Philanthropy and activism of Madonna

Last updated

Madonna performs onstage at the Live 8 concert, London (2005), next to Birhan Woldu, a former Ethiopian famine victim (1983-1985) Madonna @ Live 8 (cropped).jpg
Madonna performs onstage at the Live 8 concert, London (2005), next to Birhan Woldu, a former Ethiopian famine victim (1983–1985)

Madonna has been known for her philanthropic endeavors, activism and political commentaries. She began as one of the first mainstream musicians to advocate in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the 1980s. [1] [2] Throughout her career, Madonna has advocated and supporting different causes including human rights, such as women's and LGBT rights. She has used her social media channels to motivate her followers and raise awareness about various social concerns. Since her early career, Madonna has defined that with her fame comes the responsibility to be a spokesperson.

Contents

She has donated time and money in sizeable quantities to numerous charitable organizations, and sometimes made it as a quiet donor. Her endeavors also include performing in various benefit concerts or participating in different charity records. Madonna founded her own charitable organizations in 1998 (Ray of Light Foundation) and 2006 (Raising Malawi). The first serves areas all over the world, while the second focuses their efforts on Malawi. 

Madonna's activism and political commentaries are also known for her sometimes outrage views, bold statements, provocative tones and supporting manner, which have garnered her criticism. From a broader sense, many authors have included her, in the generalized criticism of activism or philanthropy made by public figures. Her humanitarian efforts in Malawi were polarized by a series of events, including the adoptions she made. Despite the all sorts of criticism she has encountered, various have appreciated her endeavors describing her views as "outspoken" but "candorous" while maintaining a view of Madonna as a person who is "firm in her convictions" despite any backlash or treatment directed at her persona and popularity. During the height of her fame, reviewers from academic Douglas Kellner to journalist Matt Cain have remarked on how she helped bring some social concerns into the mainstream in her generation. Others have emphasized and underlined Madonna's effect on subsequent generations of musicians in various ways. Named a "Goodwill Ambassador for Child Welfare" by Malawian president Peter Mutharika, her charitable efforts have been recognized in some ceremony awards, including the AIDS Project Los Angeles (APLA) and American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) by her help in the AIDS crisis.

Noteworthy charity supports

Madonna's philanthropic endeavors include different causes. In Women Icons of Popular Music (2009), Carrie Havranek comments that "she downplays much of [...] her philanthropic efforts, despite the fact that she is a regular donor to AIDS charities and a quiet donor to a charity for breast cancer". [3] Conversely, after the advent of social media, Sarah Ezzy from Global Philanthropy Group, commented "she's not shy about using her social media to highlight her giving and encourage others to give directly to those efforts". [4] Mel Ottenberg from Interview said "Madonna does so much charitable work". [5]

Selected fundraising and charity on AIDS and LGBT causes

From left to right: Madonna with Tony Ward and Donna De Lory at a AIDS Project Los Angeles benefit gala in 1990 Madonna 1990.jpg
From left to right: Madonna with Tony Ward and Donna De Lory at a AIDS Project Los Angeles benefit gala in 1990

Biographer Carol Gnojewski said she has "donated millions" to AIDS organizations. [6] Writing for Billboard in 2001, Wayne Hoffman commented that her AIDS charity involves "money and time". [7] She is considered to be one of the first musicians to advocate in response to the AIDS crisis, [1] or one of the first "notable names" from the entertainment industry in the cause. [2]

Madonna regularly donated concert proceeds, and appeared in numerous radio and TV announcements. She purchased a back page of a Billboard magazine to enlist financial assistance for various AIDS relief and research organizations. [8] In her first international tour, Who's That Girl World Tour (1987), she raised $400,000 for amfAR with a Madison Square Garden concert. It became one of the first AIDS benefits given by a celebrity according to Out , [9] and Rolling Stone labeled Madonna as the "first major American pop star" to stage such a large-scale fund-raiser. [10] She also donated to the French Association of Artists Against AIDS from her Paris concert. [11] She continued donating with her Blond Ambition World Tour. [12] Madonna also donated to AIDS Project Los Angeles, the AIDS Action Foundation, and amfAR after the premiere of Truth or Dare . [13] Madonna took part in Elizabeth Taylor's 65th birthday in 1997, considered by Guinness World Records to be the most money raised by a birthday fundraiser. [14] In 1999, Madonna lent her name to the AIDS Walk in Detroit. [15]

Madonna supported various AIDS charities, including efforts by actress Elizabeth Taylor (pictured), whom chaired one of the first American organization against the HIV/AIDS. Elizabeth Taylor - 1952 portrait.jpg
Madonna supported various AIDS charities, including efforts by actress Elizabeth Taylor (pictured), whom chaired one of the first American organization against the HIV/AIDS.

Madonna became a patron of Crusaid in 2002, donating signed items to raise money. [17] [18] In 2007, she donated to the Mobilization Against AIDS. [19] She auctioned a private concert in 2008, raising more than $560,000 for amfAR at the 61st Cannes Film Festival's Cinema Against AIDS. [20] Madonna bestowed Jeremy Scott with the Award of Courage at the amfAR Gala in Los Angeles in November 2021, contributing also to the fundraising efforts. [21] That year, Madonna helped raise $100,000 for LGBTQ+ organizations during a Pride party at the Standard Hotels of New York. She premiered a Pride-themed video installation titled No Fear, Courage, Resist, which was screened on displays in Times Square the same day. [22]

She offered moral and financial support to her HIV/AIDS-affected friends, including artist Keith Haring. [23] She had attended a fashion fundraiser event by November 1986, [24] and a benefit dance marathon in 1989 with her friend and mentor, Christopher Flynn also diagnosed with the disease. [25] Madonna endorsed other groups including ACT UP and Bid 2 Beat AIDS. [26] [27] Madonna has remembered World AIDS Days multiple times; during the 2015 Rebel Heart Tour she dedicated a performance and speech honoring survivors and victims. [28] She participated in "Sing", a song released during the World AIDS Day in 2007. [29] Madonna allowed her B-side song "Supernatural" to appear in the AIDS charity album Red Hot + Dance (1992), with a remix provided by Sly and Robbie. [30] In 2011, after Elizabeth Taylor's death, Madonna praised her efforts declaring: "I admired and respected her not only as an actress but for her amazing and inspiring work as an AIDS activist". [31]

Education and child welfare

Her efforts have significantly focused on child welfare and education over the years. The Ray of Light Foundation, established in 1998, has supported the education of girls in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and other countries, [32] and in Malawi through Raising Malawi which started in 2006. [33]

Outside of her own charitable organizations, she has donated money and time by causes established by others. She attended Sport Aid's Race Against Time in 1988, designed for children's charities. [34] [24] [35] By February 1987, the Make-A-Wish Foundation had arranged a meeting between Madonna and a young leukemia patient, then 9 years old. [36] A week prior, a spokesman for Warner Records stated she had "done similar things in the past", but without publicity. [37] In early 2003, Madonna kept in touch with a 17-year-old girl with liver cancer through her final days via the Children's Wish Foundation of Canada. [38] [39] She has made visits to orphanages, and through the years, Madonna has been reported to have taken all her children on trips to do charitable work, particularly in Malawi. [40] After her stop on the 2016 Rebel Heart Tour in Philippines, she visited the Bahay Tuluyan Foundation, a center that provides shelter for orphans and street children and also the Hospicio de San Jose. [41] [42] That year, she visited Kenya in Africa. [43]

Madonna became a patron of UK-based charity Children of Peace. [44] [41] She was part of the organizational committee at a 2009 Raisa Gorbachev Foundation charity gala. [45] That year, she donated a personal Dior shoes to benefit Gypsy child education in Romania, [46] and also made a donation in 2007, to an organization that sets up playgrounds in Russia. [19]

Motivated by her spiritual enthusiasm at that time, Mary Cross, said in Madonna: A Biography (2007), she has reportedly donated $21 million to the establishment of Spirituality for Kids, in Los Angeles, [47] a Kabbalah school and an organization working for schools and young community centers to help children develop into "strong, clear, happy human beings". [48] According to Lucy O'Brien in Madonna: Like an Icon , she donated "all her profits from her children's books to the foundation". [48] Some sources reported she donated about $22 million for the establishment of the Kabbalist Grammar School For Children (a.k.a The K School) in New York City; a source claimed one of her motivations was because "education means a lot to her". [49] [50]

Responses to some humanitarian crisis

Madonna, one of the first artists to make a donation to help victims of the September attacks in U.S. WTC smoking on 9-11.jpeg
Madonna, one of the first artists to make a donation to help victims of the September attacks in U.S.

