15.6/1,000 (2023 est.)
Death rate 5.0/1,000 (2021 est.)
Infant mortality rate11.861/1,000 [3]
Life expectancy 74.8 years [3]
NationalityNicaraguan
Demographic bureaus INEC

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects [1] [2] , Nicaragua has a population of 6,850,540. [1] [2] .According to a 2014 research published in the journal Genetics and Molecular Biology, European ancestry predominates in 69% of Nicaraguans, followed by African ancestry in 20%, and lastly indigenous ancestry in 11%. [4] A Japanese research of "Genomic Components in America's demography" demonstrated that, on average, the ancestry of Nicaraguans is 58–62% European, 28% Native American, and 14% African, with a very small Near Eastern contribution. [5] Non-genetic data from the CIA World Factbook establishes that from Nicaragua's 2016 population of 5,966,798, around 69% are mestizo, 17% white, 5% Native American, and 9% black and other races. [6] This fluctuates with changes in migration patterns. The population is 58% urban as of 2013. [7]

Contents

Following the Sandinista revolution in 1979, many of the migrants who left the country were landed people of upper and middle-class origin who wanted to avoid the Sandinistas' agrarian reforms that were being carried out. [8] A growing number of these people have returned, while many continue to live abroad. [9]

42.5% of the population lives below the poverty line. [10] The general poverty rate is estimated at 47.3%, although much of the population falls in the lower middle class due to low salaries and a low GDP (US$1000–3000). [11]

The most populous city in the country is the capital city, Managua, with a population of 1.2 million (2005). As of 2005, over 4.4 million inhabitants (82%) live in the Pacific, Central and Northern regions. 2.7 million inhabitants (about 50%, not including Managua) reside in the Pacific region alone, while inhabitants in the Caribbean region only reach an estimated 700,000. [12]

The Census Bureau in Nicaragua is the National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). The institution is in charge of completing censuses and surveys. INEC ran its first census in 1906, the last census was taken in 2005, it was the eighth to date.

Population

Nicaragua's total population, 2005. Number of inhabitants in thousands. Nicaragua-demography.png
Nicaragua's total population, 2005. Number of inhabitants in thousands.

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects [1] [2] the total population was 6,850,540 in 2021, compared to only 1,295,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 34.5%, 60.9% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 4.6% was 65 years or older . [13]

YearTotal population
(million)
Proportion percentage
aged 0–14aged 15–64aged 65+
19501 295
43.0%
54.2%
2.8%
19551 508
45.2%
52.1%
2.7%
19601 775
47.4%
50.0%
2.5%
19652 063
49.2%
48.3%
2.5%
19702 400
48.1%
49.4%
2.5%
19752 798
47.1%
50.2%
2.6%
19803 250
47.1%
50.1%
2.7%
19853 710
47.1%
50.0%
2.9%
19904 138
46.0%
50.9%
3.2%
19954 659
44.0%
52.6%
3.4%
20005 069
39.7%
56.6%
3.8%
20055 439
36.2%
59.6%
4.2%
20105 824
33.3%
62.2%
4.5%
20156 223
31.3%
64.0%
4.8%
20206 625
29.5%
64.8%
5.7%

Structure of the population

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2009): [14]
Age groupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total2 844 2442 898 0725 742 316100
0-4347 205332 920680 12511.84
5-9336 817323 279660 09611.50
10-14344 831332 925677 75611.80
15-19331 536329 072660 60811.50
20-24286 484290 439576 92310.05
25-29250 672260 730511 4028.91
30-34197 120214 967412 0877.18
35-39162 472174 845337 3175.87
40-44136 223143 572279 7954.87
45-49115 914124 028239 9424.18
50-5498 355107 733206 0883.59
55-5974 17380 156154 3292.69
60-6445 22148 46093 6811.63
65-6943 12146 23089 3511.56
70-7432 41835 44367 8611.18
75-7922 24925 95648 2050.84
80+19 43327 31746 7500.81
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0-141 028 853989 1242 017 97735.14
15-641 698 1701 774 0023 472 17260.47
65+117 221134 946252 1674.39
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.07.2023): [15]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total3 357 1383 446 7486 803 886100
0–4328 587314 177642 764
5–9339 464324 833664 297
10–14338 766324 761663 527
15–19318 320306 443624 763
20–24299 073290 339589 412
25–29294 819293 641588 460
30–34272 934282 281555 215
35–39240 254255 454495 708
40–44209 895231 173441 068
45–49167 212190 927358 139
50–54137 219154 183291 402
55–59115 265128 180243 445
60–6497 984111 544209 528
65-6979 27992 356171 635
70-7451 33660 269111 605
75-7930 34236 44866 790
80+36 38949 73986 128
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–141 006 817963 7711 970 58828.96
15–642 152 9752 244 1654 397 14064.63
65+197 346238 812436 1586.41

