Google Fiber, sometimes stylized as GFiber, is a fiberbroadband Internet service operated by Google Fiber Inc.,[2] a subsidiary of Alphabet,[3] servicing a growing number of households in cities in 19 states across the United States.[4] In mid-2016, Google Fiber was estimated to have about 453,000 broadband customers.[5]
The service was first introduced in 2012 in the Kansas City metropolitan area, growing to include twenty Kansas City area suburbs within three years.[6] Initially proposed as an experimental project,[7] Google Fiber was announced as a viable business model in December 2012, when Google executive chairman Eric Schmidt stated "It's actually not an experiment, we're actually running it as a business", at The New York Times' DealBook Conference.[8]
Google Fiber announced expansion to Austin, Texas, and Provo, Utah, in April 2013, and subsequent expansions in 2014 and 2015 to Atlanta, Charlotte, Research Triangle, Nashville, Salt Lake City, and San Antonio.[9] GFiber resumed expansion and by early 2024, GFiber also served Huntsville (Alabama), Maricopa County (Arizona), Des Moines and West Des Moines (Iowa), Omaha (Nebraska) among others.
In August 2015, Google announced its intention to restructure the company, moving less central services and products into a new umbrella corporation, Alphabet Inc. As part of this restructuring plan, Google Fiber would become a subsidiary of Alphabet and would possibly become part of the Access and Energy business unit.[10]
In October 2016, all expansion plans were put on hold and some jobs were cut.[11] Google said it would continue to provide Google Fiber service in the cities where it was already installed. Since then, GFiber acquired Webpass to add presence in 5 additional states.
In March 2022, Google Fiber announced it would bring high speed internet to the Des Moines, Iowa, metro area, making it the first expansion in five years.[12][13] GFiber has resumed very active expansion in several new states.
In August 2022, Google Fiber announced it would expand into 22 metro areas in five states (Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Nebraska, and Nevada), including previously announced expansions into Mesa, Arizona, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, based on where it felt speeds were lagging.[14] It also announced additional investment in North Carolina.[15]CNET characterized this an example of fast fiber winning the broadband wars.[16]
In October 2023 Google Fiber rebranded to GFiber and announced plans to begin offering 20Gig internet and Wi-Fi 7 hardware in the near future.[17]
Services
A map of cities with Google Fiber as of late 2023Google Fiber Network Box (now being retired 2023)
Google Fiber offers four options, depending on location: Fiber 1 Gig, 2 Gig, 5 Gig, 8 Gig and an option for home phone service. All speed tiers include one terabyte of storage on Google Drive service.
Google Fiber offers four different service plans to its customers (depending on market/region):[19][20]
In February 2020, Google Fiber stopped offering TV service directly to new customers. Instead, during the sign-up process for Google Fiber, customers are presented with promotions for three virtual MVPD services: sister company YouTube TV, as well as FuboTV and (later) Philo. TV service was maintained for existing clients until early 2022.[22][23]
Distribution
In order to avoid underground cabling complexity for the last mile, Google Fiber relies on aggregators dubbed Google Fiber Huts.[24]
From these Google Fiber Huts, the fiber cables travel along utility poles into neighborhoods and homes, and stop at a Fiber Jack (an optical network terminal or ONT) in each home.[25]
The estimated cost of wiring a fiber network like Google Fiber into a major American city was $1 billion in 2016.[26][27]
First city selection process
The initial location was chosen following a competitive selection process.[28] Over 1,100 communities applied to be the first recipient of the service.[29][30] Google originally stated that they would announce the winner or winners by the end of 2010; however, in mid-December, Google pushed back the announcement to "early 2011" due to the number of applications.[31][32][33]
The request form was simple, and, some have argued, too straightforward.[34] This led to various attention-getting behaviors by those hoping to have their town selected.[34] Some examples are given below:
Greenville, South Carolina, utilized 1,000 of their citizens and glow sticks to create "The World's First and Largest People-Powered Google Chain".[35] From an aerial view, the title "Google" was colorfully visible.
