Gun ownership

Last updated
A gun store in Wenatchee, Washington, United States Gun section in Stans Merry Mart Wenatchee.jpg
A gun store in Wenatchee, Washington, United States
A gun store in Prague, Czech Republic Proarms Armory gun shop in Prague.jpg
A gun store in Prague, Czech Republic

In 2018, the Small Arms Survey reported that there are over one billion small arms distributed globally, of which 857 million (about 85 percent) are in civilian hands. [1] [2] The survey stated that USA civilians account for an estimated 393 million (about 46 percent) of the worldwide total of civilian held firearms, [2] or about 120.5 firearms for every 100 American residents. [2]

Contents

From 1994 to 2023, gun ownership increased 28% in America. In 2023, about 16.7 million firearms were sold in the U.S. In the first four months of 2024, nearly 5.5 million firearms were sold, averaging around 1.3 million per month. About 72% of American gun owners say they own a gun primarily for protection. [3]

The world's armed forces control about 133 million (approximately 13 percent) of the global total of small arms, of which over 43 percent belong to two countries: Russia (30.3 million) and China (27.5 million). [1] Law enforcement agencies control about 23 million (about 2 percent) of the global total of small arms. [1] Gun ownership is a protected right in countries such as the United States and Yemen. [4]

Global distribution of civilian-held firearms

The following data comes from the Small Arms Survey. For more tables see: Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country and Percent of households with guns by country.