Madonna made monetary responses to a number of crisis and disasters. She became one of the first recording artists to make a donation to charities helping the victims of the World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks in September 2001. [3] [51] [52] She granted $1 million from the proceeds of three Los Angeles concerts of her Drowned World Tour to children orphaned by the disaster. [51] Helen Studd, a correspondent for the Irish Independent reported about her immediate response: "Her generosity has started a wave of contributions from designers and pop bands". [53]

She also responded to the extreme earthquakes that occurred in 2009 in Pacentro, Italy with $500,000 and at least $250,000 for the 2010 Haiti earthquake, through Partners in Health. [54] [55] As part of her fundraising efforts for Hurricane Sandy victims, Madonna exposed her buttocks during a MDNA Tour concert to encourage her audience to throw money at the stage. [56] [57] She visited victims in Queens, New York and by 2013 it was announced she would donate clothing used in that tour to raise money. [57] [58] The following year, in 2014, Madonna responded to the Flint water crisis with a monetary donation granted to Community Foundation of Greater Flint. [59] According to some reports, Madonna helped raise $5.5 million to support people affected by the 2015 Malawi flood crisis. [60]

Shortly after the Christchurch mosque shootings in New Zealand in 2019, Madonna donated $10,000 to GoFundMe as part of a goal to raise $100,000. [61] It was reported that she donated about $1.1 million toward the development of a COVID-19 vaccine in 2020, to Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. [62] [63] She also donated, in association with the Reform Alliance 100,000 masks to prisons and jails across the country. [64]

Benefit concerts, charity events and other causes

Madonna Live 8 - 1.jpg
Madonna-live earth-hey you.jpg
From left to right: Madonna during Live 8 (2005) and Live Earth (2007)

Madonna joined various benefit concerts, including Live Aid (1985), Live 8 (2005) and Live Earth (2007). [65] She headlined the London concert of the lattermost event, [66] and wrote "Hey You" for their campaign. Initially released as a free downloadable track, within these terms the song was available on MSN.com, and for each of the first one million free downloads, $0.25 cents were announced to be donated to the Alliance for Climate Protection. [67] [68]

Madonna participated in the 1998 concert for the Rainforest Foundation Fund to support indigenous people and rainforests. According to the Guinness World Records, it was the largest environmental fundraising event held. [69] Madonna's song "Freedom" had previously appeared on their charity album Carnival! The Rainforest Foundation in 1997. [30]

Madonna participated in the Tsunami Aid, to raise money for the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami by performing a cover of "Imagine". [70] She invited her audience through her official website to donate the red cross. [71] The next year, Madonna joined the BBC telethon, Children in Need 2005 . [72] In 2010, Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now with the song "Like a Prayer". [73]

Aside from benefit concerts, she has been part of various charity records. In 1987, she contributed a cover of "Santa Baby" to the series' first charity album, A Very Special Christmas to benefit the Special Olympics. [74] In 2004, Madonna introduced the Band Aid 20 video of the charity supergroup, Band Aid. [75] She was part of the 2011 soundtrack Every Mother Counts from documentary No Woman, No Cry. [76]

She participated at a 1993 The Arsenio Hall Show to benefit Magic Johnson Foundation, [77] and in 1995 she presented a plaque to Muhammed Ali from Parkinson's Disease Foundation. [77] In 1997, assisted to a fund-raising gala honoring Gianni Versace. [77] In 2013, Madonna gave a speech at the Chime for Change concert to benefit education, health and justice. [78] In 2017, Madonna made a surprise performance at the Leonardo DiCaprio Foundation's annual charity auction, helping raise money for the cause as well. [79] Over the years, she donated more than $8 million to the Kabbalah Centre in London. [50] Vegetarian Times reported that with her first international tour, Who's That Girl? in 1987, she donated a portion of the receipts from each concert to charities; aside from AIDS causes, she gave money to a charity in Chicago that refurbishes playgrounds with new equipment and soft ground surfaces. [80]

Activism and advocacy

Madonna has spoken out in favor of and on behalf of numerous groups and individuals, through statements or works (songs, videos, or concerts). By the early 1990s, academic Douglas Kellner in Oh Fashion (1994), describes her as becoming "political" making "statements on behalf of AIDS victims, the homeless, saving the rain forests, and women's rights". [81] Decades later, in 2020, Bianca Gracie from Spin magazine stated "she's continuously shown advocacy for social injustices". [82] Author Nikolay Anguelov, comments that she is "known for her humanitarian efforts in developing countries and support for environmental and social causes". [83]

Rebecca Gulick noted in her Madonna biography published in 1993, "Madonna believes that with her fame comes the responsibility to be a spokesperson". [84] Author Jennifer Egan recalls one of Madonna's early professional goals by saying: "I know I'm not the best singer, and I know I'm not the best dancer. But I'm not interested in that" but in being "political". [85] She maintained her beliefs, and by 2017, proclaimed "I have to get way more vocal" while even feeling that the entertainment industry should be "more political", noting in her view, that many remain neutral in order to maintain their "popularity". [86] She made similar remarks in 2019, claiming "I'm not here to be popular. I'm here to be free" which Jon Pareles from The New York Times regarded as part of her self-described "political voice". [87]

Selected examples

Madonna at Amnesty International's Bringing Human Rights Home concert introducing Pussy Riot in 2014 Madonna at "Bringing Human Rights Home" Concert cropped.jpg
Madonna at Amnesty International's Bringing Human Rights Home concert introducing Pussy Riot in 2014

In 2013, she released the short film secretprojectrevolution , which deals with human rights and was part of a campaign to raise money for those causes. [88] Madonna voiced her disapproval to the Romani discrimination in Eastern Europe during her Sticky & Sweet Tour concert in Romania. It was reported that her statements were negatively received by the crowd, [46] but she found support from the Hindu and Jewish communities. [89] Florin Cioabă praised her efforts, saying, "Madonna is the only international personality to have raised the problem of discrimination against the Roma in Europe". [90]

She supported and advocated for other activists. Madonna supported Pussy Riot during their trial for their protest and criticism to Vladimir Putin. She stated on stage during her MDNA Tour: "Everyone has the right to free speech, everywhere in the world". [91] Two years later, Madonna introduced two of their members, Masha and Nadya at the 2014 Amnesty International's Bringing Human Rights Home, stating: "I am honored to introduce my fellow freedom fighters Masha and Nadya from Pussy Riot. I have admired their courage and have long supported their commitment and the sacrifices they have made in the name of freedom of expression and human rights". [92] She donated 600 tickets for her MDNA Tour show in Tel Aviv Israeli and Palestinian peace camp activists, including Peace Now's founder Yariv Oppenheimer and Ron Pundak. [93] She raised her voice to urge the release of Greenpeace activists jailed in 2013 in Russia. [94]

Madonna and her son, David Banda on stage in Paris, in December 2015. She paid tribute to victims and survivors of the November 2015 Paris attacks Madonna - Rebel Heart Tour 2015 - Paris 2 (23491182804).jpg
Madonna and her son, David Banda on stage in Paris, in December 2015. She paid tribute to victims and survivors of the November 2015 Paris attacks

In early 2015, Madonna raised her voice against the Baga massacre in Nigeria. [95] During her Rebel Heart Tour that year, Madonna paid tribute to the victims of the Paris attacks by Islamists, and gave an impromptu performance at Place de la République singing acoustic versions of her songs "Ghosttown", "Like a Prayer", and a cover of John Lennon's "Imagine". [96] [97] Christopher Bergland, said of the performance, "the fact one of the most famous people in the world, has the balls to sing... publicly on a street corner in Paris... should be inspiration to all of us to keep doing what we love to do". [98]

She joined the Black Lives Matter movement, posting numerous threads, and she also encouraged her followers to donate to the George Floyd Memorial Fund. [99] She later took the opportunity to assist in a London protest in June 2020. Commenting about her attendance, Amy Mackelden, an editor of Harper's Bazaar said she "was ... instantly recognizable" and "her support of the protest seemed to buoy the spirits of fellow protestors". [99] Madonna shared a photo of the 2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires along with a caption. [100] By 2022, Madonna had joined the digital campaign led by Global Citizen called "Stand Up for Ukraine", which appealed for donations and other forms of support to those affected by the Russo-Ukrainian War. [101] [102] She invited her audience to support the cause and posted a link to Global Citizen article "9 Meaningful Ways You Can Help Ukraine". [103] [104] She also shared a cover of "Your Song" in the style of a "living room season". [103]

Music and arts

Madonna has supported the Sweet Relief Musicians Fund, donating items in 1999, [105] and recording the song "Guilty By Association" featured in their charity album Sweet Relief II: Gravity of the Situation (1997). It's an alt-country recorded with her brother-in-law Joe Henry. [30] She joined Music Rising initiative in raising funds to replace musical instruments and equipment destroyed during Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2006. [106]

Madonna has used the arts to support other artists, or as a charitable activity. She has supported other industry colleagues and in this regard, Daniel Neira from celebrity magazine ¡Hola! summed up "Madonna is known for being a supportive friend" and is "constantly showing support". [107] She joined the #FreeBritney movement. [108] She defended the idea at a New Music Seminar conference held in 1984 when it was a new notion that some did not accept in juxtaposing actor-musician roles in music videos. [109] In the 1990s, she also defended criticisms on gangsta lyrics. [110]

In 2015, Madonna co-founded Tidal with various artists which she defined as a platform also "to support other artists". [111] In 2002, she joined the first EU Copyright Directive campaign in raising-awareness about the value of copyright. [112] In 2005, Madonna joined the National Association of Broadcasters' campaign "Radio: You Hear It Here First" to promote terrestrial radio. [113] She also joined a campaign against music piracy around these years. [114] Some artists such as Madonna were influential in shutting down Napster. [115]

Gun control

Madonna + DVSROSS.jpg
Madonna + DVSROSS posters.jpg
Madonna out on the streets of Los Angeles putting up gun control posters (right) by April 2021 [116]

Before beginning with her advocacy, Madonna raised controversy during the MDNA Tour, because she used fake firearms which she defended as "artistic" bringing the examples of action movies. [117] Shortly years after, Madonna talked about gun control rights in several opportunities, [116] calling it "the biggest problem in America right now" by 2019. [118]