In 2011, Google launched a trial in a residential community of Palo Alto, California.[43] On March 30 of the same year, Kansas City, Kansas, was selected as the first city to receive Google Fiber.[6] In 2013, Austin, Texas, and Provo, Utah, were announced as expansion cities for Google Fiber on April 9 and 17 respectively.
A service desk for Google Fiber in Kansas City in 2012
Google found that affluent neighborhoods in Kansas City signed up for the faster service while those in poorer neighborhoods did not sign up for even the free option. In response to this digital divide, Google sent a team of 60 employees to the under-served areas to promote the Google Fiber service. Additionally, Google offered micro-grants to community organizations that want to start up digital literacy programs in Kansas City.[44]
The following are chronological announcements of service in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Neighborhoods are said to be selected based on demand:[45]
Kansas City, Kansas – On March 30, 2011, Kansas City, Kansas, was selected from over 1,100 applicants to be the first Google Fiber community.[6]
Kansas City, Missouri – On May 17, 2011,[46] Google announced the decision to include Kansas City, Missouri, thus offering service to both sides of the state line. The network became available to residents in September 2012.
Olathe, Kansas – On March 19, 2013, Google announced that the project would be expanded to Olathe.[47]
North Kansas City, Missouri – On April 19, 2013, Google announced that they were to begin a 20-year lease on dark fiber in the existing LiNKCity fiber network in North Kansas City.[48] The original news article was incomplete and later articles clarified the lease.[49] Independent of Google's network the system in North Kansas City will also be upgraded to gigabit capacity and managed by a local company based out of North Kansas City.
Google placed deployment in Overland Park, Kansas, on indefinite hold in October 2013, following delays by the City Council over concerns about whether an indemnification clause that Google required might force the city to repair any damage caused by the project.[64] As of July 2014, Overland Park's City Council had voted on a deal that would allow for Google Fiber. Soon after, the city appeared on Google Fiber's website.[65]
Austin, Texas
On April 9, 2013, it was announced that Austin, Texas, would become a Google Fiber City.[66]
On October 15, 2014, it was announced that Austin signups for Google Fiber would start in December 2014.[67]
On December 3, 2014, Google started taking registrations from residents and small businesses.[68]
The Google Fiber store in Austin was closed by 2023, however the buildout continued in the city.
5 Gig launched in the Austin Market August 21, 2023.[69]
Google Fiber store entrance, Austin
Google Fiber store, Austin
Google Fiber store, Austin
TV box and Network box at Google Fiber store, Austin
Utah
Provo, Utah – On April 17, 2013, it was announced that Provo would become the third Google Fiber City.[70] Expansion of Google Fiber service to Provo, Utah will be accomplished through an agreement[71] with the City of Provo to allow Google to acquire the existing fiber network known as "iProvo". The agreement will allow Google to purchase the iProvo network for $1, while requiring Google to upgrade the aging network to gigabit capacity, offer free gigabit service to 25 local public institutions, and offer 5Mbit/s service to every home in the city for free after a $300 activation fee.[72][73]
Salt Lake City - On March 24, 2015, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Salt Lake City, Utah. Service became available for signup on August 24, 2016.[74]
Millcreek: On July 14, 2020, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Millcreek, Utah with the goal of serving their first Millcreek customers in early 2021.[75] On December 28, 2021, Google posted a blog article reflecting back on the year of 2021. In this article, they mentioned that the following cities had begun offering service sometime in 2021: Millcreek, South Salt Lake, Holladay, and Taylorsville.[76]
South Salt Lake: On February 25, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into South Salt Lake, Utah.[77] By July 26, 2021, Google had announced that construction was underway and expected to be completed by early 2022.[78] On December 28, 2021, Google posted a blog article reflecting back on the year of 2021. In this article, they mentioned that the following cities had begun offering service sometime in 2021: Millcreek, South Salt Lake, Holladay, and Taylorsville.[76]