World wide civilian firearms holdings, 2017 estimates. [5] [6]
Countries and territoriesFirearms in civilian possessionPopulation 2017Civilian firearms per 100 people
Flag of the Taliban.svg  Afghanistan 4,270,00034,169,00012.5
Flag of Albania.svg  Albania 350,0002,911,00012.0
Flag of Algeria.svg  Algeria 877,00041,064,0002.1
Flag of American Samoa.svg  American Samoa (United States)40056,0000.7
Flag of Andorra.svg  Andorra 10,00069,00014.1
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 2,982,00026,656,00011.2
Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg  Antigua and Barbuda 5,00094,0005.4
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 3,256,00044,272,0007.4
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia 186,0003,032,0006.1
Flag of Aruba.svg  Aruba (Netherlands)3,000105,0002.6
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia 3,573,00024,642,00014.5
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria 2,577,0008,592,00030.0
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan 362,0009,974,0003.6
Flag of the Bahamas.svg  Bahamas 74,000397,00018.8
Flag of Bahrain.svg  Bahrain 181,0001,419,00012.8
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 659,000164,828,0000.4
Flag of Barbados.svg  Barbados 10,000286,0003.5
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus 581,0009,459,0006.1
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium 1,451,00011,444,00012.7
Flag of Belize.svg  Belize 37,000375,00010.0
Flag of Benin.svg  Benin 33,00011,459,0000.3
Flag of Bermuda.svg  Bermuda (United Kingdom)3,00061,0004.6
Flag of Bhutan.svg  Bhutan 6,000793,0000.8
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 218,00011,053,0002.0
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1,185,0003,793,00031.2
Flag of Botswana.svg  Botswana 97,0002,344,0004.1
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 17,510,000211,243,0008.3
Flag of Brunei.svg  Brunei 6,000434,0001.4
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria 590,0007,045,0008.4
Flag of Burkina Faso.svg  Burkina Faso 175,00019,173,0000.9
Flag of Burundi.svg  Burundi 238,00011,936,0002.0
Flag of Cambodia.svg  Cambodia 717,00016,076,0004.5
Flag of Cameroon.svg  Cameroon 510,00024,514,0002.1
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada 12,708,00036,626,00034.7
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde (Cabo Verde)31,000533,0005.7
Flag of the Cayman Islands.svg  Cayman Islands (United Kingdom)6,00062,0009.2
Flag of the Central African Republic.svg  Central African Republic 94,0005,099,0001.8
Flag of Chad.svg  Chad 151,00014,965,0001.0
Flag of Jersey.svg  Channel Islands 23,000165,00014.0
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 2,220,00018,313,00012.1
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 49,735,0001,388,233,0003.6
Flag of Christmas Island.svg  Christmas Island 02,0000.0
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 4,971,00049,068,00010.1
Flag of the Comoros.svg  Comoros 12,000826,0001.5
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 493,0004,906,00010.0
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia 576,0004,210,00013.7
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 234,00011,390,0002.1
Flag of Curacao.svg  Curaçao 4,000160,0002.6
Flag of Cyprus.svg  Cyprus 285,000839,00034.0
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic 1,323,00010,555,00012.5
Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg  DR Congo 946,00082,243,0001.2
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark 567,0005,712,0009.9
Flag of Djibouti.svg  Djibouti 28,000911,0003.1
Flag of Dominica.svg  Dominica 5,00073,0006.2
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 795,00010,767,0007.4
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 402,00016,626,0002.4
Flag of Egypt.svg  Egypt 3,931,00095,215,0004.1
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 737,0006,167,00012.0
Flag of England.svg  England and Wales 2,731,00058,877,0004.6
Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg  Equatorial Guinea 112,000894,00012.5
Flag of Eritrea.svg  Eritrea 23,0005,482,0000.4
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia 65,0001,306,0005.0
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia 377,000104,345,0000.4
Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg  Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)2,0003,00066.7
Flag of the Faroe Islands.svg  Faroe Islands (Denmark)5,00049,0009.9
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji 5,000903,0000.5
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland 1,793,0005,541,00032.4
Flag of France.svg  France 12,732,00064,939,00019.6
Flag of France.svg  French Guiana (France)55,000283,00019.6
Flag of French Polynesia.svg  French Polynesia (France)7,000289,0002.5
Flag of Gabon.svg  Gabon 61,0001,801,0003.4
Flag of The Gambia.svg  Gambia 137,0002,120,0006.5
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia 402,0003,973,00010.1
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 15,822,00080,636,00019.6
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana 2,280,00028,657,0008.0
Flag of Gibraltar.svg  Gibraltar (United Kingdom)1,00032,0004.1
Flag of Greece.svg  Greece 1,920,00010,893,00017.6
Flag of Greenland.svg  Greenland (Denmark)13,00056,00022.3
Flag of Grenada.svg  Grenada 5,000108,0004.6
Flag of France.svg  Guadeloupe (France)40,000472,0008.5
Flag of Guam.svg  Guam (United States)20,000174,00011.5
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 2,062,00017,005,00012.1
Flag of Guinea.svg  Guinea 130,00013,291,0001.0
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 29,0001,933,0001.5
Flag of Guyana.svg  Guyana 122,000774,00015.8
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 291,00010,983,0002.6
Flag of Vatican City (2023-present).svg  Holy See 01,0000.0
Flag of Honduras (2022-).svg  Honduras 1,171,0008,305,00014.1
Flag of Hong Kong.svg  Hong Kong (China)265,0007,402,0003.6
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary 1,023,0009,788,00010.5
Flag of Iceland.svg  Iceland 106,000334,00031.7
Flag of India.svg  India 71,101,0001,342,513,0005.3
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia 82,000263,510,0000.03
Flag of Iran.svg  Iran 5,890,00080,946,0007.3
Flag of Iraq.svg  Iraq 7,588,00038,654,00019.6
Flag of Ireland.svg  Ireland 342,0004,749,0007.2
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel 557,0008,323,0006.7
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 8,609,00059,798,00014.4
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)1,049,00023,816,0004.4
Flag of Jamaica.svg  Jamaica 246,0002,813,0008.8
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan 377,000126,045,0000.3
