Feminism of Madonna

Last updated

Madonna at 2017 Women's March Madonna at Women's March in Washington (cropped).jpg
Madonna at 2017 Women's March

American singer-songwriter Madonna is seen by some as a feminist icon. Throughout best part of her career, Madonna's forays into feminism, womanhood and media representation of women have sparked discussions among numerous feminist scholars and commentators worldwide. She has also been noted for her advocacy of women's rights.

Contents

Labeled as "an almost sacred feminist icon" by Professor of Communication of the University of Massachusetts and founder and executive director of the Media Education Foundation, Sut Jhally, her feminist reception has attracted both derogatory and celebratory cultural analysis. Scholars such as Karlene Faith, Sarah Churchwell and Mary Cross have remarked on the polarization of Madonna, while also noting that it is not only of her, but that feminism itself is divided by many waves, agendas and ideologies. Analyses also defined her ambiguous impact and helped define public perceptions on Madonna; Lucy O'Brien referred to her as a "complex feminist heroine".

The advent of Madonna was viewed by a number of scholars as a boost for feminism in music for different measurements. Scholar feminist Camille Paglia believes she "changed" the face of feminism back in the 1990s. She also became a well-known role model for many generations of women; Strawberry Saroyan have seen it as "one of the most relevant aspects" of her legacy. In Girl Heroes (2002), author claimed that her influence "ushered" in contemporary girl culture the representation of female popstar as "virtual teacher, mentor and role model". She was also blasted in equal measurement, while French critic Georges-Claude Guilbert once commented the amount of reproaches that she gets was proportional to her status as a role model. Other group of authors and academics ranging from Ty Burr to Marcel Danesi and Robert C Sickels, discussed and felt how Madonna's media representation of women's roles/stereotypes crossed boundaries in popular culture at some stage. Up to early 2020s, her path built in the past continued to be recognized and largely denied, while a contemporary aged Madonna was criticized by observers like Piers Morgan or appreciated by Sarah Vine and Naomi Wolf among others.

Critical scope

Reams have been written about the meaning of Madonna for women and for feminism

—British professor Stephen J. Hunt (2017) [1]

Madonna has received academic attention, and this include areas of feminism. [2] Canadian pundit Mark Steyn noted how she once had "her feminist significance pondered by college courses". [3] The feminist attention Madonna has commanded has been vast. [4] Mary Cross stated that "Madonna has inspired reams of feminist commentary", [5] while Canadian professor Michael Real from Royal Roads University similarly argued that "many feminists have written extensively of Madonna". [6] An author explained that gender play has been central to Madonna's work, which has evoked "a lot of commentary by feminist academics and journalists". [7]

After the height of her feminist reception, a continual interest has been addressed. Authors in Future Texts (2015) explained that "Madonna remains a center of debate and contestation in the postfeminist era". [8] Abigail Gardner from University of Gloucestershire, states in Rock On (2016), that Madonna perhaps holds a privileged place in the studies of feminism than any other pop star. [9] Scholars in Ageing, Popular Culture and Contemporary Feminism (2014), made similar claims determining from the other celebrities reviewed that Madonna is "easily the most overdetermined figure in the interest of feminist scholars working in the field of popular culture studies". [10] Feminist Review Collective in Contesting Feminist Orthodoxies (1996), made the comparison between Oprah Winfrey and Madonna, saying that in contrast to Winfrey, Madonna's life and cultural appeal have been minutely examined within a broad-ranging set of critical and feminist discourses. [11] Simon Fraser University's Samantha C. Thrift wrote for Third Space (2003), her "body of criticisms" opened avenues for feminist analysis for Martha Stewart. [12]

Categorizing Madonna within feminism

Feminists, given the diversity of our social, political, and personal identities and agendas, have mixed views in appraising Madonna's value or harm to women.

—Canadian professor Karlene Faith explaining divisive feminists views on Madonna (1997). [13]

The figure of Madonna has been discussed from various feminism theories and waves, dividing opinions. The feminist debate surrounding her, especially from American feminists during the 1990s, was visible for many, described by Czech writer Libuše Moníková as "not so superfluous". [14] Academic Pamela Robertson in Guilty Pleasures (1996), commented: "[...] in academia, feminists query whether Madonna represents parody or pastiche, a healthy break from essentialism or a rejection of traditional feminist concerns". She further noted the attention comparing rather than ask "Can pop culture be critical of society?" or "What is the meaning of feminism today?" cultural critics ask "Is Madonna a glamorized fuckdoll or the queen of parodic critique?". [15]

The divisive perceptions was also exemplified by French scholar Georges-Claude Guilbert citing the conference "Madonna: Feminist Icon or Material" at University of California, Santa Barbara organized by the Women's Center, which led Guilbert to conclude that it shows that question is not easy to decide, as some feminists left the conference declaring that they hadn't been able to make up their minds. [16] In 2012, Spanish cultural critic Víctor Lenore convened a researchers panel discussion her as a feminist icon, showing mixed feelings. [17] Some contextualized broadest views; "not everyone agrees that [Madonna] is feminist or empowering" but not least because not everyone agrees what it means to be feminist or empowering, wrote professor Sarah Churchwell for The Guardian in 2018. [18] In 2007, professor and author Mary Cross similarly stated, "feminism itself is divided, not only about Madonna but about what feminism represents". [5]

Positive

According to Sara Mills, some feminists have been "highly appreciative" of her work. [19] An author believes she was better received by non-Lacanian feminists, a group that greatly valued disruptions of unity and "therefore greatly value Madonna". [7] In Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World (2011), editors explained that in the wake of second-wave feminism, Madonna "achieved great critical and commercial success by carving out a niche for the sexually empowered and entrepreneurial female popstar". [20] On the contrary, Elissa Strauss from The Forward describes that for second-wavers, Madonna is "all wrong" but for the third-wave "Madonna is a revolutionary pop star who taught us that we could be sexy and strong". [21] In Looking West? (2002), Hilary Pilkington considered her a model of New feminism. [22]

According to Robertson, some feminists appreciated Madonna for reasons that included self-empowerment or independence in both economic sphere and authorship. [23] In 1990, Camille Paglia famously called Madonna a "true feminist" labeling her as "the future of feminism". [24] Retrospectively, Paglia maintained her view in 2003, [25] and further declared in 2017, that "it happened". [24]

Negative and mixed

Whether Madonna is good for feminism (or whether she is a feminist) obscures the discussion

—E. Deidre Pribram [26]

According to Cross, some "feminists have taken Madonna severely to task". [5] Guilbert also noted how other feminists "have been outrageously negative about Madonna". [27] Robertson explained that many criticized Madonna because she challenged "feminism's unified concept of 'woman'", [28] while other complained her "antics" damaged women's movement. [29] As early as 1988, Stephanie Brush from The New York Times noted how she was cast as "feminist's nightmare since the beginning". [30]