Among her many posts regarding concerns with school shootings and gun control, she expressed that she felt a "responsibility to the children of the world". [119] By April 2021, Madonna had invited her audience to join the campaign of Everytown for Gun Safety, [120] and she was later seen posting wheat paste stickers with messages about gun control on Los Angeles streets. Various people noted her efforts, including actor Peter Stickles. [121] In May 2022, she shared a lengthy post after the Texas shooting at the Robb Elementary School demanding a "Gun Reform" from lawmakers, calling out to the National Rifle Association. [122] [123]

Madonna released the video "God Control" from her 2019 album Madame X , which deals largely with the issue but earned controversy for its depiction of violence. [116] Others thanked the intention, with an editor from Attitude recalling the video's caption, "it's happening every day. And it has to stop", as well as its affiliation with a number of groups, including Everytown for Gun Safety, March for Our Lives Action Fund, Gays Against Guns and Human Rights Campaign. [124] Ruth M. Glenn, president and CEO of the National Coalition Against Domestic Violence was pleased about Madonna's mention and support. [125] Gun activists like Shannon Watts felt grateful that artists like Madonna were participating to spread awareness. [119]

Political

Madonna participated in rallies against Donald Trump. In the image, Madonna during the 2017 Women's March Women's March - Washington DC 2017 (31739102574).jpg
Madonna participated in rallies against Donald Trump. In the image, Madonna during the 2017 Women's March
Madonna during the Military segment of her Re-Invention World Tour in 2004. ReInventionJason (cropped).jpg
Madonna during the Military segment of her Re-Invention World Tour in 2004.

According to Lucy O'Brien, Madonna inherited the sense of justice and inclusive politics from her Italian paternal grandfather Gaetano Ciccone, who assisted in organizing a brief but "crippling strike" at the Aliquippa mill in the summer of 1937 which resulted in an improvement in the lives of the workers. [126] She wrote an article to the inaugural issue of political-targeted magazine George in 1995. [127] She participated in the first Rock the Vote campaign in 1990 to encourage young audiences to practice the suffrage. [128] Mentioning Madonna's video, Liana Satenstein from Vogue commented that the campaign's videos of the 1990s are "special". In 1996, MTV's "Choose or Lose" used the Madonna video again. [129]

Madonna voiced her concern about George W. Bush foreign policy with the invasion of Iraq. By 2004, she commented: "There's global terror everywhere and it's absurd to think you can get it by going to one country and dropping tons of bombs on innocent people". [130] She also called Nicolás Maduro a fascist. [131] But while Madonna criticized some politicians, she received responses from some of them or their representatives. She was notoriously "attacked" by Russian politicians for her gay rights advocacy and support for Pussy Riot. [132] Madonna also received "criticism and threats" from the National Rally party in France when she denounced the rise of xenophobia and extreme-right movements in France and Europe, and for her critics to Marine Le Pen. [133]

She openly supports the Democratic Party in her home country. [126] Madonna has expressed her support for presidential contenders or presidents such as Bill Clinton, Barack Obama, Joe Biden and Hillary Clinton, while also encouraged her audience to practice suffrage. [81] [134] [135] During her support of Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign in 2016, she held a surprise concert at Washington Square Park in New York on the final day of US election campaign, which The Guardian 's Emma-Lee Moss described as an "astonishing concert". [136] It was streamed live on Facebook. [137] She also "famously" promised oral sex to Hillary voters. [138]

Ray of Light Foundation

Raising Malawi

Madonna and Nathan Rissman during the premiere of I Am Because We Are at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival Nathan Rissman and Madonna by David Shankbone.jpg
Madonna and Nathan Rissman during the premiere of I Am Because We Are at the 2008 Tribeca Film Festival

Madonna and Michael Berg founded Raising Malawi in 2006. [33] The organization have supported numerous charitable initiatives. Professor Chris Rojek at Brunel University wrote in Fame Attack (2012), "Madonna matches every dollar raised through corporate, community and academic support". [33]

In 2006, she donated $1 million to build a compound that, as of 2011, fed over 1,500 orphans. [139] Many of the children were cared for by Consol Homes Orphan Care, an organization Madonna assisted in the constructing of a power grid that provided electricity at the orphan care center. [140] She also donated $1.5 million to the Millennium Villages Project (MVP) and accompanied its founder, Jeffrey Sachs on a trip to Malawi. [141] Madonna reportedly donated $11 million of her own money and raised a total of $18 million to build a school in Malawi. [142] People magazine informed in 2018, that the organization had assisted in the construction of ten schools. [143]

Madonna has orchestrated fundraising efforts for Raising Malawi; for example through a sale of personal belongings and other dynamics, she garnered over $7.5 million in a one-time Miami show of the Madonna: Tears of a Clown in 2016. [144] By the next year, in 2017 the foundation opened up the Mercy James Institute for Pediatric Surgery and Intensive Care, named after Madonna's adopted Malawian children. [145] It became the first children's hospital in the country. [143] According to Trevor Neilson from Global Philanthropy Group, she is the largest individual donor to the hospital and funds programs run by Eric Borgstein at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital. [146]

Madonna also made a documentary on Malawi's plight, I Am Because We Are (2008), which she wrote, narrated and produced. It was accompanied by the publication of a book featuring Kristen Ashburn's photographs, and author proceeds from the sale of the book was reported to be donated to the foundation. [147]

Reactions

Controversies and criticisms

A political cartoon by Carlos Latuff that represent the controversy Madonna raised upon her decision to perform at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 By Carlos Latuff.jpg
A political cartoon by Carlos Latuff that represent the controversy Madonna raised upon her decision to perform at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019

A number of Madonna's commentaries, particularly those with suggestive undertones, have garnered her criticism. [148] Others objected the direction of her efforts; for instance, Kat Stoeffel from The Cut was scathing about her supporting manner for activist Malala Yousafzai and her politically charged agenda in 2012 during the MDNA Tour as noted in her article titled "Madonna is ruining all my favorite causes". [149] Veterans of Foreign Wars criticized Madonna for wearing an American flag in her Rock the Vote video of 1990. [129] Her publicist responded, "she's trying to get that message across in a humorous, dramatic way. But she's very serious about the issue", although she didn't vote. [129] While referring to her "politically incorrect" occurrences, the staff of Los Andes stated they brought her fame and were viewed as "revolutionary" by many but not by others. [150] Professor Pamela Robertson claims in Guilty Pleasures: Feminist Camp From Mae West to Madonna (1996), that "Madonna's politics are empty of content" and are "vague" for many critics. [151] In early 2010s, editors Adam Geczy and Vicki Karaminas had conflicting opinions, stating that her "political activism" provides "disenfranchised groups with empowering identifications" but they also categorized it as cultural industry. [152]

During her speech at the 2017 Women's March, Madonna drawn controversy after saying the word "fuck you" three times, and also for declaring: "Yes I have thought an awful lot about blowing up the White House, but I know that this won’t change anything. We cannot fall into despair" regarding Trump administration. [153] Madonna's comments sparked outrage among Trump staffers. [154] She later defended of backlash, by saying that she was speaking metaphorically, and shared two ways of looking at things: To be hopeful and feel anger and outrage. [155] The Sacramento Bee explored both positive and negative reactions on social media. [156] Her decision to perform at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 drew backlash from Palestinian activists, scholars, and intellectuals groups ranging from PACBI to BDS. [157] Her message and performance received a polarized reception from viewers. [158] As one of the most criticized moves in her career, Middle East Monitor ranked her second, behind a Mariah Carey's concert in Saudi Arabi in their list of "10 artists hit by human rights criticism over concerts". [159] Madonna later expressed her decision and message in a lengthy post. [160]

LiveToTell-background.jpg
Madonna plays Yankee Stadium 8 September 2012 Adveev-9.jpg
Madonna's on stage statements were sometimes presented with raw visuals and uncensored tone. In the image, the singer during the Confession Tour (left) and the MDNA Tour (right)

Madonna's sexual image often played against her. Bette Midler introduced her to the global audience of the Live Aid in 1985, referring her as a "woman who pulled herself up by her bra straps and has been known to let them down occasionally". According to media, it was a reference of the Madonna's pre-fame nude photos that Playboy and Penthouse ran weeks earlier. [161] Nicole Hensley of New York Daily News commented, "The Material Girl has a history of pushing sexually suggestive motifs to encourage young people to complete their civic duty". [162] Her sexual image, along with her affiliation and activism for the LGBT community and the AIDS epidemic, caused "many people" including her ex husband Sean Penn, to believe she was HIV-positive herself. She addressed the allegations at an AIDS research gala in 1991 by saying: "I'm not HIV-positive but what if I were? I would be more afraid of how society would treat me for having the disease than the actual disease itself [...] If this is what I have to deal with for my involvement in fighting this epidemic, then so be it". [163] [164] Rolling Stone commented her contributions to the AIDS causes were relatively overlooked by her marriage with Penn. [10]

Since the solidification of social media networks in the mid-2010s, a confluence of factors has polarized various of her social awareness messages. For instance, Queerty 's Alex Reimer criticized her post on October 8, 2023 about the 2023 Israel–Hamas war occurred a day before on October 7, citing the gap of days between images about her and the ongoing Celebration tour. [165] Roger Friedman referred after citing her Instagram posts regarding the COVID-19 lockdowns during a so-called misinformation era but he sympathized with her saying "it's easy to make fun of Madonna [...] But kudos and thanks for the Gates contribution". [63] From another scenario, The Advocate 's Neal Broverman recalls a post about gun control in April 2021 that received "mixed" reactions from her followers, with one user calling her an "out-of-touch millionaire who has no right to an opinion on the matter". Madonna responded to the user justifying her statement. [166]

