Gun safety

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A yellow flag demonstrates the rifle's bolt is open and the breech is clear. Anschutz 1913 with breech flag.jpg
A yellow flag demonstrates the rifle's bolt is open and the breech is clear.
Firearm handling safety poster When Handling Arms Look First - Prevent Accidents Art.IWMPST2895.jpg
Firearm handling safety poster

Gun safety is the study and practice of managing risk when using, transporting, storing and disposing of firearms, airguns and ammunition in order to avoid injury, illness or death.

Contents

Gun safety includes the training of users, the design of firearms, as well as the formal and informal regulation of gun production, distribution, and usage. [1] This includes mishaps like accidental discharge, negligent discharge, and firearm malfunctions, as well as secondary risks like hearing loss, lead poisoning from bullets, and pollution from other hazardous materials in propellants and cartridges. [2]

History

Accidental explosions of stored gunpowder date to the 13th century in Yangzhou, China. [3] Early handheld muskets using matchlock or wheel lock mechanisms were limited by poor reliability and the risk of accidental discharge, which was improved somewhat by the introduction of the flintlock, though unintentional firing continued to be a serious drawback. Percussion caps, introduced in the 1820s, were more reliable, and by 1830 security pins had been designed to prevent accidental discharges. [4]

Trigger guards, grip safeties and integrated trigger safety represent further iterations on the various safeties built into modern firearms to prevent discharge from dropping, or without positive and deliberate manipulation of the trigger.

As mechanical reliability improved, human error became a more significant cause of harm. In 1902, the English politician and game shooting enthusiast Mark Hanbury Beaufoy wrote some much-quoted verses on gun safety, known as "A Father's Advice" or "The Beaufoy Verses" meant to instill safe practices in his son. [5] [6] Various similar sayings have since been popularized. [7] [8]

There were 47,000 unintentional firearm deaths worldwide in 2013. [9]

Overview

Example of safe firearm handling. The firearm is pointed at the ground and the handler's finger is off the trigger. Gun safety.jpg
Example of safe firearm handling. The firearm is pointed at the ground and the handler's finger is off the trigger.

Most firearm safety relates to management of human factors. This includes training to mitigate unsafe handling, as well as restricting physical access to firearms by untrained or unfit persons (such as unsupervised children). Handling practices and doctrines necessarily vary between use cases with additional mechanical and procedural mitigations implemented as required.

Environmental hazards such as lead exposure and noise pollution are managed via shooting range design, maintenance procedures, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Firearm safety practices are built around the Swiss cheese model, such that potential harm caused by a malfunction or a lapse in handling is mitigated (or prevented entirely) by other safety practices. For instance, use of an unloading facility ensures that if a procedural error is made during unloading and a round remains chambered, the resulting discharge when the handler eases springs is captured by a safe backstop. [10]

Training

A leading cause of accidents with firearms results from unsafe handling due to ignorance or negligence.

Role-specific training varies in nature, although a few common principles underpin most doctrines including:

Where firearms must be carried loaded (such as by law enforcement and military personnel), training and periodic re-qualification is particularly important as a control against unintentional discharge. Emphasis is often placed on loading and unloading practices as well as mechanical considerations such as holster design, and integrated trigger safety catches.

Jeff Cooper, an influential figure in US firearms training, formalized and popularized "Four Rules" of safe firearm handling. [11]

Other lists of gun safety rules include as few as three basic safety rules or as many as ten rules including broader range safety and sporting etiquette rules. Such rulesets often include activity-specific best practice for niches including defensive use, hunting, [12] [13] and range or target shooting. Many organisations provide similar sets of rules. [14] [15]

In addition to basic safe handling practices, training includes identification and immediate actions to handle faults such as misfires and squib rounds that could lead to dangerous mishaps such as a barrel failure or breech explosion.

Storage

Proper storage prevents both damage and the unauthorized use or theft of firearms and ammunition. [16]

Where a full cabinet is not practicable, locks may be used to prevent the firearm being loaded or discharged.