Madonna (center) with her backing vocalists/dancers Donna De Lory (left) and Niki Haris (right) during 1993's Girlie Show. In this decade, feminist writer bell hooks focused much of her criticisms towards her within racial perspectives Deeper&DeeperGirlieShowunderGround1.jpg
Madonna (center) with her backing vocalists/dancers Donna De Lory (left) and Niki Haris (right) during 1993's Girlie Show. In this decade, feminist writer bell hooks focused much of her criticisms towards her within racial perspectives

In Feminist Phoenix: The Rise and Fall of a Feminist Counterculture (1999), authors argued that many of earliest Madonna's feminist critics came from a "generational issue" because she left most older feminists, illustrating a major problem of countercultural change. They claimed that Madonna depressed these feminists in the same way that flappers of the Jazz Age depressed suffragists. [32] Jacqueline Edmondson, in Music in American Life (2013) made a similar observation by saying, that some saw Madonna "as an agent against the gains women had made during the feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s". [33] Furthermore, Guilbert said that Madonna's feminist critics, such as Rosemary Hennessy and Sheila Jeffreys before being public critics of Madonna, were "enemies" of the postmodern, as "the cultural capital of the late patriarchy". [16]

Also, Texas A&M University's Carmela J. Garritano considered that her feminism is "for sale" and the celebration of her feminist image entails celebration of commercial success that has enabled it. [34] In early 1990s, some scholars compiled surveys from college students and newspapers about Madonna, concluding she was deemed as "the lowest and/or most dangerous form of the feminine" and as "the antithesis of feminism". [35] As early as 1985, an editor described "Madonna's whole image, in fact, is like a finger-flip to feminists". [35] Up to early 1990s, it was noted that in popular press, there was a tendency to "construct a unified position for feminism against Madonna". [35] On the other hand, in 2020, Griffith University's Rosemary Pringle concludes after reviewing criticisms from bell hooks that Madonna's status as a feminist heroine makes sense only from the perspective of a white woman, which led her to further concluce her status depended on a cultural and racial context, at least in the United States. [31]

Neutrality, views on criticisms and further polarization as an aged woman

Zoe Lewis, a contributor from The Times , added the phrase "Madonna syndrome" to her description that "women are often the worst enemies of feminism because of our genetic make-up". [36] In Lonette Stonisch's view, feminists believe that the "traditional feminists persistently misread Madonna, either because they feel threatened by her victories, or because they wish she'd keep her clothes on, or because they want a more serious examination and resolution of feminine objectification". [16] At some stage of her career, some considered agents from lesbian feminism "responsible" for the fact that Madonna "remains misunderstood in certain quarters". [16]

Some feminists, Guilbert said, "vigorously" reviewed Madonna but "they don't really choose sides". He cited Yvonne Tasker and Mary Joe Frug. [16] Even Frug, was "afraid" that the work of Madonna might be misinterpreted; saying she herself believes in some Madonna's feminists declarations stating: "There probably a number of people who won't. Anyone who looks as much as sex worker as she does couldn't possibly be in charge of herself, they are likely to say". [16]

Madonna further polarized views as her career continued as an aged woman. In a famous citation, Piers Morgan blasted Madonna's version of feminism. The editors of Ageing Women in Literature and Visual Culture (2017) decry that as Morgan proclaimed himself an "ardent feminist". "It seems feminism is acceptable only at the expense of the exclusion of ageing women", they concluded. [37] Niamh Middleton from Feminist Studies in Religion criticized Morgan, and his article entitled "Falling off the stage, Madonna, is God's way of telling you you're too old to cavort like a hooker" as a result of her falling stage in the Brit Awards 2015. [38]

On the other hand, Madonna once stated about her feminist reception: "There is these days, a whole polemic among feminists, and some of them believe I have set the women's movement backward. Others, on the contrary, claim that I have helped its progress. I myself think that intelligent women don't see me as a threat". [39] Ann Brooks, pointed out in Postfeminisms: Feminism, Cultural Theory and Cultural Forms (2002) that Madonna's defense against some of the charges made by feminists about her work is to assert "authorial intentionality" and "unified identity". [40]

Impact of Madonna's feminism

Madonna performing "Lo Que Siente la Mujer", the Spanish version of "What It Feels Like for a Girl", on 2001's Drowned World Tour. LoQueSionteLaMujerDionisio (cropped2).jpg
Madonna performing "Lo Que Siente la Mujer", the Spanish version of "What It Feels Like for a Girl", on 2001's Drowned World Tour.

Professor Sut Jhally has referred to Madonna as "an almost sacred feminist icon". [41] However, Filipino website Preen, says "she's an icon for sure, albeit a controversial one", further saying not everyone might feel comfortable with Madonna being regarded as a feminism icon. [42] Authors of Encyclopedia of Women in American History (2015), including American historian Joyce Appleby and Neva Goodwin, noted how Madonna was "called both the ultimate feminist and the ultimate tramp". [43]

The advent of Madonna attained a considerable estimation by various scholars. One of them credited Madonna to popularize "feminist politics". [9] As early as 1990, Caryn James considered her the "woman who most astutely embodies how feminism has shifted in the last decade" (1980s). [44] Sociologist Ellis Cashmore commented the term "postfeminism" wasn't invented for her, "but it could have been". [45] Semiotician Marcel Danesi believes she "changed radically" the feminism, [46] and inspired the movement of post-feminism at some extent. [47] In Girl Heroes (2002), Susan Hopkins named her the "undisputed Queen of Popular Postfeminism". [4] Michael Sweeney, professor of philosophy at Xavier University wrote in Justice Through Diversity?: A Philosophical and Theological Debate (2016) that Madonna "personified a peculiar form of feminism emerged in the late 1980s". [48] Commentator Gil Troy called it "Madonna feminism", further adding that in an era "worshiping power", other pop stars represented a popular form of girl power or "Madonna feminism". [49] Alisa Solomon used the phrase "the age of Madonna". [39]

In a 2003 article from Bust , Camille Paglia said "the ultimate person to thank is Madonna. She changed the face of feminism, exactly as I had prophesied" (referring to her 1990 article in The New York Times when labelled Madonna as "the future of feminism"). [25] In 2017, she also stated "it happened". [24] Jennifer Baumgardner in a review of book Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop (2012) declared: "[...] our Madonna gave birth to femme-inism". [50] Writing for The Forward in 2012, Elissa Strauss discussed how Madonna defined the third-wave feminism. [21]

In music and entertainment industries

Since the 1980s many commercial mainstream female artists have followed in Madonna's footsteps, in engaging with the self-policing, narcissistic gaze [...] These practices are a response to patriarchal culture [...] This also has the effect of pushing the boundaries of conservative (respectable) femininity.