Some criticism towards Madonna as a philanthropic agent and activist, stemmed from generalized perspectives often addressed on public figures as it was clear from an article published by The New York Times in 2006, [167] including perspectives of white savior—complex, [168] and others commenting about Western celebrities helping developing countries, especially in Africa. Andrew Mwenda was a critic of the lattermost point in an op-ed article for CNN in 2013. [169] While mentioned various A-list of celebrities, including Madonna, Cynthia Reynodls commented for Maclean's in 2004, "celebrities are fickle, and so are trends, even among good causes". [170]

Madonna's efforts in Malawi

Michael Berg and Kabbalah Centre controversy

Raising Malawi and Madonna became the subject of "headlines around the world" as a result of an abandoned project to construct a school worth over $15 million, and with a stated number of $3.8 million lost in the effort guaranteed. [171] The speculation for the collapse, was turned to the Kabbalah Centre and Michael Berg (son of the centre's founder and co-founder of Raising Malawi). [172] Berg and his center were subjected to an audit, [173] which didn't involve Madonna's name. [174] After the audit and controversy, Madonna relocated her charity's offices away from Kabbalah's headquarters, and removed her advisers linked to the center from her board members. [174] [175] She earlier declared that they were included because she believed in the "spiritual side". [176]

Meanwhile, Madonna hired consulting firm Global Philanthropy Group to manage its operations that still working together by 2017, [4] and with buildOn they were able to aid Raising Malawi with a new path, which included the development of smaller schools. [174] [177] Global Philanthropy Group's founder, Trevor Neilson expressed his admiration for her resilience and commitment to help others. [177] "Madonna's philanthropic adventure went awry, but there is no reason to doubt her intentions and generosity", the editors of Reimagining Global Philanthropy (2021), said. [142] In a dedicated piece on the issue, Harvard Business Review explored how "in philanthropy, failure is an almost daily occurrence". [171]

Madonna previously faced criticism for embracing Kabbalah studies because she blended her spiritual belief with life and also charitable efforts, while the spiritual branch itself was labeled as a "money-driven cult". [50] [178] UNICEF faced some of these criticisms during a Madonna-hosted fundraising event in 2008, which many said was also used to "promote" the Kabbalah Centre. [179] The proceeds for the events, were reported to be divided between UNICEF and Raising Malawi. [179] Her project Success For Kids was also under scrutiny after Berg's controversy, although Charity Navigator previously rated it with three out of four stars. [180]

Adoptions and child trafficking allegations

A woman showing disapproval of Madonna's 2006 adoption (of David Banda) Halloween-Parade feat. Madonna-Protest.jpg
A woman showing disapproval of Madonna's 2006 adoption (of David Banda)

Her efforts were also overshadowed when she and her then husband Guy Ritchie adopted infant David Banda in 2006, with many accusing her of violating Malawian laws. [181] It sparked conversations about international adoptions by celebrities, [182] and drew a "significant amount of media and public attention". [183] As a result of the "highly publicized" process, The Guardian dubbed Banda "the most famous baby in the world" in an article published in 2006. [181] Some Madonna critics speculated that she adopted the infant as a publicity stunt amid the Confessions Tour. [184] She later adopted more children, one in 2009, and two in 2017, [143] and Madonna recalls about her process with David Banda: "Every newspaper said I kidnapped him [...] In my mind, I was thinking 'Wait a minute. I'm trying to save somebody's life [...] I did everything by the book. That was a real low point for me. I would cry myself to sleep". [181]

Madonna next to her first adopted child, David Banda seen on stage during the 2015 Rebel Heart Tour Madonna - Rebel Heart Tour 2015 - Paris 2 (23492609113).jpg
Madonna next to her first adopted child, David Banda seen on stage during the 2015 Rebel Heart Tour

In 2008, researchers at the University of Liverpool coined the phrase "Madonna effect" to describe the international adoptions and their subversive effects. In the report, child psychologist Kevin Browne granted to the Madonna-style process, a closely rise in the number of children in orphanages across Europe, following adoptions made overseas rather than local. Researchers also stated that some parents in impoverished countries were handing up their children "in the belief that they will have a 'better life in the West'" with "a more wealthy family". [185] When Madonna revealed her plans to adopt again in 2017, some activists were concerned that Madonna's act "would facilitate the child trafficking in Africa". [186] A number of observers were generally complimentary or less alarming about her adoptions, mainly during Banda's adoption in 2006. It happened with Dave Levine of Showbiz Tonight (CNN), Mary Landers of the Savannah Morning News or singer and activist Bono among others. [182] [187] [188] As both Madonna and Angelina Jolie were credited with popularizing celebrity adoptions in the early decade of the twenty-first century, [189] some reviewers compared their philanthropic efforts because both received criticism. [40] However, while researching "why was Madonna so criticized", author Keith Tester noted she attracted more critics than either Bob Geldof or Jolie. [188] Professor Chris Rojek says Madonna and Jolie's adoptions "raise difficult questions" but he reacted generally positively. [33]

By January 2023, Ethiopian World Federation accused Madonna of possible "human trafficking and social experiments", citing as proof her public behavior and photos of his son Banda recreating one of her outfit. They were especially concerned about her sexual fantasies published in her first book Sex in 1992. The federation asked Lazarus Chakwera, President of Malawi to prevent "homosexual and transgender". [190] Public commentator Candace Owens also joined criticisms, saying after reading her book about fantasies that she must be "banished from society", accusing her of "touching upon pedophilia". [191]

Aftermaths

Results of Berg's controversy and her adoptions, affected her activities in Malawi. She was met with polarization in the country; Lisa Ann Richey explained in Celebrity Humanitarianism and North-South Relations (2015), that there are multiple "local" interpretations of her efforts, pointing out that some Malawians interpret Madonna as a "person who cynically exploit poor Africans to promote her own brand and who makes grand promises that never materialize" and others seen her as a "worthy humanitarian". Local elites in comparison, are viewed as "corrupt" or "self-serving". [192] On the view from Karin Wilkins in Communicating Gender and Advocating Accountability in Global Development (2016), she has been referred "frequently" as "Saint Madonna of Malawi" or "a gift from heaven". [175]

Joyce Banda minimized her efforts and criticized her persona during her presidency, though Madonna claimed that part of the government criticism was prompted by her dismissal of President Banda's sister Anjimile Oponyo who previously served in her charity organization but was removed after the mismanagement funds controversy. [193] She was saddened by Banda's statements describing it as "inaccurate", but clarified it would not to interfere in her commitments. [193] Banda's successors Peter Mutharika and Lazarus Chakwera praised her efforts. [178] Mutharika called her a "Goodwill Ambassador for Child Welfare" and a "symbol of a motherly spirit". [194] The information minister, Patricia Kaliati was among other political figures whom appreciated her endeavors. [33]

Appreciation and recognition

Others have noted, including James Perone, a music professor at the University of Mount Union in 2018, how she built a "successful career" as a "social" and "political" activist, [195] and professor Chris Rojek similarly claims, she has been "celebrated" as a "major celebrity humanitarian" for many. [33] In 2015, Christopher Bergland credited her with his ongoing dedication to political activism. [98]

Author and lawyer Ian Rosenberg described her philanthropic endeavors, and her sometimes shocking messages, as a "trademark" with a blend of provocation but also "candor". [196] The editor of Musicians and Composers of the 20th Century (2009) believes that despite criticisms, she has "remained firm in her convictions", [148] and Hilary Weaver from Vanity Fair comments that she "has never been one to back down from taking a political stand—despite the criticism that might follow". [86] Rodrigo Fresán quotes Madonna as saying that there are people "who hate me" for having an opinion on things. [197] For Lucy O'Brien, "she risks unpopularity" and her style is "confrontational". [198] Brittany Spanos, editor of Rolling Stone , referred she "has always been forthright about her political opinions". [199] In 2023, Toula Drimonis from Cult MTL opined "she hasn't always gotten it right, but I think the intention has always been good". [200]

Her early activism in the 1980s and 1990s, was appreciated by many. This is seen in Mark Bego's book Pop Culture Presents the Story Of Jewel (1998), where the author states: "Madonna paved the way in just so many ways. She was never afraid to break down taboos". [201] In 2014, Christopher Rosa from VH1 stated that many celebrities endorse now-popular opinions of some matters that it can "proudly express themselves without general fear of judgment", but he believed she was advocating for the same rights in a period when were relatively "unpopular". [202] In Popular Culture and the Civic Imagination (2020), professors notes she is a self-proclaimed "Unapologetic Bitch", but uses her voice directly and forcefully to shock and therefore draw attention to her message. In short, they conclude Madonna paved the way for other generation of artists both as musical or "political commentator". [203] According to José Mariscal from La Razón in 2018, her music and activism are more than a display of rebellion, as she has starred "battles" for women's or human rights. [204] Juan José Roldán, writing for El Correo de Andalucía in 2020, was generally positive saying that "few" such as Madonna, have been so "brave" and "daring" in the face of repeated injustices. [205] Writing for The New York Times in 2023, Mary Gabriel felt that some criticisms are centered in her image as a pop star and/or a gender bias, dismissing her political statements as "opportunistic grandstanding". [206]