Gun cabinets

A gun safe or gun cabinet is commonly used to physically prevent access to a firearm. Various standards like the British Standard BS 7558:1992 [17] or the California DOJ criteria [18] define minimum requirements to qualify a container as a firearm storage device. [19]

Local laws may mandate or simply recommend use of a cabinet for storage, and may require that cabinets meet a particular standard. [20] Some jurisdictions require that ammunition is stored separately to the firearm. [21] Some jurisdictions may require that components such as bolts are stored separately to the firearm, effectively deactivating it.

Many small safes sold as suitable for handguns have been found not to meet standards by independent researchers and professional hackers. Locking mechanism plays an important role in overall safety of the small safe. [22]

Handloaders must take special precautions for storing primers and powders.

Locks

There are several types of locks that serve to make it difficult to discharge a firearm. Locks are considered less effective than keeping firearms in a safe since locks typically do not prevent the removal or theft of the firearm, after which the handler can bypass the lock at their leisure. [16] Some manufacturers, such as Taurus, build locks into the firearm itself.

Some jurisidictions such as the US state of California require that locks be tested by a laboratory and receive approval for sale. [23] [24]

Trigger lock

Trigger lock fitted to a revolver Trigger lock on a revolver.jpg
Trigger lock fitted to a revolver

Trigger locks prevent trigger manipulation. [25] Some trigger locks are integrated into the design of the firearm, requiring no external parts besides the key. [26] External trigger locks usually involve two pieces locking together from either side behind the trigger. This physically prevents the trigger from being depressed to discharge the firearm. [27] They may also form part of a larger mechanism which locks the entire action. [27] Other more commercially common types of trigger locks do not go behind the trigger, but encompass the full area within the trigger guard, making the trigger inaccessible to users. Advanced models may also feature anti-tamper alarms. [26] A common critique of trigger locks is the time taken to unlock them, limiting their usefulness in a self-defense scenario. One proposed solution to this is the use of biometric locks which can be removed by the owner near-instantaneously. [28] [29]

There is controversy surrounding manufacturing standards, usage, and legislation of trigger locks. Supporters argue that they protect children by preventing accidents, whilst critics note some models have been shown to be easily removed by children with very little force and common household tools. Additionally, many firearms can discharge when dropped without operating the trigger. Trigger locks are not designed for use on loaded firearms as the locking mechanism itself may foul or manipulate the trigger if pressure is exerted on the lock or during installation/removal; critics argue that this may make the firearm more dangerous by creating the illusion of safety. [30] A former senior product manager at Master Lock was quoted as saying "If it is a loaded gun, there isn't a lock out there that will keep it from being fired... If you put a trigger lock on any loaded gun, you are making the gun more dangerous." [31]

Chamber & cable locks

A Glock 19 disarmed and secured for transport (or storage) with a cable lock through its receiver Glock17 With Cable Lock.jpg
A Glock 19 disarmed and secured for transport (or storage) with a cable lock through its receiver

Chamber locks aim to block ammunition from being chambered, since most firearms typically cannot be discharged unless the ammunition is in the correct position. They are used to prevent live ammunition from being loaded into a firearm by blocking the chamber with a dummy cartridge or a chamber plug. [25] Another type is one in which a steel rod locked into the safety cartridge with a key. As long as the rod and safety cartridge are engaged, the dummy round cannot eject nor can live ammunition be loaded into the firearm. Chamber locks work with most firearm types including revolvers, pistols, rifles and shotguns. They are available in any caliber and length, and may include such features as unique keying, rapid removal.