—Information Resources Management Association (2022). [51]

Some feminists have praised Madonna for "opening new doors" for women in the entertainment business. [52] Her feminism have been attributed with influencing other artists, [51] with Australian magazine The Music claiming that "Madonna's corporeal feminism impacted on female rappers". [53] For one scholar, Madonna epitomizes a "whole generation of artists" who have (sometimes unconsciously) become pillars of the "third wave". [54]

British entertainment critic Stuart Maconie commented that some would say she "brought feminism to the forefront of pop". [55] British media scholar David Gauntlett is of the opinion that Madonna boosted feminism in music; in his explanation, he argued that feminist message were not often a key to success in the mainstream pop charts before Madonna, although there were many exceptions (like Janis Joplin or Aretha Franklin) but without a specific "feminist agenda" like her. [56] He also concludes: "Madonna was the first person to remix her own populist version of feminism and make it part of a pop music success story". [56] British professor Stephen J. Hunt, citing Madonna's influence in approaching different representations of feminism in her work (such as irony, parody or sexuality), pointed out that "today this ambiguity is a common theme in feminist analyses of women's music". [1] In Multidisciplinary Perspectives on Women, Voice, and Agency (2020), scholars Berrin Yanıkkaya and Angelique Nairn, concluded that "Madonna music has now become synonymous with the performative nature of female pop music artists and their link with popular feminism". [57]

Others considered her a precursor within feminist movements that influenced music industry. In Girl Heroes, Hopkins called her the "Godmother of Girl Power", while Gauntlett also remarked it at the same time recognized the importance of the Spice Girls within the slogan. [58] [56] Gauntlett also noted the idealized independent woman before the Destiny's Child with her self-empowerment. [56] Critic Sally Banes also deemed Madonna a precursor of the Riot grrrl movement. [59]

Madonna on women's roles / stereotypes

A painting representing Madonna's motherhood with her daughter Lourdes (2012). Her motherhood also attracted commentaries This is a photograph of the painting called Madonna and Lourdes by Peter Reynosa.png
A painting representing Madonna's motherhood with her daughter Lourdes (2012). Her motherhood also attracted commentaries

Madonna has played with various female archetypes, with Robert C Sickels writing in 100 Entertainers Who Changed America (2013), that "her career has always been, justifiably or not, understood through the lens of her womanhood". [60] Author Cara Hagan in Practicing Yoga as Resistance (2021) described that "she has embodied various definitions of femininity over her more than 40-year career", while The Daily Telegraph staffers add she has been a virgin, whore, wife, mother, witch, diva, saint or sinner. [61] [62] In Pun(k) Deconstruction: Experifigural Writings in Art&art Education (2018), jan jagodzinski felt that both Marilyn Monroe and Madonna "mark the gap between modernism and postmodernism", in which Monroe was portrayed to please Hollywood in her time, controlled by men, while Madonna "uses the media to her own advantage". [63] On the other hand, her motherhood also reignited discussions; in American Icons (2006), Diane Pecknold noted how she "became a highly contested symbol of motherhood". [64]

Discusssions and concerns

Sickels described "her portrayal of women is complex and often contradictory". [60] Two scholars explored how Madonna "critiques and challenges widespread beliefs while at the same time reinforcing some of them". [65] In the 1990s, commentators such as Lorraine Gamman and Margaret Marshment along with other cultural studies analysts, examined her as "the epitome of the contractions concerning femininity" presented in the media. [66] During this decade, professor Suzanna Danuta Walters considered the figure of Madonna "emblematic" of the "confused way women are represented in popular culture". [67]

Critic Stephen Holden commented for The New York Times in 1990, that she manipulated the persona of good-bad girl in music videos, concerts and "endless photographs" in a way that made her self-invention a "kind of ongoing performance". [68] In New Book of Rock Lists (1994), music critic Dave Marsh reacted positively, stating "more than any other artist, [she] deconstructed the roles that women play, not only in music but in all of popular culture". [69] In 2010, Süddeutsche Zeitung 's editor Caroline von Lowtzow, compared how she linked patterns that were seen largely "incompatible", [70] while Vicki Karaminas and Adam Geczy similarly agree she achieved "iconic status", labeling her as the "first woman [...] wich [such] mainstream panache and approbation". [71]

Madonna's responses or authors interpretations

Harvard University's Lynne Layton noted Madonna has many different versions of femininity and "seems comfortable with all of them". [72] Similarly, in Alison Piepmeier and Rory Dicker's book Catching a Wave: Reclaiming Feminism for the 21st Century (2016), Madonna is defined as a woman that "has made it clear that being female is just beginning of the many things women are" and is "fully aware of the ways in which women are made 'other'". [73] In Encyclopedia of Women in American History (2015), Joyce Appleby and Neva Goodwin noted how she "staunchly defends her portrayal of women", quoting her as saying she's just doing what she wants which is also cited as a representation of gender equality. [43]

Further criticisms

According to critics, Madonna corrupts the meaning of womanhood. [74] Writing for The Guardian in 2010, Charlotte Raven headlined how "the 'new feminism' went wrong", where discussed her figure, saying "Madonna-ised woman sees everything, and everyone, as a means to her end". [75] British writer John Farman called her a "ridiculous caricature of the modern woman". [76] American feminist author Naomi Wolf noted how she has "infuriated" mainstream commentators which led her to describe in their critic's feeling, "she must be punished, for the same reason that every woman who steps out of line must be punished". [77] However, an individual also commented is not so "untypical position" for a woman, explaining:

She's much loved or much hated, a not untypical position for a woman to occupy in patriarchy, whose inability to understand women in feminine terms is evidenced by the way it polarizes femininity into the opposing concepts of virgin-angel and whore-devil. [78]

Praise and perceived influence

In Introducing Postmodernism: A Graphic Guide (2014), authors Richard Appignanesi and Chris Garratt explained that for some, "Madonna is the cyber-model of the 'New Woman'". [79] Indeed, poet Karen Finley once averred in the 20th century, that "all women should be as Madonna as possible". [80] In early 2000s, publisher Michael O'Mara told Reuters on Madonna: "One of the most enigmatic and fascinating women of our time, Madonna is the undisputed female icon of the modern age". [81]

In 2012, Wolf considered Madonna "is doing wonders for the collective female psyche". [77] In mid-2000s, academics Allyson Jule and Bettina Tate Pedersen considered she seemed "relevant" to millennial womanhood, as she embodied qualities that spoke to a more modern and feminist sensibility. [82] When she was included in The Guardian list of Top 100 Women in 2011, they said "she inspires not because she gives other women a helping hand, but because she breaks the boundaries of what's considered acceptable for women". [83]

Some analysts felt her forays into women's roles crossed boundaries; critic Ty Burr commented that Madonna "engaged audiences in the debate over how we prefer women to behave in pop culture". [84] In contrast to denominational religions, which assign "only" one role to womanhood, that of wife and mother, as Marcel Danesi claims, Madonna "has made it clear that pop culture can provide an equilibrium". [47] Sickels believes her "social, cultural and political representations of female are perhaps Madonna's most long-lasting legacy". [60] In 2007, Joseph A. Kotarba, a sociology professor at the University of Houston, stated she has helped "define what it means to be a woman in our late capitalistic culture". [85]