"Madonna has never shied away from making bold statements with her work", felt and commented Alexander Kacala from Out in 2019. [207] During the height of her popularity, Douglas Kellner felt she helped "bring marginal groups and concerns into the cultural mainstream". [208] British journalist Matt Cain similarly states she helped "broke down social barriers" by connecting "diversity" by producing multiple works that has brought marginalized groups to the fore to her large audience. [209] "Bringing people together to celebrate liberation, equality and diversity is an essential aspect of Madonna's worldwide view", commented biographer Carol Gnojewski. [210] Pete Hamill referred to her as "the greatest artistic force of the AIDS generation" in his book Piecework (2009). [211]

Awards

Her activism has been recognized in ceremonial awards, including distinctions from her charitable works in helping cure AIDS, by the AIDS Project Los Angeles (APLA) in 1990 and American Foundation for AIDS Research (amfAR) in 1991. In 2018, Madonna was honored by the High School of Performing Arts in Malaga (in Spanish: Escuela Superior de Artes Escénicas de Málaga, ESAEM) for her artistic career and social advocacy. The director Marisa Zafra reflecting, remarked "Madonna's intense fight for human rights and her defense for the poorest and most underprivileged". They also announced two scholarship for two young cared in her charitable organization, Raising Malawi. Madonna thanked them via message. [212]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna</span> American singer and actress (born 1958)

Madonna Louise Ciccone is an American singer, songwriter, and actress. Regarded as the "Queen of Pop", she has been recognized for her continual reinvention and versatility in music production, songwriting and visual presentation. Madonna's works, which incorporate social, political, sexual, and religious themes, have generated both controversy and critical acclaim. A cultural icon spanning both the 20th and 21st centuries, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame called her one of the most "well-documented figures of the modern age" in 2008. Various scholarly reviews, literature, and art works have been created about her along with an academic mini subdiscipline devoted to her called Madonna studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kabbalah Centre</span> Nonprofit organization in Los Angeles, USA

The Kabbalah Centre International is a non-profit organization located in Los Angeles, California that provides courses on the Zohar and Kabbalistic teachings online as well as through its regional and city-based centers and study groups worldwide. The Kabbalah Centre's presentation of Kabbalah was developed by its director, Philip Berg, along with his wife, Karen Berg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna bibliography</span>

American entertainer Madonna has written eleven coffee table books, eleven articles in different publications and contributed a piece in a biography. She has also ventured into children's literature, writing seven picture books and twelve chapter books. Three of her books have topped The New York Times Best Seller list.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Benefit concert</span> Type of musical benefit performance

A benefit concert or charity concert is a type of musical benefit performance featuring musicians, comedians, or other performers that is held for a charitable purpose, often directed at a specific and immediate humanitarian crisis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna as a gay icon</span> Aspect of Madonnas reputation

American singer and actress Madonna is recognized as a gay icon. She was introduced, while still a teenager, by her dance instructor, Christopher Flynn, an openly gay man who mentored her. Since then, Madonna has always acknowledged the importance of the community for her life and career, declaring that she "wouldn't have a career if it weren't for the gay community".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raising Malawi</span> Charity providing aid for orphans in Malawi

Raising Malawi is a charity non-profit organization that was founded by Madonna and Michael Berg in 2006. It is dedicated to helping with the extreme poverty and hardship endured by Malawi's one million orphans, primarily through health and education programming. Initially, the "Raising Malawi Academy for Girls" was to be constructed but following an audit by the Global Philanthropy Group, which questioned expenditure on salaries and benefits as well as the management capacity and culture, the charity's school headmistress resigned in October 2010 and the project was scrapped.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Keep a Child Alive</span> US-based non-profit organization

Keep a Child Alive (KCA) is a nonprofit organization that provides healthcare, housing, and other support services to HIV/AIDS-affected communities in Africa and India. Co-founded by Leigh Blake and Alicia Keys, the organization aims to "realize the end of AIDS for children and families, by combating the physical, social and economic impacts of HIV." Keep a Child Alive organizes the annual fundraiser gala The Black Ball, established in 2004, where celebrities and philanthropists gather to support and raise awareness for the cause. Since the first Black Ball, the organization has raised over $28.7 million for HIV/AIDS treatment.

<i>I Am Because We Are</i> 2008 film

I Am Because We Are is a 2008 British-American-Malawian documentary film about AIDS orphans in Malawi. It was directed by Nathan Rissman and written, narrated, and produced by Madonna through her production company Semtex Films.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jill Vedder</span> American philanthropist, activist and former fashion model

Jill Kristin Vedder is an American philanthropist, activist, and former fashion model. She is the co-founder and vice chairman of EB Research Partnership, a non-profit organization dedicated to finding a cure for the genetic skin disorder epidermolysis bullosa. She is also an ambassador for Global Citizen and the Vitalogy Foundation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Education in Malawi</span>

Education in Malawi stresses academic preparation leading to access to secondary school and universities. However, few students go on to high school or university. The dropout rate is also very high particularly among primary school pupils.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchester Pride</span> Annual LGBT event in Manchester, England

Manchester Pride is a charity that campaigns for LGBTQ+ equality across the United Kingdom, predominantly in Greater Manchester. The Charity offers dialogue, training, research and policy analysis, advocacy and outreach activities focusing on LGBTQ+ rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Anjimile Oponyo</span>

Anjimile Mtila-Oponyo is a Malawian development worker and education administrator. She has worked in education administration for the World Bank, International Monetary Fund and the United Nations Development Program where they built schools in Lebanon. She received international attention when she was selected as CEO and head of the Raising Malawi Academy for Girls in Malawi. She is currently a principal secretary in the Ministry of Education in Malawi.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sing campaign</span> Non-governmental organization

The SING Campaign is a UK-based, non-governmental, nonprofit organization founded by artist/activist Annie Lennox which aims to raise funds and awareness for issues surrounding HIV/AIDS. The money raised by SING is used to help prevent the spread of HIV in South Africa, and also to support those currently living with HIV. Comic Relief manages the SING fund, and assists in co-ordinating the SING campaign.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Annie Chikhwaza</span>

Annie Chikhwaza is a Dutch missionary known as a 'Mother of Malawi' for her work with orphans in Africa through Kondanani Children's Village, an NGO, which has been called "a five star orphanage" and "a centre of excellence" in a Channel 4 documentary. Many of the orphans are survivors of HIV/AIDS and Chikhwaza has built a village at Bvumbwe in Thyolo District of Malawi which includes an infant care facility, children's homes, nursery school, primary school and farm.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">YouthAIDS</span>

YouthAIDS is an international nongovernmental, nonprofit education, funding, and health initiative of Population Services International (PSI) that provides humanitarian assistance and brings global awareness to the proliferation of HIV/AIDS. The organization is based in Washington, D.C., and reaches out to 600 million youth in over 60 countries through the delivery of information, products, and social services. Methods used to address issues include film, television, and radio; celebrity spokespersons; pop culture initiatives; theatrical productions; music; and sports. Actress and humanitarian Ashley Judd serves the organization as their Global Ambassador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna: Tears of a Clown</span> 2016 international concert series by Madonna

Tears of a Clown was a show by American singer Madonna, first held at the Forum Theatre in Melbourne, Australia on March 10, 2016. The singer had not included Australia during her previous five concert tours, until the Rebel Heart Tour (2015–2016), so she created the show for her Australian fans since they had waited so long for her to perform there. Madonna explained that the idea behind Tears of a Clown was to combine music and storytelling, being influenced by clowns. Tickets for the first show were made available to members of Madonna's official fan club, Icon, and were non-transferable, with the person's name printed on them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philanthropy of Michael Jackson</span>

American singer Michael Jackson left a lasting legacy as a prolific philanthropist and humanitarian. Throughout Jackson's public life, he dedicated himself to various humanitarian causes, particularly in areas regarding poverty, disease, welfare, and disadvantaged youth. Jackson's early charitable work has been described by The Chronicle of Philanthropy as having "paved the way for the current surge in celebrity philanthropy", and by the Los Angeles Times as having "set the standard for generosity for other entertainers". By some estimates, he donated over $500 million to charity over the course of his life, at one time being recognized in Guinness World Records for the breadth of his philanthropic work.

The Ray of Light Foundation is a non-profit charity organization that was established in 1998 by American singer-songwriter Madonna. The foundation takes its name from Madonna's seventh studio album, Ray of Light, released in 1998. Its primary mission is to "promote peace, equal rights, and education for all." The organization's key areas of focus include women's empowerment, education initiatives, global development, and various humanitarian efforts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saint Javelin</span> Russo-Ukrainian War meme

Saint Javelin is an Internet meme and fictional character depicted in a religious icon style as a saint-like figure cradling a modern weapon used in the Russian invasion of Ukraine, such as the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank weapon. The meme was created by Christian Borys during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and became famous around the world, eventually resulting in other similar memes. The meme boosted morale and was used in merchandise products, resulting in more than a million dollars raised for humanitarian charities assisting Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Madonna and religion</span> Aspect of Madonnas career

American singer-songwriter and actress Madonna has incorporated in her works references of religious themes of different religions and spiritual practices, including Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sufism, and Kabbalah. It became one of the most defining and controversial aspects of her career, with responses documented in the sector, popular press and from diverse theologians, sociologists of religion and other scholars of religion to different degrees and perspectives.