Holladay: On March 11, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber construction had begun in Holladay, Utah. Plans to allow Google Fiber expansion to the city were originally approved in November 2020. Construction is expected to conclude in early 2022.[79] On December 28, 2021, Google posted a blog article reflecting back on the year of 2021. In this article, they mentioned that the following cities had begun offering service sometime in 2021: Millcreek, South Salt Lake, Holladay, and Taylorsville.[76]
Taylorsville: On April 22, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Taylorsville, Utah.[80] By July 26, 2021, Google had announced that construction was underway and expected to be completed by early 2022.[78] On December 28, 2021, Google posted a blog article reflecting back on the year of 2021. In this article, they mentioned that the following cities had begun offering service sometime in 2021: Millcreek, South Salt Lake, Holladay, and Taylorsville.[76]
Sandy - On May 5, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Sandy, Utah. The initial timeline was to complete an "initial footprint" within two years.[81] On March 22, 2022, Google announced that it had begun offering service in Sandy and North Salt Lake.[82]
North Salt Lake - On July 26, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into North Salt Lake, Utah. Construction efforts were expected to begin soon after with a completion date sometime in early 2022.[83] On March 22, 2022, Google announced that it had begun offering service in Sandy and North Salt Lake and that it was approved to begin construction in White City, Draper, Riverton, Springville, West Bountiful, and West Jordan.[82]
Charlotte, North Carolina
On July 12, 2016, sign-ups opened in Highland Creek.[84] On October 4, 2016, sign-ups opened in Prosperity Village.[85]
Atlanta
In the original announcement of 2015, the following areas were announced:[86]
As of December 2016, construction is underway.[89] Sign-ups are open.
As of August 2017, Google Fiber announced that the Sylvan Park neighborhood in West Nashville had Google Fiber service officially operating, making Nashville a city currently with Google Fiber service.[90]
Huntsville, Alabama
On February 22, 2016, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Huntsville, Alabama.[91] Google Fiber announced it would start offering high-speed Internet, TV and telephone service in north Huntsville on May 23, 2017.[92] On April 2, 2018, Huntsville Utilities continues to build fiber in Southeast Huntsville which have been turned over to Google fiber to service.[93]
West Des Moines, Iowa
Google Fiber announced it would start offering high-speed Internet, TV and telephone service in northeast West Des Moines on March 22, 2021.[94]
Announced future locations
Utah
Woods Cross: On July 26, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Woods Cross, Utah. This service will be available to Woods Cross City residents in spring of 2022.[95]
South Jordan: On October 8, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into South Jordan, Utah. The goal is to have "service in some areas in early 2022".[96]
Springville: On October 20, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Springville, Utah. Construction is expected to begin in spring 2022 and last through 2023.[97]
Riverton: On December 14, 2021, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Riverton, Utah. Construction is expected to begin in the second half of 2022, and they expect "to start serving customers in Riverton in late 2022 or early 2023."[98]
Draper: On February 2, 2022, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into Draper, Utah. Infrastructure construction will begin in spring 2022 with an estimated completion time of one year.[99]
West Jordan: On February 24, 2022, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into West Jordan, Utah. Construction is slated to begin later in 2022, with the first West Jordan customers expected to come online around early 2023.[100]
California expansion
On January 27, 2015, Google announced that Google Fiber would expand into additional markets:[86]
On April 14, 2016, Google sent a blast email to early adopters of Google Fiber announcing that they were indeed behind the visible construction across San Antonio, Texas.[101] A few details were given about the vast extent of the construction that was being undertaken, Google was in the process of deploying about 4,000 linear miles (6,500km) of fiber-optic cable throughout San Antonio.[102] In advance of the imminent deployment of the new fiber network the direct competitors of Google Fiber, AT&T U-Verse, Time Warner Cable, and Grande Communications, dropped prices and increased the speeds of their networks. San Antonio, the seventh-largest city in the nation, was the largest project that Google Fiber had taken on to date.