Cable locks usually thread through the receiver via the ejection port and magazine well of repeating firearms. [25] These locks physically obstruct the movements of the bolt, preventing the cycling of the action. [25]

Malfunctions

This paragraph is an excerpt from Firearm malfunction.[ edit ]
A firearm malfunction is the failure of a firearm to operate as intended for causes other than user error. Malfunctions range from temporary and relatively safe situations, such as a casing that did not eject, to potentially dangerous occurrences that may permanently damage the gun and cause injury or death. Improper handling of certain types of malfunctions can be very dangerous. Following gun safety rules can prevent firearm malfunctions, and limit the damage inflicted by them if they do occur. [32] Proper cleaning and maintenance of a firearm play a big role in preventing malfunctions. [33]

Smart gun

Smart guns featuring "authorised user" technology, are intended to prevent unauthorized use with built-in locks that are released by fingerprint recognition, RFID chips, magnetic rings, a microchip implant or other proximity devices. [34]

Their reliability has been disputed and no models have been commercially marketed. [35]

Shooting range management

Shooting ranges augment physical design features with supervisory measures to ensure safe operation. In addition to generic gun safety rules, local rules or "Range Standing Orders" may be implemented to address specific features of a range.

Ranges will typically be operated under the command of a "Range Conducting Officer" (RCO or RO) or "Range Safety Officer" (RSO) who issues start and stop commands and checks that firearms are clear before being removed from the firing point, or before participants go forward to change targets. At competitions, the RCO may have a secondary responsibility of enforcing rules and fair play.

Safety flags

Safety flags or breech flags are commonly mandated on shooting ranges to demonstrate that the firearm's bolt or action is open and no round is chambered. For firearms with magazines, the flag may also indicate that the magazine well is clear. Most competition rules mandate the usage of flags whenever a firearm is not directly in use. [36] [37]

Safety lines or clear barrel indicators are mandated for air rifles and air pistols under ISSF rules. [36] Safety lines typically consist of a nylon cord which shows the action is open and that no pellet is present in the breech or barrel.

In clay pigeon shooting, break-barrel shotguns are typically carried in a "broken" state to show that they cannot be fired. Semi-automatic shotguns are typically required to use a breech flag. [36] [38]

Safety areas

In practical shooting sports, a safety area or safety zone is a bay where competitors can handle unloaded firearms without the supervision of a Range Officer (RO). [39] Safety areas are used in dynamic shooting sport disciplines such as IPSC, [40] PPC 1500 and Steel Challenge, [41] [42] where the lack of a fixed firing point (where firearms would be unboxed in most target disciplines), necessitates provision of a safe location for firearms to be unboxed and holstered before a competitor starts a stage. They may be used to pack, unpack or holster a gun, [43] cleaning or repair, [44] dry firing and training with empty magazines. [45] [46]

Unsafe users

Horse-play With Weapons May End Like This... Art.IWMPST2894.jpg

Impaired users

Firearms should never be handled by persons who are under the influence of alcohol or any drugs which may affect their judgment. Gun safety teachers advocate zero tolerance of their use. [47] In the United States, this recommendation is codified in many states' penal codes as a crime of "carrying under the influence", with penalties similar to DWI/DUI. [48] Other sources of temporary impairment include exhaustion, dehydration, and emotional stress. These can affect reaction time, cognitive processing, sensory perception, and judgment. [49]

Many jurisdictions prohibit the possession of firearms by people deemed generally incapable of using them safely, such as the mentally ill or convicted felons.

Children

An episode of About Safety , a 1970s educational children's show, on the topic of gun safety

In most jurisdictions, unsupervised access to firearms by children is prohibited by law. Conditions for supervised training and usage, and penalties for allowing a child to access firearms vary with jurisdiction. [50]

United States

In the United States, the NRA's Eddie Eagle program is intended to teach children to avoid firearm accidents when they encounter guns that have not been securely stored. [51]

Eddie Eagle has been criticised for casting responsibility onto children instead of placing the onus on the adult firearm owner to secure their firearm. [52] Studies have cast doubt on the effectiveness of such programmes, [53] [54] whilst finding that Child Access Prevention (CAP) laws are more effective in reducing firearm injuries and deaths amongst children. [55] [50] In K-12 school shootings, more than 80% of shooters stole their guns from family members. [56]

Eddie Eagle has been described as a "Trojan Horse" programme, designed as a way to deter lawmakers from passing CAP laws or mandating secure storage. [52]

Unsupervised access to firearms is a major risk factor for youth suicide. [57] The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) advises that keeping a gun in the home, especially a handgun, increases the risk of injury and death for young people. [58]

Secondary hazards

While a firearm's primary danger lies in the discharge of ammunition, there are other ways a firearm may pose hazards to the health of the handler and bystanders.