References

  1. 1 2 Nelson, Jeff (September 6, 2017). "How Madonna Is Raising Malawi: Inside Her Tireless Work Helping Children and Fighting Poverty in Africa". People . Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  2. 1 2 Real, Evan (May 6, 2019). "GLAAD Media Awards: "Freedom Fighter" Madonna Talks Special Connection With Gay Fans". The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 15, 2022. Retrieved August 15, 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 Havranek 2009 , p. 271
  4. 1 2 Welch, Sherri. "3 charities find Madonna is their lucky star". Crain Communications. Archived from the original on June 15, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  5. ↑ Ottenberg, Mel. "If Madonna Calls: More Exclusive Polaroids From Madonna's Pride Video". Interview . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  6. ↑ Gnojewski 2017 , p. 66
  7. ↑ Hoffman, Wayne (November 10, 2001). "AIDS & The Music Industry: Caring At A Crossroads". Billboard. Vol. 113, no. 45. p. 5. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  8. ↑ "Music Industry's AIDS Victims Suffer Silently" (PDF). Billboard. January 25, 1992. p. 87. Retrieved September 18, 2023.
  9. ↑ "Out Front: Icon". Out. Vol. 11, no. 10. April 2003. p. 40. Retrieved July 10, 2022.
  10. 1 2 Rolling Stone Press 1997 , p. 88
  11. ↑ Guyard, Bertrand (September 26, 2019). "Chirac-Madonna, les dessous d'une rencontre bien culottée". Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  12. ↑ Mackie, Drew (April 3, 2015). "25 Reasons Madonna's Blond Ambition Tour Still Rules, 25 Years Later". People . Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved September 14, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Madonna" . BLK: 34. 1991. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  14. ↑ Guinness Publishing Ltd. 1999 , p. 34
  15. ↑ "AIDS walk fundraiser to wear Madonna's name". Tampa Bay . July 12, 1999. Archived from the original on October 29, 2023. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  16. ↑ Avery, Dan (February 27, 2019). "23 Reasons Why Elizabeth Taylor Was the Ultimate AIDS Activist". Logo TV . Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  17. ↑ Webb, Paul (May 29, 2022). "Madonna Backs Crusaid Charity Walk". Playbill . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  18. ↑ "Signed Items Available to Raise Money for AIDS Charity". Madonna Official Website. January 1, 2022. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  19. 1 2 "Madonna gives millions to Kabbalah". Irish Examiner . January 2, 2009. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  20. ↑ Collett-White, Mike (May 22, 2008). "Madonna auctions "private concert"". Reuters . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  21. ↑ Hume, Ashley (November 5, 2021). "Madonna Makes Surprise Appearance at AmfAR Gala, Helps Raise More Than $1.7 Million for HIV/AIDS Research". Variety . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  22. ↑ Waite, Thom (June 26, 2021). "Madonna-starring NYC Pride party raises $100,000 for LGBTQ+ organisations". Dazed . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  23. ↑ Hodge & Moore 2019 , p. 189
  24. 1 2 Morgan 2015 , p. online
  25. ↑ Virtel, Louis (June 6, 2017). "10 Reasons Madonna Is An Eternal Inspiration to the LGBTQ Community". Billboard. Archived from the original on August 7, 2022. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
  26. ↑ "60 Times Changed Our Culture" . The New York Times . August 16, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  27. ↑ Wolfson, Alisa (August 16, 2018). "The most awe-inspiring facts about Madonna, in honor of her 60th birthday". Market Watch. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  28. ↑ Tharrett, Matthew (December 2, 2015). "Madonna Dedicates Touching Like a Prayer Performance To HIV/AIDS Victims and Survivors". Logo TV . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  29. ↑ Runtagh, Jordan (November 30, 2018). "Flashback: Hear Annie Lennox's 'Sing,' Dedicated to AIDS Genocide Awareness". Rolling Stone . Retrieved November 20, 2022.
  30. 1 2 3 Andrews, Marc (2022). Madonna Song by Song. Fonthill Media. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  31. ↑ Tobin, Christian (March 23, 2011). "Madonna, Streisand praise Elizabeth Taylor". Digital Spy. Retrieved October 29, 2023.
  32. ↑ "Madonna". A Very Special Christmas . Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  33. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rojek 2012 , pp. 145–146
  34. ↑ Rolling Stone Press 1997 , p. 96
  35. ↑ Parker, Jeffrey K. (August 8, 1988). "Madonna rallies runners in bid against poverty". UPI . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  36. ↑ Cantillon, Kathy (February 24, 1987). "Stargazer Group That Makes Wishes Come True Takes Leukemia Victim to Entertainer Madonna" . Sun-Sentinel . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  37. ↑ Durkin, Barbara J. (February 13, 1987). "Boca Girl Gets Wish, To Meet Madonna". Sun-Sentinel. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  38. ↑ Silverman, Stephen M. Silverman (February 13, 2003). "Madonna Plays Real-Life Heroine to Girl". People. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  39. ↑ "These Boots are Made For..." Hartford Courant . February 23, 2003. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  40. 1 2 Van Den Bulck 2018 , p. online
  41. 1 2 "LOOK: Madonna visits children's shelters before her Manila concert". Rappler. February 23, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  42. ↑ "Madonna makes surprise visits to Manila children's shelters". Kuwait Times . February 24, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  43. ↑ Thomson Reuters Foundation (July 6, 2016). "Madonna moved to tears by case of child rape in Kenya". Al Arabiya English . Retrieved November 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  44. ↑ "Our Patrons". Children of Peace. 2022. Archived from the original on May 24, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  45. ↑ "JK Rowling leads a star-studded line-up for charity gala in memory of Raisa Gorbachev". Nagaland Post . June 7, 2009. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  46. 1 2 Rajan Zed (November 9, 2009). "Madonna Raises $16,000 for Roma Children". Scoop . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  47. ↑ Cross 2007 , p. 96
  48. 1 2 O'Brien 2018 , p. 400
  49. ↑ Billboard Staff (August 8, 2004). "Madonna turns schoolmarm". The New Zealand Herald . Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  50. 1 2 3 Luckman 2010 , p. 136
  51. 1 2 3 Morton 2001 , p. 20
  52. ↑ "Show Goes on for Madonna, Producers". ABC News. September 14, 2001. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  53. ↑ Studd, Helen (September 17, 2001). "Madonna donates £1.2m for orphans". Irish Independent . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  54. ↑ Balls, David (April 8, 2009). "Madonna makes Italian quake donation". Digital Spy . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  55. ↑ Balls, David (January 20, 2010). "Madonna urges Haiti quake donations". Digital Spy. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  56. ↑ Bang Showbiz (November 15, 2012). "Madonna shows her bum, raises $60 000 for Sandy victims". TimesLIVE . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  57. 1 2 Macatee, Rebecca (November 13, 2012). "Madonna Bares Butt for Sandy Relief, Visits Storm Victims in New York City". NBC Connecticut . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  58. ↑ Grossberg, Josh (February 6, 2013). "Madonna Auctions MDNA Tour Outfits for Sandy Relief; Singer Off Legal Hook in Russia for Promoting Gay Rights". NBC Chicago . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  59. ↑ Baetens, Melody (January 26, 2014). "Madonna, Meyers, The Game join Flint water aid effort". The Detroit News . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  60. ↑ Kangwele, Mike J. (February 11, 2015). "Malawi: Madonna Raises Mk2.4 Billion for Malawi Flood Victims". AllAfrica . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  61. ↑ Australian Associated Press (APP) (March 18, 2019). "Madonna, others donate to NZ victims fund". Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  62. ↑ Aniftos, Rania (May 6, 2020). "Madonna Clarifies Coronavirus Diagnosis, Says She Had It at the End of Madame X Tour". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  63. 1 2 Friedman, Roger (October 18, 2021). "Madonna Doubled Her Charitable Contributions in 2020 By Giving Bill Gates' Vaccine Fund $1 Million". ShowBiz411. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  64. ↑ Kaye, Ben (April 23, 2020). "Madonna Teams with Meek Mill's REFORM Alliance to Donate 100,000 Masks to Prisons". Consequence . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  65. ↑ Nilles, Billy (August 16, 2018). "60 Wild Secrets About Madonna You Probably Didn't Know". E!. Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  66. ↑ Empire, Kitty (July 8, 2007). "Madonna leads the pack as climate change turns chic". The Guardian. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  67. ↑ "New Madonna Song Available Today Exclusively on New LiveEarth.MSN.com". Microsoft. May 16, 2007. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  68. ↑ "Madonna Releases Digital Song Aimed at Raising Awareness About Environment". Voice of America (VoA). October 27, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  69. ↑ Baker, Riley (August 16, 2018). "Madonna's career in 10 records as Queen of Pop turns 60". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on October 20, 2018. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  70. ↑ Wayne 2014 , p. 152