Population distribution

Ninety percent of Nicaraguans live in the Pacific lowlands and the adjacent interior highlands. The population is 54% urban. The most populous city in Nicaragua is the capital city, Managua, with a population of 1.2 million (2005). As of 2005, over 4.4 million inhabitants live in the Pacific, Central and North regions, accounting for 82% of the population. There are 2.7 million residents in the Pacific region, not including Managua. The Caribbean region, including the Mosquito Coast, has an estimated 700,000 residents. [12] In addition, many Nicaraguans live abroad.

Departments by population

Catedral de Managua (cropped).jpg
Managua

Town Square - Granada, Nicaragua.JPG
Granada

Rank City Department Pop. (2005)Rank City Department Pop. (2005)
1 Managua Managua 1,262,97810 Estelí Estelí 201,548
2 Matagalpa Matagalpa 469,17211 Granada Granada 168,186
3 Chinandega Chinandega 378,97012 Jinotepe Carazo 166,073
4 León León 355,77913 Rivas Rivas 156,283
5 Jinotega Jinotega 331,33514 Juigalpa Chontales 153,932
6 Puerto Cabezas RAAN 314,13015 Boaco Boaco 150,636
7 Bluefields RAAS 306,51016 Somoto Madriz 132,459
8 Masaya Masaya 289,98817 San Carlos Río San Juan 95,596
9 Ocotal Nueva Segovia 208,52318Total--5,142,098 (2005)
Source: National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC). [16]

[17]

Vital statistics

UN estimates

Registration of vital events is in Nicaragua not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [13]

PeriodLive births
per year
Deaths
per year
Natural change
per year
CBR*CDR*NC*TFR*IMR*Life expectancy
totalfor malesfor females
1950–195577 00032 00045 00054.923.031.97.2017242.340.943.7
1955–196089 00033 00056 00054.220.433.87.5015145.444.146.8
1960–196593 00033 00060 00048.517.031.57.1013148.747.350.0
1965–1970103 00032 00071 00046.314.431.96.9511452.050.553.4
1970–1975120 00033 00088 00046.312.633.76.799855.353.756.8
1975–1980137 00034 000102 00045.211.333.96.359057.655.360.0
1980–1985149 00035 000114 00042.910.132.75.858059.556.562.6
1985–1990150 00033 000117 00038.28.429.85.006562.259.065.5
1990–1995156 00029 000127 00035.46.528.94.504866.163.568.7
1995–2000147 00027 000120 00030.15.624.63.603468.465.971.1
2000–2005139 00026 000112 00025.85.220.62.912670.968.073.8
2005–2010140 00027 000113 00024.35.119.22.682272.969.976.0
2010–201522.85.017.82.54
2015–202020.95.115.82.42
2020–202518.75.113.62.28
2025–203017.15.311.82.16
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)

Registered births and deaths

[18] [19]

YearPopulationLive birthsDeathsNatural increaseCrude birth rateCrude death rateRate of natural increaseCrude migration (per thousands)TFR
19903,959,785
19914,058,434
19924,162,367
19934,268,685
19944,374,490
19954,476,881
19964,574,524
19974,669,352
19984,763,366
19994,858,570
20004,956,964
20015,058,643
20025,162,275
20035,267,714
20045,374,820
20055,483,447121,38016,770104,61022.13.119.02.94
20065,522,606123,88616,595107,29122.43.019.4-12.3
20075,595,541128,17117,288110,88322.93.119.8-6.62.51
20085,668,876129,50618,262111,24422.83.219.6-6.52.49
20095,742,310132,22218,179114,04323.03.219.8-6.82.49
20105,815,524132,16519,944112,22122.73.419.3-6.62.46
20115,996,619140,95819,523121,43523.53.320.210.92.54
20126,071,045142,87420,300122,57423.53.320.2-7.82.54
20136,134,270142,75621,381121,37523.33.519.8-9.42.53
20146,198,154143,42122,469120,95223.13.619.5-9.12.52
20156,262,703144,59723,540121,05723.13.819.3-8.92.52
20166,327,927139,59523,738115,85722.13.818.3-7.92.43
20176,393,824139,48724,300115,18721.83.818.0-7.62.42
20186,460,411139,12624,296114,83021.53.817.7-7.32.42
20196,527,691131,67325,340106,33320.13.916.2- 5.82.28
20206,595,674124,36533,68190,68418.95.113.8-3.42.16
20216,664,000120,47334,99985,47417.55.012.5-2.1
20226,734,000118,118
2023106,43926,16080,27915.61.8
2024
2025