Noise

When a firearm is discharged it emits a very loud noise, typically close to the handler's ears. This can cause temporary or permanent hearing damage such as tinnitus. Hearing protection such as earplugs, or earmuffs, or both, can reduce the risk of hearing damage. [59] [16] Some earmuffs or headphones made for shooting and similar loud situations use active noise control. Firearms may also have silencers which reduce the sound intensity from the barrel.

Hot gases and debris

Firearms emit hot gases, powder, and other debris when discharged. Some firearms, such as semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms, typically eject spent cartridge casings at high speed. Casings are also dangerously hot when ejected. Revolvers store spent casings in the chamber, but may emit a stream of hot gases and fine particulate debris laterally from the interface between the revolving chamber and the barrel.

Any of these may hurt the handler or bystanders through burning or impact damage. Because eyes are particularly vulnerable to this type of damage, eye protection should be worn to reduce the risk of injury. Prescription lenses and various tints to suit different light conditions are available. [16] Some eye protection products are rated to withstand impact from birdshot loads, which offers protection against irresponsible firearms use by other game bird shooters. [60]

Compressed air & CO2

Pre-charged pneumatic airguns use air cylinders with operating pressures in excess of 200 bars (2,900 psi). These are commonly refilled from diving cylinders, which are periodically recharged at a dive shop. Mishandling of pressure vessels can result in serious injury or death. [61] [62] Tanks and cylinders should be maintained and inspected in accordance with manufacturer's instructions, and only used by trained individuals. [63]

Toxins and pollutants

In recent years the toxic effects of ammunition and firearm cleaning agents have been highlighted. [59]

Indoor ranges require good ventilation to remove pollutants such as powder, smoke, and lead dust from the air around the shooters, and regular cleaning and maintenance to prevent buildup of contaminants. [59] [64]

Indoor and outdoor ranges typically require extensive decontamination when they are decommissioned to remove all traces of lead, copper, and powder residues from the area. Lead, copper and other metals will also be released when a firearm is cleaned. Highly aggressive solvents and other agents used to remove lead and powder fouling may also present a hazard to health. Installing good ventilation, washing hands after handling firearms, and cleaning the space where the firearm was handled lessens the risk of unnecessary exposure.[ citation needed ]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Firearm</span> Gun for an individual

A firearm is any type of gun that uses an explosive charge and is designed to be readily carried and operated by an individual. The term is legally defined further in different countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Revolver</span> Firearm with a cylinder holding cartridges

A revolver is a repeating handgun with at least one barrel and a revolving cylinder containing multiple chambers for firing. Because most revolver models hold up to six cartridges, before needing to be reloaded, revolvers are commonly called six shooters or sixguns. Due to their rotating cylinder mechanism, they may also be called wheel guns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Action (firearms)</span> Functional mechanism of breech-loading

In firearms terminology, an action is the functional mechanism of a breechloading firearm that handles the ammunition cartridges, or the method by which that mechanism works. Actions are technically not present on muzzleloaders, as all those are single-shot firearms with a closed off breech with the powder and projectile manually loaded from the muzzle. Instead, the muzzleloader ignition mechanism is referred to as the lock.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CZ 52</span> Semi-automatic pistol

The CZ 52 is a semi-automatic pistol designed by two brothers, Jan and Jaroslav Kratochvíl, in the early 1950s for the Czechoslovak military. Around 200,000 vz. 52s were made by Česká Zbrojovka in Strakonice from 1952 to 1954. Before standardizing on the 7.62×25mm vz. 52, the Czechoslovak military used several domestic and foreign pistol models in three different calibers. After 30 years of military service, the vz. 52 was eventually replaced by the 9×18mm Makarov caliber vz. 82.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Firing pin</span> Part of the firing mechanism in a firearm