On August 5, 2015, expansion into San Antonio was announced.[103] As of December 2016, construction was underway.[104] However, in January 2017, construction was halted pending concerns about the placement of Google Fiber huts in city parks.[105][106] Mayor Ivy Taylor expressed commitment to working with Google to address community concerns and allow the project to continue.[107]
As of May 9, 2019, Google Fiber had micro-trenched 600 miles of fiber in San Antonio neighborhoods. City staff said the majority was on the far Northwest and Northeast sides, including the pilot area in the Westover Hills neighborhood. After closing service in Louisville, Kentucky, the company said it learned from its challenges and refined its micro-trenching program to go deeper. According to the company, its Louisville microtrenching was as shallow as two inches. City staff said San Antonio's trenching depth was 6–8 inches.[108]
Closed and former locations
Louisville, Kentucky
In April 2017, Google announced that Google Fiber would start construction in Louisville, Kentucky.[109] Google Fiber got the service to sections of Louisville in five months after it first announced that it would be coming to the city—faster than it had ever deployed before—by using shallow trenching.[110][111] In February 2019 Google announced it would shut down service on April 15.[112] Prior to departing, Google Fiber service was criticized for disruptive infrastructure installations and poor workmanship.[113] Google agreed to pay $3.8 million for clean up.[114]
Possible future expansion
2014
In February 2014, Google announced it had "invited cities in nine metro areas around the U.S.—34 cities altogether—to work with us to explore what it would take to bring them Google Fiber."[115]
On April 15, 2014, Google began polling business users on their need for gigabit service, saying they would be "conducting a pilot program where we'll connect a limited number of small businesses to our network".[117]
2015
On September 10, 2015, Google tweeted[118] that it was exploring the possibility of adding Irvine and San Diego, California, as future expansion cities.
On October 28, 2015, Jill Szuchmacher, Google Fiber Director of Expansion, announced ongoing negotiations with local governments in Jacksonville, Florida, Tampa, Florida, and Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. Szuchmacher stated that Google is interested in the installation of Google Fiber networks in each of the cities and that construction could take up to eighteen months once the project is underway.[119] In October 2016, those plans were put on hold.[11]
On December 8, 2015, the Seattle City Council's Director of Communications replied to a tweet indicating that the city was in the process of applying for Google Fiber service.[120] On December 8, 2015, Jill Szuchmacher said the company will work with Chicago city leaders to collect information and study factors that could affect construction of Google Fiber.[121]
2016
On June 14, 2016, Jill Szuchmacher said the company will work with Dallas mayor Mike Rawlings to try to bring another hub to Texas.[122]
In October 2016, all expansion plans were put on hold and some jobs were cut.[11] Google Fiber will continue to provide service in the cities where it is already installed.
2017
In 2017 Google Fiber launched in three new cities: Huntsville, Alabama; Louisville, Kentucky; and San Antonio, Texas.[111] It also began to heavily rely on shallow trenching, a new method of laying cables that cuts a small groove in the street or sidewalk, lays the fiber in that groove, and backfills it with a special epoxy, to expedite the construction process.[110] In at least one case, cables were buried too shallow and were ripped up by repaving.[123]
Google Fiber provides an Internet connection speed of up to eight gigabits per second (8,000Mbit/s) for download and eight gigabit per second (8,000Mbit/s) upload.[126] Google Fiber says its original 1Gbit/s download service allows for the download of a full movie in less than two minutes.[127]
FCC Broadband Consumer Label[128] The GFiber Nutrition Label was created because the FCC will soon require all internet providers to display their product info in a standardized format. We have always believed in being transparent with our products and pricing, so we’ve launched an initial version of the label before this FCC requirement goes into effect.[129]
With the FCC requirement of nutrition labels, all internet providers will be required to be more transparent with their fees, promotional pricing and typical speeds and latency.