  71. ↑ "Madonna Urges Fans to Please Donate to Red Cross". Madonna Official Website. February 7, 2005. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  72. ↑ "Children in Need raises £17.2m". BBC. November 19, 2005. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  73. ↑ Johnston, Maura (January 20, 2010). "Madonna Brings Classic 'Like A Prayer' To 'Hope For Haiti Now' Telethon". MTV. Archived from the original on November 13, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  74. ↑ "The Global Legacy of "A Very Special Christmas"". Special Olympics . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  75. ↑ "Millions Tune in For Band Aid 20". Madonna Official Website. November 19, 2004. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  76. ↑ Gallo, Phill (March 11, 2011). "Madonna, Jennifer Lopez On 'Every Mother Counts' Documentary Soundtrack". Billboard. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
  77. 1 2 3 "The life and career of pop sensation Madonna". New York Daily News . August 15, 2022. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  78. ↑ "In pictures: Chime for Change concert". BBC. June 2, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  79. ↑ Miller, Mike (July 27, 2017). "Madonna Delivers Surprise Performance at Leonardo DiCaprio's Charity Auction: $30 Million Raised So Far". People. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  80. ↑ Robenznieks, Andis (December 1987). "Striking a Chord for Vegetarianism". Vegetarian Times . No. 124. p. 36. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  81. 1 2 Benstock & Ferriss 1994 , p. 172
  82. ↑ Gracie, Bianca (December 4, 2020). "The Most Influential Artists: #3 Madonna". Spin . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  83. ↑ Anguelov 2015 , p. 185
  84. ↑ Gulick 1993 , p. 29
  85. ↑ "You Don't Know Madonna". Jennifer Egan. December 15, 2002. Retrieved March 30, 2021.
  86. 1 2 Weaver, Hilary (January 10, 2017). "Madonna Thinks Hollywood Is Not Outspoken Enough Politically". Vanity Fair . Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  87. ↑ Pareles, Jon (September 18, 2019). "Madonna Is Still Taking Chances" . The New York Times . Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  88. ↑ Madison, Jennifer (July 11, 2013). "Madonna, Defend Paris Team Up for Human Rights Campaign". Women's Wear Daily . Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  89. ↑ "Madonna supported by Jewish, Hindu communities". The Hindu . August 29, 2009. Retrieved October 24, 2022.
  90. ↑ "Well-known Gypsy praises Madonna's defense of Roma". Deseret News . Associated Press. September 2, 2009. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  91. ↑ CNN Wire Staff (August 8, 2012). "Violence threatened at Madonna concerts in Russia, embassy warns". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2022.{{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  92. ↑ "Madonna to introduce members of Pussy riot at Amnesty International Bringing Human Rights Home Concert in Brooklyn February 5". Amnesty International USA. January 29, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  93. ↑ Bar-Zohar, Ophir (May 31, 2012). "Madonna Invites Israeli, Palestinian Peace Activists to Tel Aviv Concert". Haaretz . Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  94. ↑ AFP (November 16, 2013). "Madonna calls for release of Greenpeace activists". Al Arabiya English . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  95. ↑ BellaNaija.com (January 15, 2015). "Madonna Joins the Voices against Baga Crisis, Says 'Naija Ni Mi; I am Nigeria'". BellaNaija . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  96. ↑ Park, Andrea (November 15, 2015). "Madonna Cries Onstage as She Pays Tribute to Victims of Paris Attacks: 'They Want to Silence Us and We Won't Let Them'". People. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  97. ↑ Tharrett, Matthew (December 10, 2015). "Madonna Sings Image in Beautiful Impromptu Tribute to Paris Terror Victims". Logo TV . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  98. 1 2 Bergland, Christopher (December 10, 2015). "Madonna, Equanimity, and the Power of Non-Violent Resistance". Psychology Today . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  99. 1 2 Mackelden, Amy (June 7, 2020). "Madonna Joined a Black Lives Matter Protest in London on Crutches". Harper's Bazaar . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  100. ↑ Moniuszko, Sara M (August 23, 2019). "Leonardo DiCaprio, Madonna, more stars send prayers, call for action in Amazon fires". USA Today . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  101. ↑ Haas, Brenda (April 8, 2022). "Stars join 'Stand Up for Ukraine' campaign". Deutsche Welle . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  102. ↑ Willman, Chris (March 28, 2022). "Global Citizen Enlists Dozens of Music Stars to Campaign for Ukraine Refugee Support". Variety . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  103. 1 2 Walker, Lauren (April 9, 2022). "Largest social media rally for refugee relief raises €9.1 billion". The Brussels Times . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  104. ↑ Lavin, Will (February 26, 2022). "Madonna shares support for Ukraine with release of 'Sorry' remix video". NME . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  105. ↑ Basham, David (November 30, 1999). "Frank Black To Play Sweet Relief Concert; Madonna, Kravitz, Morissette Donate Auction Items". MTV. Archived from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  106. ↑ "For The Record: Quick News On Ashanti, Madonna, Jennifer Lopez, Hilary Duff, Backstreet Boys & More". MTV. April 14, 2006. Archived from the original on August 18, 2022. Retrieved September 15, 2023.
  107. ↑ Neira, Daniel (July 1, 2022). "Madonna Shows Support to Doja Cat with the sweetest message". ¡Hola! . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  108. ↑ Lynch, Joe (July 16, 2021). "Madonna Shares Expletive-Filled Version of '90s Hit for #FreeBritney Movement". Billboard. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  109. ↑ Gnojewski 2017 , p. 43
  110. ↑ "Antics Steal MTV Awards Show Madonna, Two Jacksons Upstage Award Winners" . St. Louis Post-Dispatch . September 8, 1995. p. 2A. Retrieved October 2, 2023.
  111. ↑ Lipshutz, Jason (July 27, 2015). "Madonna Defends Tidal: 'We're Working Out a Lot of Kinks'". Billboard. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  112. ↑ Türk, Volker; Alakeson, Vidhya; Kuhndt, Michael; Ritthoff, Michael (July 2003). "The environmental and social impacts of Digital music: A case study with EMI" (PDF). DigitalEurope. p. 40. Retrieved September 25, 2023.
  113. ↑ "Madonna Joins Radio Promotional Campaign". National Association of Broadcasters. December 27, 2005. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  114. ↑ Healey, Jon (April 16, 2003). "Justify Your Moves, Web Sites Tell Madonna". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  115. ↑ Mongeon 2015 , p. 287
  116. 1 2 3 Ting, Jasmine (April 18, 2021). "Madonna Wants a 'New Vaccination'". Paper . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  117. ↑ Chumley, Cheryl K. (June 24, 2013). "Madonna shocker: 'Guns don't kill people; people kill people'". The Washington Post . Archived from the original on June 25, 2013. Retrieved October 12, 2021.
  118. ↑ Baker, KC; Hanlon, Greg (June 26, 2019). "Madonna Worries About Her Kids Because of Gun Violence: 'Same Fear Every Mother in This Era Has'". People. Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  119. 1 2 France, Lisa Respers (June 26, 2019). "Madonna makes powerful statement against gun violence in 'God Control' video". CNN . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  120. ↑ Pidd, Helen (April 18, 2021). "Madonna says gun control should be the 'new vaccination'". The Guardian. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  121. ↑ "Madonna Hits the Streets of L.A. with Gun Control Message". Extra . April 17, 2021. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  122. ↑ Aniftos, Rania (May 25, 2022). "Madonna Demands 'Gun Reform' From Lawmakers After Texas School Shooting: 'No More Words, Actions Only'". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  123. ↑ Benitez-Eves, Tina (2022). "Madonna Reacts to Texas School Shooting: "I Don't Think I Could Survive"". American Songwriter . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  124. ↑ Brown, Steve (June 27, 2019). "Madonna calls for the end of gun violence in powerful new video for 'God Control' – Watch". Attitude . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  125. ↑ "NCADV Receives Support from Madonna's Powerful Video on Gun Violence Prevention". National Coalition Against Domestic Violence. June 26, 2019. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  126. 1 2 O'Brien 2019 , p. 26
  127. ↑ Ciccone, Madonna (October–November 1995). "If I Were President". George . Vol. 1, no. 1. p. 48. ISSN   1084-662X.
  128. ↑ Luttrell 2021 , p. 14
  129. 1 2 3 Satenstein, Liana (November 2, 2020). "A Look Back at the Very '90s "Rock the Vote" Campaign". Vogue . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  130. ↑ Lehner, Marla (November 9, 2004). "Madonna: 'Can We Just Get Out' of Iraq?". People . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  131. ↑ Australian Associated Press (AAP) (February 21, 2014). "Madonna hits out at Venezuela leader". Special Broadcasting Service (SBS). Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  132. ↑ AFP (August 9, 2012). "Russian politicians slam Madonna over gay rights". Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  133. ↑ Agence France-Presse (February 26, 2015). "Madonna attacks intolerance and says Europe 'feels like Nazi Germany'". The Guardian. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  134. ↑ AP (November 5, 2008). "Celebs Moved By Obama's Win". CBS News . Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  135. ↑ Iasimone, Ashley (November 11, 2020). "Madonna Shares 'Just Voted' Selfies After Voting for Joe Biden". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  136. ↑ Moss, Emma-Lee (November 8, 2016). "Madonna performs at surprise New York rally: 'Save this country, vote for Hillary Clinton'". The Guardian . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  137. ↑ Johnson, Ted (November 8, 2016). "Bruce Springsteen, Madonna perform for Hillary Clinton in waning hours of campaign" . Boston Herald . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  138. ↑ Kuntzman, Gersh (November 8, 2016). "No, Madonna is not giving oral sex to Hillary Clinton voters today, as promised". New York Daily News . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  139. ↑ "Malawi orphan centre under threat after Madonna charity cuts funding" . The Times . June 4, 2011. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  140. ↑ "Madonna Concludes Her Visit to Africa". Madonna Official Website. April 5, 2013. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  141. ↑ Wilson 2014 , p. 81