A firing pin or striker is a part of the firing mechanism of a firearm that impacts the primer in the base of a cartridge and causes it to fire. In firearms terminology, a striker is a particular type of firing pin where a compressed spring acts directly on the firing pin to provide the impact force rather than it being struck by a hammer.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Franchi SPAS-12</span> Combat shotgun

The Franchi SPAS-12 is a combat shotgun manufactured by Italian firearms company Franchi from 1979 to 2000. The SPAS-12 is a dual-mode shotgun, adjustable for semi-automatic or pump-action operation. The SPAS-12 was sold to military and police users worldwide, as well as on the civilian market.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hang fire</span> Unexpected delay after firearm triggering

Hang fire is an unexpected delay between the triggering of a firearm and the ignition of the propellant. This failure was common in firearm actions that relied on open primer pans, due to the poor or inconsistent quality of the powder, although modern firearms are also susceptible. The delay is usually too brief to be noticed, but can be several seconds. A hangfire should be suspected whenever a firearm fails to fire, but has not clearly malfunctioned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shooting range</span> Specialized facility designed for firearms practice

A shooting range, firing range, gun range or shooting ground is a specialized facility, venue, or field designed specifically for firearm usage qualifications, training, practice, or competitions. Some shooting ranges are operated by military or law enforcement agencies, though the majority of ranges are privately owned by civilians and sporting clubs and cater mostly to recreational shooters. Each facility is typically overseen by one or more supervisory personnel, known as a Range Officer (RO), or sometimes a range master in the United States. Supervisory personnel are responsible for ensuring that all safety rules and relevant laws are followed at all times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Trigger (firearms)</span> Mechanism that activates a gun

A trigger is a mechanism that actuates the function of a ranged weapon such as a firearm, airgun, crossbow, or speargun. The word may also be used to describe a switch that initiates the operation of other non-shooting devices such as a trap, a power tool, or a quick release. A small amount of energy applied to the trigger leads to the release of much more energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Slamfire</span> Discharge of a firearm as a cartridge is being loaded into the chamber

A slamfire is a discharge of a firearm occurring as a cartridge is being loaded into the chamber. Some firearms are designed to slamfire, but the term also describes a malfunction of self-loading firearms. Shooters accustomed to firearms requiring trigger activation for discharge may be unprepared for a slamfire discharge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Break action</span> Type of firearm action

Break action is a type of firearm action in which the barrel(s) are hinged much like a door and rotate perpendicularly to the bore axis to expose the breech and allow loading and unloading of cartridges. A separate operation may be required for the cocking of a hammer to fire the new round. There are many types of break-action firearms; break actions are universal in double-barreled shotguns, double-barreled rifles, combination guns, and are commonly found in single shot pistols, rifles, shotguns, including flare guns, grenade launchers, air guns, and some older revolver designs. They are also known as hinge-action, break-open, break-barrel, break-top, or, on old revolvers, top-break actions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dry fire</span> "Firing" of a projectile weapon (such as a firearm) without loaded ammunition

Dry firing is the act of activating the firing mechanism a bow, crossbow, firearm or other projectile discharging weapon while unloaded or without live ammunition. The expression is also used to refer to practicing with an inert laser/infrared training platform and may also include the use of a target/feedback system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hammer (firearms)</span> Part of a firearm

The hammer is a part of a firearm that is used to strike the percussion cap/primer, or a separate firing pin, to ignite the propellant and fire the projectile. It is so called because it resembles a hammer in both form and function. The hammer itself is a metal piece that forcefully rotates about a pivot point.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hi-Point Model JCP</span> Semi-automatic pistol

The Hi-Point Model JCP is a blowback operated semi-automatic pistol chambered for the .40 S&W round.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gun safe</span> Safe for storing firearms

A gun safe is a safe designed for storing one or more firearms and/or ammunitions. Gun safes are primarily used to prevent access by unauthorized or unqualified persons, for burglary protection and, in more capable safes, to protect the contents from damage by flood, fire or other natural disasters.