Prohibition of servers
When first launched, Google Fiber's terms of service stated that its subscribers were not allowed to create any type of server: "Your Google Fiber account is for your use and the reasonable use of your guests. Unless you have a written agreement with Google Fiber permitting you do so, you should not host any type of server using your Google Fiber connection, use your Google Fiber account to provide a large number of people with Internet access, or use your Google Fiber account to provide commercial services to third parties (including, but not limited to, selling Internet access to third parties)."[130]
The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the practice, noting the ambiguity of the word "server" which might include such common application protocols as BitTorrent, and Spotify, as well as the effect of and on IPv6 adoption due its lack of NAT technical limitations on network servers, but also noted similar prohibitions from other ISPs such as Comcast, Verizon, Cox, and AT&T.[131]
In October 2013, the acceptable use policy for Google Fiber was modified to allow "personal, non-commercial use of servers".[132][133]
On April Fools' Day 2007, Google hosted a signup for Google TiSP offering "a fully functional, end-to-end system that provides in-home wireless access by connecting your commode-based TiSP wireless router to one of the thousands of TiSP Access Nodes via fiber-optic cable strung through your local municipal sewage lines."[134]
On April Fools' Day 2012, Google Fiber announced that their product was an edible Google Fiber bar instead of fiber-optic Internet broadband. It is stated that the Google Fiber bar delivers "what the body needs to sustain activity, energy, and productivity."[135]
On April Fools' Day 2013, Google Fiber announced the introduction of Google Fiber to the Pole. The description provided was "Google Fiber to the Pole provides ubiquitous gigabit connectivity to fiberhoods across Kansas City. This latest innovation in Google Fiber technology enables users to access Google Fiber's ultrafast gigabit speeds even when they are out and about." Clicking on the "Learn more" and "Find a pole near you" buttons displayed a message reading "April Fool's! While Fiber Poles don't exist, we are working on a bunch of cool stuff that does. Keep posted on all things Fiber by checking out our blog."[136]
The April Fools' Day 2014 prank was an announcement of Coffee To The Home, using a spout on the fiber jack where the service enters the customer's home to deliver customized coffee drinks.[137]
On April Fools' Day 2015, Google Fiber announced Dial-Up Mode for people who prefer slower Internet. It reaches speeds up to 56k and helps people get back to real life more often.[138]
For the 2016 April Fools' Day joke, Google Fiber announced it was "exploring 1 billion times faster speeds".[139]
Reactions
Time magazine has claimed that rather than wanting to actually operate as an Internet service provider, the company was just hoping to shame the major cable operators into improving their service so that Google searches could be done faster. Google has neither confirmed nor denied this claim.[44]
AT&T and other Internet service providers have launched their own gigabit services since Google Fiber was revealed. Some cable subscribers have also had their speeds increased without additional costs.[citation needed]
According to a Goldman Sachs report, Google could connect approximately 830,000 homes a year at the cost of $1.25 billion a year, or a total of 7.5 million homes in nine years at a cost of slightly over $10 billion.[140]
In January 2014 a bill was introduced in the Kansas Legislature (Senate Bill 304, referred to as the "Municipal Communications Network and Private Telecommunications Investment Safeguards Act") which would prevent Google Fiber from expanding further in Kansas using the model used in Kansas City.[141][142] The bill proposes: "Except with regard to unserved areas, a municipality may not, directly or indirectly:
Offer to provide to one or more subscribers, video, telecommunications or broadband service; or
purchase, lease, construct, maintain or operate any facility for the purpose of enabling a private business or entity to offer, provide, carry, or deliver video, telecommunications, or broadband service to one or more subscribers."
By February 2014, Senate Bill 304 (SB304) had lost momentum in the Kansas state senate, and the bill's sponsor, Kansas Cable Telecommunications Association (KCTA), indicated that it is highly unlikely that it will continue to pursue the legislation in the current legislative session.[143]
Tucows Inc. is an American-Canadian publicly traded Internet services and telecommunications company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and incorporated in Pennsylvania, United States. The company is composed of three independent businesses: Tucows Domains, Ting Internet, and Wavelo.
Altice USA, Inc., commonly known as Altice, is an American telecommunications provider with headquarters in New York City, owned by the Franco-Israeli businessman Patrick Drahi. The company delivers pay television, Internet access, telephone services, and original television content to approximately 4.9 million residential and business customers in 21 U.S. states. Altice USA is based at One Court Square in Long Island City, Queens, New York City. The company's operational center is located at Cablevision's former headquarters in Bethpage, Nassau County, New York, on Long Island. With its combined brands, Altice USA is the fourth-largest cable provider in the U.S., serving customers residing in the New York metropolitan area as well as in several Midwestern and Southern U.S. states.
Liberty Global Ltd. is a British-Dutch-American multinational telecommunications company domiciled in Bermuda, with headquarters in London, Amsterdam and Denver. Its respective legal names are Liberty Global Holdings Limited (UK), Liberty Global B.V. (Netherlands) and Liberty Global, Inc., with the first of these being publicly traded. It was formed in 2005 by the merger of the international arm of Liberty Media and UnitedGlobalCom (UGC).