Role model

Madonna's enduring success as a mediated feminine icon also ushered in another key theme of contemporary girl culture representation of the female popstar as a virtual teacher, mentor and role model

— Girl Heroes (2002) [58]

Across different decades, Madonna was cited as a role model for other women for different positive public perceptions, with Ken McLeod from University of Toronto writing in We are the Champions (2013), "her music and videos have influenced countless young women" for the past three decades. [86] Professor Santiago Fouz-Hernandez wrote in Madonna's Drowned Worlds (2004) that in her early career, she "emerged as a role model for women in many different cultures, symbolizing professional and personal independence in a male-dominated society, as well as sexual liberation". [87] Guilbert also notes how Madonna once considered and stated: "I'd rather feel women out there in the world can draw strength from what I've accomplished in my life than have other pop stars acknowledge their debt". [88] In the description of American author Strawberry Saroyan, along with her ability to take her message beyond music, Madonna's "impact women's lives has been her legacy". [89]

1980s—2020s

After the rise of Madonna, the whole notion of a butch kind of women's liberation became antiquated. The new feminine role model was someone who could be fully aware of her sexual prowess, while at the same time being selective and also in control.

—Sonic Cool (2002), exploring perceptions during Madonna's heydays. [90]

During her prime, Rene Denfeld explained she was "far more popular among young women", than "any feminist activist". [91] In 1990, Caryn James called her "the most influential feminist of the day". [44] Writing for The New York Times in 2019, Vanessa Grigoriadis also commented in retrospect that she "became the dominant model of femininity across the nation". [92] Jana Wendt cited an early Paglia's statement as saying: "What she did was to change a whole generation of younger women, and that's what changed feminism". [93] In Fame Attack (2012), Chris Rojek defined that generation of women influenced by Madonna as the "New Woman". [94] In 2015, Christina Broussard from Portland Mercury said that when Madonna emerged decades ago, it was about more than the look she personified. It was about the message. Broussard explained that for a female pop star to have an overarching political statement was something of a rarity in the Reagan era. [95] In 1994, BBC Worldwide called Madonna and Margaret Thatcher "powerful role models for modern women". [96]

After her heydays, her path continued to be recognized by various. When she entered into her 50s, The Associated Press dedicated an article discussing her as a role model for women plus-50. [97] In a op-ed for PerthNow in 2023, Sarah Vine said she continued to be an icon of freedom, and for that many other women, including herself, "have huge respect for her". [98] Jennifer Oliver O'Connell, wrote in Women in American History (2017), that "Madonna remains an important model of female independence and rebellion", with an "insistence" on maintaining control of her own projects that "stands in great contrast to earlier female recording artists". [99] Appleby and Goodwin also noted she embodied "women's freedom". [43]

Reproval and ambiguities

Conversely, some criticized those academics that remarked Madonna's status as role model for young women in her heydays, including professor Sheila Jeffreys. [100] Ruth Conniff, declared "we can do better than this" in our "post-feminist age", further describing "we need a better role model than Madonna. We need a sense that we can do something more productive for society". [101] Also, Audra Gaugler in her thesis for Lehigh University in 2000, said that as she "took more risks in her work", women who at first praised her became her most vocal critics. [102] For Guilbert, in early 2000s, the "amount of reproaches that Madonna gets" was "proportional to her popularity". [16]

Brian Beacom, from The Herald questioned broadsheet journals when many celebrated her 60-years old birthday in 2018, and championed her as a role model for women, both in her heydays and present. He said, she's not a "game changer". [103] In the 2010s, editor Erin Harde explained that she has never viewed Madonna as a role model, but rethink her as a possibly "feminist voice" after a discussion with scholar Roxanne Harde. [73]

Depictions

Madonna during her Sticky & Sweet Tour (2008) with her female dancers. Women's feelings towards Madonna have seen devoted journalistic articles and books LaIslaBonitaSticky&SweetTour (cropped).jpg
Madonna during her Sticky & Sweet Tour (2008) with her female dancers. Women's feelings towards Madonna have seen devoted journalistic articles and books

Journalist pieces have devoted the topic of Madonna as role model, including one from Washington Post issued on 1990, [104] while others focused on women feelings towards Madonna, including an article by The Guardian in 2023 from six generations of women. [105] Other books about Madonna similarly focused on women's feelings towards the singer; its include I Dream of Madonna: Women's Dreams of the Goddess of Pop (1993) by Kay Turner, [106] and Madonna and Me: Women Writers On The Queen Of Pop (2012) by Laura Barcella and Jessica Valenti. [107] [108] [109] Turner's work has been cited by authors such as Lucy Goodison and Alice Robb, with Robb describing some of these woman interviewed by Turner, found "emotional support in their Madonna dreams, waking with a sense of peace of resolution that persisted in their real lives". [106] [110] India Knight's novel My Life on a Plate (2000), have a heroine that models herself on Madonna, with the aspects of modern woman. [75]

Some entertainers have shared also opinions. Lady Gaga commented and considered her a "role model" for girls after Madonna's speech dealing with her condition as a woman in music industry during 2016's Billboard Women in Music. [111] In 2022, actress Anne Hathaway, stated: "Madonna impacted all of us. She changed what it meant to be a woman in culture. So Madonna absolutely has had a huge influence on me just because she's had a huge influence on all women". [112] Conversely, Joni Mitchell considered her like a "living Barbie doll but a little bit on the blue side. There's always been that type of female. There's always been a market for it, but the danger is that she thinks she's a role model. And it's a terrible role model. It's death to all things real". [113] In early 1990s, Sinéad O'Connor considered her as "probably the hugest model for women in America", but recalled her double-standard after quoting Madonna's commentaries about O'Connor's look. [114]

Activism and referential works

Madonna at 2017 Women's March Women's March - Washington DC 2017 (31739102574).jpg
Madonna at 2017 Women's March

Madonna herself have had updated views on feminism. Jagodzinski noted the ambiguity of Madonna's stance as a feminist. [63] She was quoted as saying at some stage: "I'm not a feminist, I'm a humanist". [115] She later felt and stated: "I may be dressing like the traditional bimbo, whatever, but I'm in charge, and isn't that what feminism is all about". [116] In 2016, after receiving the Billboard Women of the Year, Madonna touched on sexism and misogyny, and the criticisms she faced, concluding: "'Oh, if you're a feminist, you don't have sexuality, you deny it', so I said 'fuck it. I'm a different kind of feminist. I'm a bad feminist'". [117] In 2018, Churchwell claimed she "remains the hero of her own story, rejecting the pieties of certain versions of feminism and insisting that no one else defines her". [18] Similarly, Mary Gabriel considered Madonna has worked to stake a claim to her "own kind of feminism". [118] Despite her updated views, American philosopher Susan Bordo felt and once commented she has not "advertised herself as disdainful of feminism". [119]