Demographic and Health Surveys

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR): [20]

YearTotalUrbanRural
CBRTFRCBRTFRCBRTFR
1998293,6 (2,5)2,9 (2,0)5,0 (3,3)
2001273,2 (2,3)242,6 (1,8)314,4 (3,0)
2006–20072,72,23,5
2011/20122,42,12,9

Ethnic groups

Ethnic groups in Nicaragua % [21]
  1. Mestizo (69.0%)
  2. White (17.0%)
  3. Black (9.00%)
  4. Native American (5.00%)

Migration

Immigration

Relative to its overall population, Nicaragua has never experienced any large scale wave of immigrants. The total number of immigrants to Nicaragua, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other countries, never surpassed 1% of its total population prior to 1995. The 2005 census showed the foreign-born population at 1.2%, having risen 0.06% in 10 years. [12] However, in the 19th century, Nicaragua received immigrants from Europe, who established many agricultural businesses such as coffee and sugar cane plantations, and also newspapers, hotels and banks.

The founding members of the Deutscher Club in Nicaragua, 1901 DeutscheClub.JPG
The founding members of the Deutscher Club in Nicaragua, 1901

Emigration

During the Nicaraguan Revolution and the Civil War, thousands of Nicaraguans left the country. After the 1990 Nicaraguan Elections some people returned, but many more emigrated during the rest of the decade. In 1998, the Hurricane Mitch killed almost 4,000 people in the country and destroyed much of the Nicaraguan economy, as a result thousands of Nicaraguans received the TPS enabling them to emigrate to the United States as "refugees". [23] In recent years, many Nicaraguans had left the country to escape poverty and unemployment.

Nicaraguan emigration is a recent process. During the 1990–2004 period, more than 800,000 Nicaraguans left the country, compared to 100,000 during the 1970–1989 period. [24] According to the World Bank, in 2005 there were 683,520 Nicaraguans living outside Nicaragua legally. If those who are undocumented are counted, some sources estimate as many as 1,500,000 Nicaraguans living abroad by the end of 2005. [25] Nicaraguans are the third largest community of Central Americans living abroad, after Guatemalans and Salvadorans. Nicaragua is also the second country in Central America by percentage of population living abroad.

Following the return of Daniel Ortega to power in the 2006 Nicaraguan general election and subsequent democratic backsliding, especially during and after the violently suppressed 2018 Nicaraguan protests, a new wave of political emigration occurred. [26] Most political emigrants live in Costa Rica [27] which has been a stable representative democracy since the end of the Costa Rican Civil War in 1948. Other target countries of political emigration include the United States and European countries, particularly Spain.

Remittances to Nicaragua represent about 15% of the country's GDP. [28] In 2008 Nicaragua received close to one billion dollars in remittances; an increase from the $750,000,000 received in 2007, according to the World Bank [29]

Language

Languages of Nicaragua
LanguageSpeakers
Arabic 400
Chinese 7,000
English 20,334
Garífuna 1,500
Miskito 154,400
Sign language 3,000
Spanish 4,347,000
Sumo 6,700
Rama 24
Creole English 30,000
Source: Ethnologue [30]
Languages in Nicaragua% [21]
  1. Spanish (95.3%)
  2. Miskito (2.20%)

Religion

Religious Affiliation in Nicaragua (census 2005 ) [21]
ReligionPercentage
Roman Catholic 58.5%
Evangelical 21.6%
Moravian 1.6%
Jehovah's Witnesses 0.9%
None15.7%
Other11.6%
1Includes Buddhism, Islam, and Judaism among other religions.
Source: 2005 Nicaraguan Census [21]