C Spire, formerly known as Cellular South, Inc., is an American privately owned telecommunications and technology company headquartered in Ridgeland, Mississippi. The company consists of three business divisions – Wireless, Home Fiber, and Business.
Frontier Communications Parent, Inc. is an American telecommunications company. Known as Citizens Utilities Company until 2000, Citizens Communications Company until 2008, and Frontier Communications Corporation until 2020, as a communications provider with a fiber-optic network and cloud-based services, Frontier offers broadband internet, digital television, and computer technical support to residential and business customers in 25 states. In some areas it also offers home phone services.
Internet access is widely available in New Zealand, with 94% of New Zealanders having access to the internet as of January 2021. It first became accessible to university students in the country in 1989. As of June 2018, there are 1,867,000 broadband connections, of which 1,524,000 are residential and 361,000 are business or government.
The Internet in the United States grew out of the ARPANET, a network sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the U.S. Department of Defense during the 1960s. The Internet in the United States of America in turn provided the foundation for the worldwide Internet of today.
Fiber to the premises (FTTP) in the United States is provided on a limited geographical basis by Google Fiber, Verizon, Lightower, and a number of smaller Internet Service Providers.
Gigabit wireless is the name given to wireless communication systems whose data transfer speeds reach or exceed one gigabit per second. Such speeds are achieved with complex modulations of the signal, such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) or signals spanning many frequencies. When a signal spans many frequencies, physicists refer that a wide bandwidth signal. In the communication industry, many wireless internet service providers and cell phone companies deploy wireless radio frequency antennas to backhaul core networks, connect businesses, and even individual residential homes.
Lumen Technologies, Inc. is an American telecommunications company headquartered in Monroe, Louisiana, which offers communications, network services, security, cloud solutions, voice and managed services through its fiber optic and copper networks, as well as its data centers and cloud computing services. The company has been included in the S&P 600 index since being removed from the S&P 500 in March 2023.
ACD is a Competitive Local Exchange Carrier and Internet Service Provider, headquartered in Lansing, Michigan. ACD provides Fiber Optic Service, Metro Ethernet, Telephone, Hosted Phone Service, DSL, Datacenter and Web hosting services to all types of customers.
10G-PON is a 2010 computer networking standard for data links, capable of delivering shared Internet access rates up to 10 Gbit/s over existing dark fiber. This is the ITU-T's next-generation standard following on from GPON or gigabit-capable PON. Optical fibre is shared by many subscribers in a network known as FTTx in a way that centralises most of the telecommunications equipment, often displacing copper phone lines that connect premises to the phone exchange. Passive optical network (PON) architecture has become a cost-effective way to meet performance demands in access networks, and sometimes also in large optical local networks for fibre-to-the-desk.
Ting Inc. is an American internet service provider founded by Tucows in 2012. It originally consisted of Ting Mobile, a mobile virtual network operator, and Ting Internet, an internet service provider that offered gigabit fiber Internet. In August 2020, Ting Mobile was sold to Dish Wireless. Today, Tucows continues to provide the enablement software for Ting Mobile and continues to operate Ting Internet independently.
Gigabit Seattle was a fiber-to-the-home / fiber-to-the-business network planned to be deployed in Seattle, Washington. The network comes out of a partnership between the City of Seattle, the University of Washington and digital economic development company Gigabit Squared to deploy a next generation network in the City. The project is the second city project announced by Gigabit Squared as part of its Gigabit Neighborhood Gateway Program, after Gigabit Chicago.
Gigabit Squared, LLC was a digital economic development corporation that specialized in the planning, implementation and rollout of communications infrastructure. Unlike incumbent telecommunications providers in the United States, who typically own and operate networks in addition to providing wholesale and retail Internet access services, Gigabit Squared designed and built networks, but does not always finance, operate and maintain those networks.