Madonna expressing her support to Russian feminist performance group, Pussy Riot during The MDNA Tour in 2012 Madonna a Nice 34.jpg
Madonna expressing her support to Russian feminist performance group, Pussy Riot during The MDNA Tour in 2012

Others have noted Madonna's forays into women's rights. Author James Dickerson in Women on Top (1998), considered her a "true pioneer [...] in the arena of women's rights". [120] J. Randy Taraborrelli once stated and felt Madonna has a "strong responsibility" to feminism because she has been beacon for it for most of her life. [121] In early 1990s, Paglia felt the singer condoned the "degradation" and "humiliation" of women. [27] In 1990, Michael MacCambridge from Cox News Service said that her greatest "cultural contribution" might came from her updated view of feminism: "The degree to which she's helped bury the women-are-smart-or-pretty stereotype". [122] Joyce Appleby and Neva Goodwin also noted how she "has outspoken on behalf of women's right and unafraid to speak her mind on and off stage". [43] However, others criticized her, including Australian feminist Melinda Tankard Reist in 2016, saying "she has turned her back on the cause of women". [123] In 2023, while reviewing Madonna's biography by Mary Gabriel, Suzanne Moore noted how she performed in Turkey, a country "where women's rights are being stamped on". [124] The same year, Lucy O'Brien referred to her as a "complex feminist heroine who can be awkward in her communications". [125]

In 2017, during A Year of Yes: Reimagining Feminism at the Brooklyn Museum , Madonna took the stage wearing a shirt with "feminist" (all caps) emblazoned on the front and at one point in her conversation with Marilyn Minter, she vowed to "personally slap" any man in the room that did not identify as a feminist. [126] The same year, commemorating the International Women's Day, she released a 12-minute short film called Her Story and which was dedicated "to all women that fight for freedom" and highlighted the fight for gender equality. The short clip ends with two figures carrying a banner that reads "we should all be feminists". [127] Also, during that year Madonna was one of dozens of celebrities who attended the Women's March in Washington D.C. She sung "Express Yourself" and "Human Nature". [128] In 2018, Madonna proclaimed her solidarity with the Ele Não movement in Brazil, [129] and a year later, in 2019, she talked about the MeToo movement. [130]

All-female lists

Madonna has been included in listicles focused on women. In 2011, William Langley from The Daily Telegraph noted how she has been a fixture of several "list of world's most powerful/admired/influential women". [131] In 2021, Time included her in their rank of "100 Women of the Year", representing 100 years of women's history, where Madonna was seen as a representation of the year 1989. [132] She featured on Women in the World's list of 50 Most Popular Women in the World the same year. [133] She was also awarded in her industry; Madonna won the inaugural Women of the Year by Glamour in 1990, [134] and received the Women of the Year at Billboard Women in Music of 2016. [135]

Recognizing women in history/periods or feminists [lower-alpha 1]
YearPublicationList or WorkRef.
1997 Adams Media 365 Women Who Made Difference [136]
1998 Ladies' Home Journal 100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century [137]
1998 Friedman/Fairfax Publishers 100 Remarkable Women of the 20th Century [138]
1999 ABC-Clio Notable Women in American History
(500 of the most notable women in American history)		 [139]
2010 Time 25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century [140]
2011 The Guardian Top 100 Women [83]
2016 Esquire The 75 Greatest Women of All Time [141]
2018 Good Housekeeping 120 Women Who Changed Our World [142]
2019 Encyclopædia Britannica 100 Women [143]
2019 Zest Books 50 Feminists Who Changed the World [144]
2021 Glamour Most Influential Feminist Musicians
(of the past 60 years)		 [145]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Listicle limited to only ten publications.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna</span> American singer and actress (born 1958)

Madonna Louise Ciccone is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. Known as the "Queen of Pop", she has been widely recognized for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting and visual presentation. Madonna's works, which incorporate social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both controversy and critical acclaim. A prominent cultural pop icon spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries, she remains one of the most "well-documented figures of the modern age", with a broad array of scholarly reviews, literature, and art works about her, as well as an academic mini subdiscipline devoted to her called Madonna studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pop icon</span> Iconic person or object in popular culture

A pop icon is a celebrity, character, or object whose exposure in popular culture is regarded as constituting a defining characteristic of a given society or era. The usage of the term is largely subjective since there are no definitively objective criteria. The categorization is usually associated with elements such as longevity, ubiquity and distinction. Moreover, "pop icon" status is distinguishable from other kinds of notoriety outside pop culture, such as with historic figures. Some historic figures are recognized as having reached "pop icon" status during their era, and such status may continue into the present. Pop icons of previous eras include Benjamin Franklin and Mozart.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Material Girl</span> 1984 single by Madonna

"Material Girl" is a song recorded by American singer Madonna for her second studio album, Like a Virgin (1984). It was released on January 23, 1985, by the Sire label as the second single from Like a Virgin. It also appears slightly remixed on the 1990 greatest hits compilation, The Immaculate Collection, in its original form on the 2009 greatest hits compilation, Celebration and Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022). The song was written by Peter Brown and Robert Rans, while Nile Rodgers produced the track. Madonna explained that the concept of the song was indicative of her life at that time, and she liked it because she felt it was provocative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Express Yourself (Madonna song)</span> 1989 single by Madonna

"Express Yourself" is a song by American singer-songwriter Madonna from her fourth studio album, Like a Prayer (1989). It was released as the second single from the album on May 9, 1989, by Sire Records. The song was included on the greatest hits compilation albums The Immaculate Collection (1990), Celebration (2009) and Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones (2022). "Express Yourself" was the first song that Madonna and co-producer Stephen Bray collaborated on for Like a Prayer. Written and produced by them, the song was a tribute to American funk and soul band Sly and the Family Stone. The main inspiration behind the song is female empowerment, urging women never to go for second-best and to urge their partners to express their inner feelings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chicana feminism</span> Sociopolitical movement

Chicana feminism is a sociopolitical movement, theory, and praxis that scrutinizes the historical, cultural, spiritual, educational, and economic intersections impacting Chicanas and the Chicana/o community in the United States. Chicana feminism empowers women to challenge institutionalized social norms and regards anyone a feminist who fights for the end of women's oppression in the community.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna as a gay icon</span> Aspect of Madonnas reputation

American singer and actress Madonna is an ally recognized as a gay icon. She was introduced, while still a teenager, by her dance instructor, Christopher Flynn, an openly gay man who mentored her. Since then, Madonna has always acknowledged the importance of the community for her life and career, declaring that she "wouldn't have a career if it weren't for the gay community".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna wannabe</span> 1980s fashion phenomenon