Religion is a significant part of the culture of Nicaragua and forms part of the constitution. Religious freedom, which has been guaranteed since 1939, and religious tolerance is promoted by both the Nicaraguan government and the constitution. Bishops are expected to lend their authority to important state occasions, and their pronouncements on national issues are closely followed. They can also be called upon to mediate between contending parties at moments of political crisis. [32]

Although Nicaragua has no official religion it is nominally Roman Catholic. Practicing Roman Catholics are no longer the majority and are declining while evangelical Protestant groups and Mormons are growing rapidly have been growing since the 1990s. There are also strong Anglican and Moravian communities on the Caribbean coast.

Roman Catholicism came to Nicaragua in the 16th century with the Spanish conquest and remained, until 1939, the established faith. Protestantism and various Christian sects came to Nicaragua during the 19th century, but only during the 20th century have Protestant denominations gained large followings in the Caribbean Coast of the country. Popular religion revolves around the saints, who are perceived as intermediaries between human beings and God. [32]

Most localities, from the capital of Managua to small rural communities, honor patron saints selected from the Roman Catholic calendar with annual fiestas. In many communities, a rich lore has grown up around the celebrations of patron saints, such as Managua's Saint Dominic (Santo Domingo), honored in August with two colorful, often riotous, day-long processions through the city. The high point of Nicaragua's religious calendar for the masses is neither Christmas nor Easter, but La Purísima, a week of festivities in early December dedicated to the Immaculate Conception, during which elaborate altars to the Virgin Mary are constructed in homes and workplaces. [32]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  2. 1 2 3 4 "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950–2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  3. 1 2 "Nicaragua Demographics". Worldometer. 2023.
  4. Mauro Salzano, Francisco; Sans, Mónica (2014). "Interethnic admixture and the evolution of Latin American populations". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 37 (1 (suppl)): 151–170. doi:10.1590/s1415-47572014000200003. PMC   3983580 . PMID   24764751.
  5. "Genomic Components in America's demography". Archived from the original on 7 March 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  6. "Nicaragua". The World Factbook (2025 ed.). Central Intelligence Agency.
  7. "Urban population (% of total)". World Bank. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 2015-06-26.
  8. Merlet, Michel (Nov 2002). "NICARAGUA: Fragility and limits of agrarian reforms". Institut de Recherche et d’Applications des Méthodes de Développement.
  9. "Sandinista | political and military organization, Nicaragua | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  10. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  11. "Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo- INIDE de Nicaragua". Inide.gob.ni. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 "VIII Censo de Poblacion y IV de Vivienda" (PDF). Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (in Spanish). October 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-07-07.
  13. 1 2 "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". population.un.org. Archived from the original on May 6, 2011.
  14. "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  15. "Nicaragua in figures 2023" (PDF).
  16. "Nicaraguan 2005 Census" (PDF). INEC. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-24. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
  17. "Worldbank, country Nicaragua, visited October 9, 2021".
  18. "3. Live births, deaths, and infant deaths, latest available year (2002 - 2016)" (PDF). Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  19. "Instituto Nacional de Información de Desarrollo - INIDE".
  20. "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". Microdata.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "Central America and Caribbean :: NICARAGUA". CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  22. 1 2 "CAPÍTULO 1 : CENSO DE POBLACIÓN" (PDF). Inide.gob.ni. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  23. "Knowledge of Immigrant Nationalities of Santa Clara County (KIN) - Nicaragua". Archived from the original on 2007-05-20. Retrieved 2007-05-24.
  24. "La Prensa - Economia - los exiliados económicos". Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 2009-08-13.
  25. "Nicaragüenses en el exterior divididos y rizo no renunciará". Lajornadanet.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  26. "Costa Rica, abrumada con miles de nicaragüenses que buscan asilo escapando de la violencia en Nicaragua". August 2018.
  27. "Crisis de Nicaragua genera migración masiva a Costa Rica". Voz de América. August 8, 2018.
  28. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". Cia.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  29. "Nicaragua" (PDF). Siteresources.worldbank.org. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  30. "Languages of Nicaragua". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  31. "Nicaragua". Ethnologue.com. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  32. 1 2 3 Dennis, Gilbert. "Nicaragua: Religion". Country Studies. Library of Congress. Retrieved 2007-10-30.

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.