G.fast is a digital subscriber line (DSL) protocol standard for local loops shorter than 500 meters, with performance targets between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s, depending on loop length. High speeds are only achieved over very short loops. Although G.fast was initially designed for loops shorter than 250 meters, Sckipio in early 2015 demonstrated G.fast delivering speeds over 100 Mbit/s at nearly 500 meters and the EU announced a research project.
Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited is an Indian telecommunications company and a subsidiary of Jio Platforms, headquartered in Navi Mumbai. It operates a national LTE network with coverage across all 22 telecom circles. Jio offers 5G, 4G and 4G+ services all over India. Its 6G service is in the works.
Stealth Communications is an American fiber-based Internet service provider (ISP), installing and maintaining its own fiber optic network throughout New York City. Stealth began rolling out its Gigabit Internet services in late 2013 to businesses throughout Manhattan, using in-house employees to lay its own fiber-optic cabling. In July 2015, City of New York and Stealth announced a $5.3 million public/private partnership to expand fiber broadband into the Brooklyn and Queens Industrial Business Zones. As of May 2019, the company reported to have connected hundreds of commercial properties with fiber, over 80 fiber route miles.
AT&T Internet is an AT&T brand of broadband internet service. Previously, AT&T Internet was branded as U-verse Internet and bundled with U-verse TV, which was spun off into the newly independent DirecTV in 2021. AT&T Internet plans powered by fiber-optic cable use the AT&T Fiber brand.
Google Station was a Google service that allowed partners to roll out Wi-Fi hotspots in public places by providing software and advice on hardware to turn fiber connections into Wi-Fi. It was only implemented in India and Indonesia but in March 2018, the service was launched in Mexico. In February 2020, Google announced the service would be discontinued. The service went offline on September 30, 2020.
↑ Hack, Rachel (April 4, 2012). "A Construction Update". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ Medin, Milo (December 15, 2010). "An update on Google Fiber". Official Google Blog. Archived from the original on September 14, 2017. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ Farivar, Cyrus. "North Kansas City leases network to Google Fiber". Kansas City Business Journal. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved April 19, 2013. North Kansas City will lease two paths of its LINKCity fiber-optic data network to Google Fiber. The City Council approved a 20-year agreement Tuesday worth $3.2 million
↑ Vockrodt, Steve (May 7, 2013). "Google Fiber bails out North Kansas City's fiber-optic misfire". The Pitch. Archived from the original on May 14, 2013. Retrieved May 14, 2013. 'This doesn't mean we're delivering Google Fiber service to the city of North Kansas City,' Google spokeswoman Jenna Wandres says. 'It just means we're using their fiber as a pass-through to get to surrounding areas.'
↑ Hack, Rachel (May 2, 2013). "Welcome, Shawnee, Kansas!". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ Hack, Rachel (June 20, 2013). "Fiber for Lee's Summit". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on January 21, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ Hack, Rachel (August 19, 2013). "Leawood, Kansas Approves Fiber". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ "error". KSHB.com. Archived from the original on May 15, 2016. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
↑ Hack, Rachel (August 26, 2013). "Fiber for Merriam, Kansas". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ Hack, Rachel (September 3, 2013). "Rolling into Roeland Park, Kan". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ Hack, Rachel (September 17, 2013). "Bringing Fiber to Lenexa, Kan". Official Google Fiber Blog. Archived from the original on November 11, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2017.
↑ "Asset Purchase Agreement"(PDF). This Asset Purchase Agreement......between Google Fiber Inc., a Delaware corporation ('Purchaser'), and Provo City Corporation, a Utah municipal corporation ('Seller').[permanent dead link]
↑ "Network Services Agreement"(PDF). terms and conditions upon which Google Fiber will provide high speed broadband Internet access services to the City and certain residents of Provo, free of charge.[permanent dead link]
↑ Finley, Jeremy (June 29, 2018). "Google fiber thrill turns to apprehension for neighbors". WSMV. Archived from the original on July 2, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2018. Five months later, the News4 I-Team found that in six neighborhoods in Nashville, the lines were buried so close to the surface that they were torn apart during repaving and customers lost service for days.
↑ "Google Fiber to the Pole"(video). Google Fiber. March 31, 2013. Archived from the original on December 15, 2021. Retrieved August 6, 2014– via YouTube.
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