A Madonna wannabe, or Madonnabe, is a person who dresses or acts like American singer Madonna. When she emerged into stardom in the mid-1980s, an unusually high number of women, particularly young women and girls, began to dress and do their hair and makeup in the style that Madonna displayed in public. The term was popularized by writer John Skow in a May 1985 Time cover story on the singer. Numerous sociologists and other academics commented on the Madonna influence in her wannabes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gay icon</span> Public figure highly regarded and beloved by the LGBT community

A gay icon is a public figure who is regarded as a cultural icon by members of the LGBT community. Such figures usually have a devoted LGBT fanbase and act as allies to the LGBT community, often through their work, or they have been "openly appreciative of their gay fanbase". Many gay icons also have a camp aesthetic style, which is part of their appeal to LGBT individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna studies</span> Scholarship of the American pop singer

Madonna studies is the study of the work and life of American singer-songwriter Madonna using an interdisciplinary approach incorporating cultural studies and media studies. In a general sense, it could refer to any academic studies devoted to her. After Madonna's debut in 1983, the discipline did not take long to start up and the field appeared in the mid-1980s, achieving its peak in the next decade. Educator David Buckingham deemed her presence in academic circles as "a meteoric rise to academic canonisation". The rhetoric academic view of that time, majority in the sense of postmodernism, generally considered her as "the most significant artist of the late twentieth century", thus she was understood variously and as a vehicle to open up issues. In the 21st century, academic studies about Madonna have remained and continued in many aspects. At the height of its developments, authors of these academic writings were sometimes called "Madonna scholars" or "Madonnologists", and both E. Ann Kaplan and John Fiske were classified as precursors.

Hip hop feminism is a sub-set of black feminism that centers on intersectional subject positions involving race and gender in a way that acknowledges the contradictions in being a black feminist, such as black women's enjoyment in hip hop music and culture, rather than simply focusing on the victimization of black women in hip hop culture due to interlocking systems of oppressions involving race, class, and gender.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bibliography of works on Madonna</span>

This is a list containing the different written works about Madonna, including biographies and other literary forms. Many authors have written more than one book about Madonna and these have been published in multiple languages other than English, including German, French, Dutch, Spanish and Italian. The releases have sometimes become bestsellers and have faced varied reception from critics and academics. The staff of Xtra Magazine commented that "she has inspired a mini publishing industry all her own". Maura Johnston said that "the appetite for books on Madonna is large, and the variety of approaches writers, editors, and photographers have taken to craft their portraits is a testament to how her career has both inspired and provoked". On the report of Eric Weisbard "only Madonna books proliferated" compared to her other contemporary fellows from the 1980s. Evelyn Briceno from La Tercera described her as a character worthy of biographies, photo books and various analyses.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cultural impact of Madonna</span>

American singer-songwriter Madonna has had a social-cultural impact on the world through her recordings, attitude, clothing and lifestyle since her early career in the 1980s. Madonna has built a legacy that goes beyond music and has been studied by sociologists, historians and other social scientists. This contributed to the rise of the Madonna studies, an academic and critical response dedicated to her work and persona for which Madonna's semiotic and image was diversified in a wide-ranging of theoretical stripe from feminism to queer studies among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fashion of Madonna</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

American singer-songwriter Madonna has been considered a fashion and style icon by fashion journalism and other sectors. Fashion critics, designers and scholars have examined her influence in fashion from different stages, defining views on her public image and cultural significance. Her connection with the community was once labeled a symbiotic relationship, while her industry ventures include owning fashion brands and appearing at events such as the Met Gala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna and contemporary arts</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

The contributions and influence of American artist Madonna in the landscape of underground and contemporary arts have been documented by a variety of sources such as art publications, scholars and art critics. As her footprints in the arts are lesser-known compared to her other roles, this led a contributor from W to conclude that both her impact and influence in the art world have been "made almost entirely behind the scenes". She is noted for taking inspiration from various painters in her career. Once called a "continuous multi-media art project" by Jon Pareles in 1990, art critics and academics have noted she condenses fashion, dance, photography, sculpture, cinema, music, video and painting in her own artwork.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna and sexuality</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

American singer-songwriter Madonna has been considered a sexual icon and defined by an author, as the leading sex symbol of the postmodern era. Many have considered Madonna's sexuality as one of the focal points of her career. The Oxford Dictionary of English (2010) even credited her image as a sex symbol as a source of her international stardom. Her sexual displays have drawn numerous analysis by scholars, sexologists, feminists, and other authors. Due to her constant usage of explicit sexual content, Madonna faced censorship by MTV for her videos, as well as by other entities for her stage performances, and other projects in her early career.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna and religion</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

American singer-songwriter and actress Madonna has incorporated in her works abundant references of religious themes of different religions and spiritual practices, including Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sufism, and Kabbalah. Diverse theologians, sociologists of religion and other scholars of religion have reviewed her, while professor Arthur Asa Berger stated that she has raised many questions about religion. Due to her prominent use, an academic described her as "perhaps the first artist of our time to routinely and successfully employ images from many spiritual cultures and multiple religious traditions".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna and business</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

American singer-songwriter and businesswoman Madonna started some enterprises in her career, including Maverick and its subdivision Maverick Records. She was one of the first women in music to have established an entertainment company and a record label. In its early years, Maverick Records became the highest-grossing artist-run label. She has received coverage by business journalism, becoming the first solo entrepreneur woman to appear on a Forbes cover (1990). Her entrepreneur's profile became visible to her public image in her first decades, receiving praise, although it was the only role recognized by many of her critics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna in media</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

American entertainer Madonna debuted in media in the early 1980s. Once called a media icon, popular and critical explorations of her media figure spanned decades, and included areas such as media studies and communication studies, as well her celebrity encompassed a wide range spectrum of themes, from fame to popularity, declive and longevity. Besides this, reviews often transcended Madonna's own career as many authors noted an impact on others and in celebrity culture, even decades after her debut. Her early media dominance was through various formats, led to multiple authors referred to her variously, including "Queen of MTV" and more retrospectively as "Queen of Media". Madonna also influenced a number of editors and authors.