  142. 1 2 Bowman & Wilcox 2021 , p. online
  143. 1 2 3 Nelson, Jeff (July 16, 2018). "Madonna and All Six of Her Kids Visit the Malawi Hospital She Built 1 Year After Its Opening". People. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  144. ↑ AP (December 3, 2016). "Madonna raises $7.5M for Malawi, slams Trump in Miami show". CNBC . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  145. ↑ Cirisano, Tatiana (July 12, 2017). "All the Biggest Moments From Madonna's Decade-Plus of Charity Work in Malawi". Billboard. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  146. ↑ Associated Press (AP) (April 6, 2013). "Who's that girl? Madonna visits children ward in Malawi". Al Arabiya. Archived from the original on April 15, 2021. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  147. ↑ "I Am Because We Are". powerHouse Books. 2007. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  148. 1 2 Cramer 2009 , p. 907
  149. ↑ Stoeffel, Kat (October 15, 2012). "Madonna Is Ruining All My Favorite Causes" . The Cut . Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  150. ↑ "Madonna: inquilina indeseable en Nueva York". Los Andes (in Spanish). July 25, 2015. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  151. ↑ Robertson 1996 , pp. 132–133
  152. ↑ Geczy & Karaminas 2021 , p. 119
  153. ↑ Rhodan, Maya (January 21, 2017). "Madonna Has a Strong Message for Critics of the Women's March". Time . Archived from the original on July 21, 2022. Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  154. ↑ Rosen, Ben (January 24, 2017). "Why Newt Gingrich wants Madonna arrested". The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  155. ↑ Bernstein, Sharon (January 22, 2017). "Singer Madonna defends 'blowing up the White House' remark". Reuters . Retrieved January 21, 2022.
  156. ↑ Hadley, Greg (January 22, 2017). "Madonna's fiery, profanity-laced Women's March speech shocked some, inspired others" . The Sacramento Bee . Retrieved February 20, 2023.
  157. ↑ Green, Alex (May 4, 2019). "Palestinian activists respond to Madonna's defence of her performance in Eurovision final". Irish Independent . Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  158. ↑ "Eurovision 2019: Madonna's performance gets mixed reviews". BBC. May 19, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  159. ↑ "10 artists hit by human rights criticism over concerts". Middle East Monitor. July 10, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  160. ↑ Trendell, Andrew (May 20, 2019). "Madonna defends politically-charged Eurovision 2019 performance". NME. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  161. ↑ Lynch, Joe (July 13, 2015). "Watch Bette Midler Introduce Madonna at Live Aid 30 Years Ago Today". Billboard. Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  162. ↑ Hensley, Nicole (September 28, 2016). "Madonna goes topless in solidarity with Katy Perry's naked 'Rock the Vote' video". New York Daily News . Retrieved November 25, 2022.
  163. ↑ Glazek, Christopher (March 10, 2015). "The Many Heresies of Madonna Louise Ciccone". Out. Retrieved November 11, 2022.
  164. ↑ Stein, Jeannine (December 12, 1991). "Madonna Accepts Award, Attacks Rumor". Los Angeles . Archived from the original on June 8, 2022. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
  165. ↑ Reimer, Alex (October 12, 2021). "How Madonna's awkward posts about Israel & her Celebration Tour tie into Joel Kim Booster's take on gay culture". Queerty. Retrieved November 6, 2023.
  166. ↑ Broverman, Neal (April 13, 2021). "Madonna to Pro-Gun 'Karen': Tell Me to My Face How Unreal My World Is". The Advocate. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  167. ↑ Wines, Michael (April 17, 2013). "Calling All Cameras: Living Large, Doing Good". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  168. ↑ Derman, Hellum & Sandvik 2013 , p. 318
  169. ↑ Mwenda, Andrew M. (April 17, 2013). "Madonna and Africa's 'celebrity saviors'". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  170. ↑ Reynolds, Cynthia (December 20, 2004). "Charity Chic". Maclean's . Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  171. 1 2 Tierney, Thomas J.; Fleishman, Joel (April 5, 2011). "Avoiding the Madonna Effect in Philanthropy". Harvard Business Review . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  172. ↑ Perpetua, Matthew (April 5, 2011). "Kabbalah Centre May Be Responsible for Collapse of Madonna's Malawi Charity". Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  173. ↑ Marthe, Emalie (May 21, 2017). "Why Celebrities Stopped Following Kabbalah". Vice . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  174. 1 2 3 Grossberg, Josh (May 21, 2011). "Madonna Distances Herself From Beloved Kabbalah Centre Amid Fed Criminal Probe". Today . Retrieved November 23, 2022.
  175. 1 2 Wilkins 2016 , p. online
  176. ↑ Ryley, Sarah; New York Daily News (April 17, 2011). "Kabbalah Centre used Madonna's charity donations for real estate deal".
  177. 1 2 Mitchell, John (January 30, 2020). "Madonna's Charity Set to Break Ground On 10 Schools In Malawi". MTV. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  178. 1 2 Chiuta, Wongani; Khamula, Owen (January 4, 2021). "Malawi: Madonna Faces Criticism for Dancing On Tables At Malawi Presidential Palace - 'Virtues of Kabbalah Cult'". AllAfrica . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  179. 1 2 Batty, David (February 7, 2008). "Madonna hosts controversial UN fundraiser" . The Guardian. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  180. ↑ "Madonna charity Success For Kids caught attention of FBI: Report". New York Daily News. April 3, 2011. Archived from the original on November 8, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2023.
  181. 1 2 3 Sunio, Patti (June 7, 2022). "How Madonna's son David Banda is following in her footsteps". South China Morning Post . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  182. 1 2 Landers, Mary (November 13, 2006). "Why Madonna and I are doing the right thing". Savannah Morning News . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  183. ↑ Mezmur, Benyam D (November 2008). "'As painful as giving birth': a reflection on the Madonna adoption saga" . Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa . 41 (3): 383–403. JSTOR   23253192 . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  184. ↑ Cinquemani, Sal (October 19, 2006). "Hung Up: Madonna, the Church, and AIDS". Slant Magazine . Retrieved November 22, 2022.
  185. ↑ Malkin, Bonnie (September 4, 2008). "Madonna-style adoptions create more orphans". The Daily Telegraph . Archived from the original on June 4, 2008. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  186. ↑ Migiro, Katy (February 8, 2017). "Malawi divided over impact of Madonna's adoption". Thomson Reuters Foundation. Archived from the original on February 9, 2017. Retrieved April 6, 2021.
  187. ↑ Levine, Dave (October 30, 2006). "In defense of Madonna". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  188. 1 2 Tester 2010 , p. 108
  189. ↑ Hegde 2011 , p. 141
  190. ↑ Mlanjira, Duncan (January 4, 2023). Nyasa Times (ed.). "Africa: Ethiopian World Federation Asks President Chakwera to Institute Investigations On Integrity of Madonna's Malawi Charity, Raising Malawi". AllAfrica . Retrieved January 20, 2023.
  191. ↑ Smith, Ryan (January 26, 2023). "Candace Owens Accuses Madonna of 'Touching Upon Pedophilia' in 'Sex' Book". Newsweek. Retrieved December 10, 2023.
  192. ↑ Richey 2015 , p. 15
  193. 1 2 Lynn, Bryan (April 11, 2013). "Madonna: Malawi Criticisms of Charity Are 'Lies'". Yahoo!. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  194. ↑ Gwede, Wanga (November 28, 2014). "Madonna appointed Malawi goodwill ambassador: Adopted kids meet President Mutharika". Nyasa Times . Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  195. ↑ Perone 2018 , p. 108
  196. ↑ Rosenberg 2021 , p. online
  197. ↑ Aguilar Guzmán 2010 , p. 83
  198. ↑ O'Brien 2019 , p. online
  199. ↑ Spanos, Brittany (January 27, 2017). "Donald Trump vs. Madonna: Everything We Know". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
  200. ↑ Drimonis, Toula (January 23, 2023). "The ageist backlash against Madonna is predictable and tiresome". Cult MTL . Retrieved July 25, 2023.
  201. ↑ Bego 1998 , p. 53
  202. ↑ Rosa, Christopher (November 12, 2014). "10 Things Millennials Don't Understand About Madonna". VH1. Archived from the original on September 28, 2022. Retrieved November 12, 2022.
  203. ↑ Jenkins, Peters-Lazaro & Shresthova 2020 , pp. 137–138
  204. ↑ Mariscal, José (August 20, 2018). "Madonna 60 años espléndida". La Razón (in Spanish). Archived from the original on August 20, 2018. Retrieved November 24, 2022.
  205. ↑ Roldán, Juan José (May 18, 2020). "La voz atrevida y activista de Madonna". es:El Correo de Andalucía (in Spanish). Retrieved November 14, 2022.
  206. ↑ Gabriel, Mary (August 15, 2023). "Take a Bow, Madonna". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  207. ↑ Kacala, Alexander (June 20, 2019). "Madonna Releases Powerful Video for Activist Anthem 'I Rise'". Out . Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  208. ↑ Kellner 2003 , p. 291
  209. ↑ Cain, Matt (August 16, 2018). "Eight ways Madonna changed the world, from exploring female sexuality to inventing reality TV". The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  210. ↑ Gnojewski 2017 , p. 9
  211. ↑ Hamill 2009 , p. online
  212. ↑ "Premios ESAEM 2018 «Madonna Revolution»" (in Spanish). High School of Performing Arts in Malaga. 2018. Archived from the original on July 9, 2022. Retrieved July 9, 2022.

Book sources

Further reading

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.