The following are terms related to firearms and ammunition topics.

A firearm malfunction is the failure of a firearm to operate as intended for causes other than user error. Malfunctions range from temporary and relatively safe situations, such as a casing that did not eject, to potentially dangerous occurrences that may permanently damage the gun and cause injury or death. Improper handling of certain types of malfunctions can be very dangerous. Following gun safety rules can prevent firearm malfunctions, and limit the damage inflicted by them if they do occur. Proper cleaning and maintenance of a firearm play a big role in preventing malfunctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safety (firearms)</span> Feature on firearms to prevent accidental discharge

In firearms, a safety or safety catch is a mechanism used to help prevent the accidental discharge of a firearm, helping to ensure safer handling.

<i>Receiver</i> (video game) 2012 first-person shooter video game

Receiver is a first-person shooter video game developed by Wolfire Games. The game attempts to portray realistic gun mechanics through a unique reloading system, where each step of reloading is assigned a different button. The player scavenges items and audio tapes which reveal the story in a procedurally generated world.

An unintentional discharge is the event of a firearm discharging (firing) at a time not intended by the user. An unintended discharge may be produced by an incompatibility between firearm design and usage, such as the phenomenon of cooking off a round in a closed bolt machine gun, a mechanical malfunction as in the case of slamfire in an automatic weapon, or be user induced due to training issues or negligence. The phenomenon has also been defined in scientific literature as an activation of the trigger mechanism that results in an unplanned discharge that is outside of the firearm’s prescribed use, where "prescribed use" refers to departmental policies and laws related to the operation of firearms.

References

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  49. ↑ "ARTICLE 36: PROHIBITING THE CARRYING OF A FIREARM WHILE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF AN ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE OR DRUG, OR POSSESSION OF A FIREARM WHILE UPON PUBLIC PREMISES SELLING OR SERVING ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES". City and County of San Francisco. 23 June 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2023. Persons under the influence of an alcoholic beverage or drug frequently lack the normal restraint and judgment that would ordinarily prevent them from initiating or escalating criminal or domestic violence.
  50. 1 2 Bearden JM; Reese KF; Boyd AA (25 June 2024). "Child Access Prevention Laws and Pediatric Firearm Injury: A Rapid Review". PRiMER. 8. Society of Teachers of Family Medicine: 37. doi: 10.22454/PRiMER.2024.120398 . ISSN   2575-7873. PMC   11212692 . PMID   38946750.
  51. ↑ "Eddie Eagle Safety Program". The National Rifle Association of America. 2009. Archived from the original on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 18 May 2009.
  52. 1 2 Isha Aran (23 March 2018). "Meet Eddie Eagle, the NRA's Ineffective Approach to Gun Safety for Children". Splinter News . G/O Media. Archived from the original on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2024. Eddie was essentially conceived as a Trojan Horse. The character and program was developed in 1988 by Marion Hammer, the ultra-powerful Florida lobbyist behind a string of infamous gun laws, including the "Stand Your Ground" law. According to the Violence Policy Center—which released a report in 1997 describing Eddie Eagle as "Joe Camel with feathers"—Hammer created the program as a way to deter lawmakers from passing Child Access Prevention (CAP) Laws, which criminalize keeping firearms easily within reach of children.
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  56. ↑ Jillian Peterson (4 January 2021). "A multi-level, multi-method investigation of the psycho-social life histories of mass shooters" (PDF). National Institute of Justice. p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
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  61. ↑ Staff. "Scuba Cylinder Servicing and High Pressure Valve Support Pages". ScubaEngineer.com. Archived from the original on 14 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
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  63. ↑ "Air Gun Shooting Sports Safety Guide - Compressed Air/CO2 Safety" (PDF). National Rifle Association of America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 June 2024. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
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