References

  1. 1 2 Hunt 2017, p. online
  2. ↑ Garde-Hansen 2011 , p. 124
  3. ↑ Steyn 2014 , p. online
  4. 1 2 Hopkins, Susan (March 24, 2016). "Bitch, I'm (still) Madonna …". The Conversation . Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  5. 1 2 3 Cross 2007 , p. 82
  6. ↑ Real 1996 , p. 113
  7. 1 2 Sexton 1993 , pp. 189–90
  8. ↑ Callahan & Kuhn 2015 , p. online
  9. 1 2 Gardner 2016 , p. online
  10. ↑ Whelehan & Gwynne 2014 , p. online
  11. ↑ Feminist Review Collective 1996 , p. 89
  12. ↑ Thrift, Samantha C. (March 2003). "Appropriate the Stereotype: Cultural Appropriations and the Queer, Lesbian, and Gay Spectatorships of Madonna and Martha Stewart". Third Space. 2 (2). Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
  13. ↑ Faith & Wasserlein 1997, p. 50
  14. ↑ Jankowsky & Love 1997 , pp. 285–287
  15. ↑ Robertson 1996 , p. 118
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Guilbert 2015 , pp. 178–179
  17. ↑ Lenore, Victor [in Spanish]; Rubio, Irene G. (June 26, 2012). "Madonna: ¿icono feminista o tótem consumista?" [Madonna: feminist icon or consumerist totem?]. Diagonal (in Spanish). Archived from the original on April 8, 2015. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  18. 1 2 Churchwell, Sarah (July 15, 2018). "Sarah Churchwell on Madonna: 'She remains the hero of her own story'". The Guardian . Retrieved July 21, 2022.
  19. ↑ Mills 1994 , p. 71
  20. ↑ Stange, Oyster & Sloan 2011 , p. 877
  21. 1 2 Strauss, Elissa (February 28, 2012). "How Madonna Defines the Third Wave". The Forward . Retrieved September 10, 2022.
  22. ↑ Pilkington 2002 , p. 52
  23. ↑ Robertson 1996 , pp. 126–127
  24. 1 2 3 Boesveld, Sarah (June 27, 2017). "Camille Paglia cuts the 'malarkey': Women just need to toughen up". Chatelaine . Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved June 7, 2022.
  25. 1 2 "Along with Madonna". Bust . No. 23–26. p. 53. Retrieved July 20, 2022.
  26. ↑ Sanchez, Brandon (August 16, 2023). "Madonna, Mother of Self-Mythology How Madge's ever-evolving persona changed the way fans, scholars, and haters think about pop culture". The Cut . Retrieved August 18, 2023.
  27. 1 2 Sexton 1993 , pp. 168–169
  28. ↑ Robertson 1996 , p. 133
  29. ↑ Myers, Chuck (August 12, 2001). "Madonna Music Maverick" . Sun Sentinel . p. 3D. ProQuest   388043074 . Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  30. ↑ Brush, Stephanie (May 29, 1988). "A Material Girl for All Seasons - and Reasons". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2023. Retrieved October 24, 2023.
  31. 1 2 Pringle 2020 , p. online
  32. ↑ Rodnitzky, Rodnitzky & Rodnitzky 1999 , p. 81
  33. ↑ Edmondson 2013 , p. 490
  34. ↑ Garritano 2001 , p. 91
  35. 1 2 3 Schwichtenberg 1993 , pp. 26–27
  36. ↑ Lewis, Zoe (February 5, 2009). "Madonna syndrome: I should have ditched feminism for love, children and baking". The Times . Archived from the original on November 17, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  37. ↑ McGlynn, O'Neill & Schrage-Früh 2017 , p. 2
  38. ↑ Middleton, Niamh (April 20, 2015). "Piers, Madonna, and the Double Standard". Feminist Studies in Religion. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
  39. 1 2 Guilbert 2015 , p. 185
  40. ↑ Brooks 2002 , p. 154
  41. ↑ Jhally 2006 , p. 194
  42. ↑ del Rio, B. (August 16, 2018). "Madonna at 60: A controversial female icon". Preen. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  43. 1 2 3 4 Appleby, Chang & Goodwin 2015 , p. 583
  44. 1 2 James, Caryn (December 30, 1990). "Madonna's 'Bimbo' Grins All the Way to The Bank". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved February 22, 2023.
  45. ↑ Cashmore, Ellis (August 13, 2023). "Madonna's Faustian Bargain for Fame". Fair Observer. Retrieved August 20, 2023.
  46. ↑ Danesi 2014 , p. 121
  47. 1 2 Danesi 2012 , p. 45
  48. ↑ Sweeney 2016 , p. 252
  49. ↑ Troy 2013 , p. 197
  50. ↑ Barcella, Laura (November 6, 2015). "Madonna and Me". Soft Skull Press. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 11, 2022.
  51. 1 2 Information Resources Management Association 2022, p. 426
  52. ↑ Hanson 1996 , p. 376
  53. ↑ "Madonna Is Many Things & Her Age Isn't One Of Them". The Music . June 17, 2019. Archived from the original on January 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  54. ↑ Prieto-Arranz, José Igor (February 2012). "The Semiotics of Performance and Success in Madonna" . The Journal of Popular Culture . 45 (1): 173–195. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5931.2011.00917.x . Retrieved February 7, 2022– via Research Gate.
  55. ↑ Maconie 2013 , p. 345
  56. 1 2 3 4 Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004 , pp. 165–168
  57. ↑ Yanıkkaya & Nairn 2020 , p. 139
  58. 1 2 Hopkins 2002 , p. 52
  59. ↑ Banes 2007 , p. 330
  60. 1 2 3 Sickels 2013 , p. 377
  61. ↑ Hagan 2021 , p. online
  62. ↑ "Pop's 20 greatest female artists". The Daily Telegraph . August 7, 2015. Archived from the original on October 15, 2015. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  63. 1 2 jagodzinski 2018 , p. online
  64. ↑ Hall & Hall 2006 , p. 448
  65. ↑ Burns, Gary; Kizer, Elizabeth (March 8, 1990). Madonna: Like a Dichotomy. Education Resources Information Center. pp. 1–14.
  66. ↑ Wearing 1998 , p. 74
  67. ↑ Walters 1995b , p. 2
  68. ↑ Holden, Stephen (March 19, 1990). "Madonna Re-Creates Herself - Again". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  69. ↑ Marsh & Bernard 1994 , p. 266
  70. ↑ von Lowtzow, Caroline (May 17, 2010). "Aus der Ursuppe des Trash". Süddeutsche Zeitung (in German). pp. 1–2. Archived from the original on July 26, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2021.
  71. ↑ Karaminas & Geczy 2013 , p. 38
  72. ↑ Sexton 1993 , p. 165
  73. 1 2 Dicker & Piepmeier 2016 , p. online
  74. ↑ Schwichtenberg 1993 , pp. 15–17
  75. 1 2 Raven, Charlotte (March 6, 2020). "How the 'new feminism' went wrong". The Guardian. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  76. ↑ Farman 2012 , p. 222
  77. 1 2 Wolf, Naomi (February 6, 2012). "Madonna acts just like a serious male artist would – and people hate her for it". The Guardian . Retrieved August 8, 2022.
  78. ↑ Ratliff 2006, p. 97
  79. ↑ Appignanesi & Garratt 2014 , p. 148
  80. ↑ Sexton 1993 , p. 10
  81. ↑ Angulo, Sandra P. (April 13, 2001). "Madonna will be the subject of another scandalous bio". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18, 2022.
  82. ↑ Jule & Pedersen 2006 , p. 61
  83. 1 2 Khaleeli, Homa (March 8, 2011). "Madonna". The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 23, 2014. Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  84. ↑ Burr 2012 , p. 289
  85. ↑ Guerra, Joey (April 27, 2007). "Madonna worship commences this weekend". Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 2, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2023.
  86. ↑ McLeod 2013 , p. 64
  87. ↑ Fouz-Hernández & Jarman-Ivens 2004 , p. 16
  88. ↑ Guilbert 2015 , p. 181
  89. ↑ Saroyan, Strawberry; Goldberg, Michelle (October 10, 2000). "So-called Chaos". Salon . Archived from the original on June 15, 2013. Retrieved April 15, 2013.
  90. ↑ Harrington 2002, p. 422
  91. ↑ Denfeld 2009 , p. online
  92. ↑ Grigoriadis, Vanessa (June 5, 2019). "Madonna at Sixty". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 1, 2019. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  93. ↑ Wendt 2008 , p. 134
  94. ↑ Rojek 2012 , p. 129
  95. ↑ Broussard, Christina (October 14, 2015). "Madonna's Sex-Positive Feminism". Portland Mercury . Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  96. ↑ "Woman and superwoman". BBC Worldwide. 1994. p. 34. Retrieved August 9, 2022.
  97. ↑ The Associated Press (August 15, 2008). "Madonna is unlikely inspiration for 50-plus set". Today . Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  98. ↑ Vine, Sarah. "Sarah Vine: She's an icon of freedom, so why can't Madonna wear her age and experience with pride?". PerthNow . Retrieved February 12, 2023.
  99. ↑ Lamphier & Welch 2017 , p. 173
  100. ↑ Jeffreys 2005 , p. 76
  101. ↑ Sexton 1993 , p. 12
  102. ↑ Gaugler, Audra (2000). "Madonna, an American pop icon of feminism and counter-hegemony: blurring the boundaries of race, gender, and sexuality". Lehigh University . Retrieved June 18, 2015.
  103. ↑ Beacom, Brian (August 16, 2018). "Brian Beacom: How can a series of toyboys make Madonna a role model?". The Herald . Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  104. ↑ "Madonna, The Role Model". Washington Post . July 7, 1990. Retrieved February 18, 2023.
  105. ↑ "'Provocateur! Sex symbol! Opportunist!' Six generations of women on the power and passion of Madonna". The Guardian. October 11, 2023. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  106. 1 2 Robb 2018 , p. 121
  107. ↑ Buszek, Maria Elena. "Book Review: Madonna and Me: Women Writers on the Queen of Pop". Bust . Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  108. ↑ Alter, Cathy (March 23, 2012). "Me, Myself, and Madonna". The Atlantic . Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  109. ↑ Matos, Michaelangelo (March 14, 2012). "Laura Barcella (ed.): Madonna & Me". The A.V. Club . Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  110. ↑ Goodison 1997 , p. 92
  111. ↑ Blake, Liza (December 12, 2016). "Lady Gaga Praises Madonna's Billboard Women in Music Speech: 'You're So Brave & Strong'". Billboard. Retrieved February 17, 2023.
  112. ↑ Schorr, Collier (June 21, 2022). "Anne Hathaway Answers 20 Questions From Her Friends and Fans". Interview . Archived from the original on June 23, 2022. Retrieved June 23, 2022.
  113. ↑ Taysom, Joe (December 9, 2020). "The reason why Joni Mitchell hated Madonna". Far Out . Retrieved December 27, 2023.
  114. ↑ "Sinéad O'Connor: SPIN's 1991 Cover Story, 'Special Child'". Spin. September 18, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2024.
  115. ↑ Thore 2016 , p. 212
  116. ↑ Prozan 1993 , p. 141
  117. ↑ Lynch, Joe (December 9, 2016). "Madonna Delivers Her Blunt Truth During Fiery, Teary Billboard Women In Music Speech". Billboard. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  118. ↑ Weingarten, Marc (October 5, 2023). "Is Madonna a game-changing feminist or capitalist come-on? A biography hashes it out". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  119. ↑ Bordo 2004 , p. 272
  120. ↑ Dickerson 1998 , p. 219
  121. ↑ Taraborrelli 2018 , p. online
  122. ↑ MacCambridge, Michael (May 17, 1990). "Madonna's star to shine anew as U.S. tour opens". Observer–Reporter . p. 24. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  123. ↑ Reist, Melinda Tankard (March 29, 2016). "Madonna: Turning her back on the cause of women". Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). Archived from the original on January 10, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2022.
  124. ↑ Moore, Suzanne (October 2, 2023). "Why Beyoncé and Taylor Swift owe Madonna everything". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  125. ↑ O'Brien, Lucy (August 20, 2023). "Madonna: evolution of the zeitgeist-capturing dance diva". The Guardian. Retrieved August 22, 2023.
  126. ↑ Morotta, Jenna (January 20, 2017). "Madonna Will "Personally Slap" Any Man Who Doesn't Identify as a Feminist". Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  127. ↑ Nolfi, Joey (March 9, 2017). "Madonna charts new feminist Her-Story in provocative short film". Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  128. ↑ Rhodan, Maya (January 21, 2017). "Madonna Has a Strong Message for Critics of the Women's March". Time . Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  129. ↑ "Madonna adere a movimento contra Bolsonaro: 'Ele não vai nos calar'". Veja (in Portuguese). September 28, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2022.
  130. ↑ WENN (June 14, 2019). "Sex for success: Madonna was asked to trade sex acts to make it far". Canoe.com. Archived from the original on June 15, 2019. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  131. ↑ Langley, William (September 3, 2011). "Clear the set – Madonna wants to express herself". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on September 8, 2011. Retrieved June 17, 2015.
  132. ↑ Cooper, Brittney. "Madonna: Time 100 Women of the Year – 1989: Madonna". Time. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  133. ↑ "50 Most Popular Women in the World". Women in the World. December 31, 2021. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  134. ↑ Glamour 2021 , p. online
  135. ↑ Lynch, Joe (December 9, 2016). "Madonna Delivers Her Blunt Truth During Fiery, Teary Billboard Women In Music Speech". Billboard . Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  136. ↑ Edmonson 1997 , p. 207
  137. ↑ Edwards, Vicky (November 8, 1998). "Women's Works Get Their Words' Worth". Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2021– via Pqasb.pqarchiver.
  138. ↑ Golden 1998 , pp. 108–109
  139. ↑ Adamson 1999 , p. 222
  140. ↑ Castillo, Michelle (November 18, 2010). "The 25 Most Powerful Women of the Past Century". Time. Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved June 16, 2015.
  141. ↑ "The 75 Greatest Women of All Time". Esquire . February 4, 2016. Archived from the original on April 5, 2021. Retrieved April 5, 2021.
  142. ↑ Ladd, Kara (March 2, 2018). "120 Women Who Changed Our World: Madonna". Good Housekeeping . p. 20. Archived from the original on December 4, 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2021.
  143. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. "100 Women". Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  144. ↑ Barcella 2019 , pp. 151–155
  145. ↑ Dunbar, Polly (July 15, 2021). "Here are GLAMOUR's 11 most influential…". Glamour . Retrieved January 8, 2023.

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.