Flag of Jordan.svg  Jordan 1,473,0007,877,00018.7
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan 504,00018,064,0002.8
Flag of Kenya.svg  Kenya 750,00048,467,0001.5
Flag of Kiribati.svg  Kiribati 900116,0000.8
Flag of Kosovo.svg  Kosovo 436,0001,831,00023.8
Flag of Kuwait.svg  Kuwait 685,0004,100,00016.7
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg  Kyrgyzstan 171,0006,125,0002.8
Flag of Laos.svg  Laos 215,0007,038,0003.0
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia 205,0001,945,00010.5
Flag of Lebanon.svg  Lebanon 1,927,0006,039,00031.9
Flag of Lesotho.svg  Lesotho 105,0002,185,0004.8
Flag of Liberia.svg  Liberia 97,0004,730,0002.1
Flag of Libya.svg  Libya 851,0006,409,00013.3
Flag of Liechtenstein.svg  Liechtenstein 11,00038,00028.8
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania 385,0002,831,00013.6
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg 110,000584,00018.9
Flag of Macau.svg  Macau (China)22,000606,0003.6
Flag of Madagascar.svg  Madagascar 168,00025,613,0000.7
Flag of Malawi.svg  Malawi 47,00018,299,0000.3
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia 217,00031,164,0000.7
Flag of Maldives.svg  Maldives 23,000376,0006.2
Flag of Mali.svg  Mali 206,00018,690,0001.1
Flag of Malta.svg  Malta 119,000421,00028.3
Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg  Marshall Islands 30053,0000.5
Flag-of-Martinique.svg  Martinique (France)34,000396,0008.5
Flag of Mauritania.svg  Mauritania 120,0004,266,0002.8
Flag of Mauritius.svg  Mauritius 106,0001,281,0008.3
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 16,809,000130,223,00012.9
Flag of the Federated States of Micronesia.svg  Micronesia 700106,0000.7
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 121,0004,055,0003.0
Flag of Monaco.svg  Monaco 7,00038,00018.4
Flag of Mongolia.svg  Mongolia 242,0003,052,0007.9
Flag of Montenegro.svg  Montenegro 245,000626,00039.1
Flag of Montserrat.svg  Montserrat (United Kingdom)3005,0005.4
Flag of Morocco.svg  Morocco 1,690,00035,241,0004.8
Flag of Mozambique.svg  Mozambique 1,337,00029,538,0004.5
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Myanmar 877,00054,836,0001.6
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia 396,0002,569,00015.4
Flag of Nauru.svg  Nauru 010,0000.0
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 444,00029,187,0001.5
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 442,00017,033,0002.6
Flags of New Caledonia.svg  New Caledonia (France)115,000270,00042.5
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand 1,212,0004,605,00026.3
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 323,0006,218,0005.2
Flag of Niger.svg  Niger 117,00021,564,0000.5
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria 6,154,000191,836,0003.2
Ulster Banner.svg  Northern Ireland 206,0001,873,00011.0
Flag of the Northern Mariana Islands.svg  Northern Mariana Islands (United States)1,00056,0002.6
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea 76,00025,405,0000.3
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway 1,537,0005,331,00028.8
Flag of Oman.svg  Oman 792,0004,741,00016.7
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 43,917,000196,744,00022.3
Flag of Palau.svg  Palau 10022,0000.5
Flag of Palestine.svg  Palestine 56,0004,952,0001.1
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 436,0004,051,00010.8
Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg  Papua New Guinea 79,0007,934,0001.0
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 1,140,0006,812,00016.7
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 633,00032,166,0002.0
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines 3,776,000103,797,0003.6
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland 968,00038,564,0002.5
Flag of Portugal (official).svg  Portugal 2,186,00010,265,00021.3
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico (United States)422,0003,679,00011.5
Flag of Puntland.svg  Puntland 246,0001,995,00012.3
Flag of Qatar.svg  Qatar 390,0002,338,00016.7
Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg  Congo 119,0004,866,0002.4
Flag of France.svg  Réunion (France)171,000873,00019.6
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 506,00019,238,0002.6
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 17,620,000143,375,00012.3
Flag of Rwanda.svg  Rwanda 66,00012,160,0000.5
Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis.svg  Saint Kitts and Nevis 2,00057,0003.4
Flag of Saint Lucia.svg  Saint Lucia 6,000188,0003.4
Flag of France.svg  Saint Martin (France)3,00032,0008.5
Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines.svg  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4,000110,0003.4
Flag of Samoa.svg  Samoa 20,000196,00010.1
Flag of San Marino.svg  San Marino 5,00032,00015.6
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 7,000198,0003.4
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia 12,564,00032,743,00053.7
Flag of Scotland.svg  Scotland 305,0005,436,0005.6
Flag of Senegal.svg  Senegal 323,00016,054,0002.0
Flag of Serbia.svg  Serbia 2,719,0006,946,00039.1
Flag of Seychelles.svg  Seychelles 4,00098,0004.1
Flag of Sierra Leone.svg  Sierra Leone 35,0006,733,0000.5
Flag of Singapore.svg  Singapore 20,0005,785,0000.3
Flag of Sint Maarten.svg  Sint Maarten (Netherlands)2,00040,0004.2
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia 355,0005,432,0006.5
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia 324,0002,071,00015.6
Flag of the Solomon Islands.svg  Solomon Islands 1,000606,0000.2
Flag of Somalia.svg  Somalia 1,145,0009,225,00012.4
Flag of Somaliland.svg  Somaliland 456,0003,823,00011.9
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa 5,351,00055,436,0009.7
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 79,00050,705,0000.2
Flag of South Sudan.svg  South Sudan 1,255,00013,096,0009.6
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 3,464,00046,070,0007.5
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg  Sri Lanka 494,00020,905,0002.4
Flag of Sudan.svg  Sudan 2,768,00042,166,0006.6
Flag of Suriname.svg  Suriname 88,000552,00015.9
Flag of Eswatini.svg  Swaziland 64,0001,320,0004.8
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 2,296,0009,921,00023.1
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland 2,332,0008,454,00027.6
Flag of Syria (2025-).svg  Syria 1,547,00018,907,0008.2
Flag of the Republic of China.svg  Taiwan 10,00023,405,0000.04
Flag of Tajikistan.svg  Tajikistan 37,0008,858,0000.4
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania 427,00056,878,0000.8
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand 10,342,00068,298,00015.1
Flag of East Timor.svg  Timor-Leste 3,0001,237,0000.3
Flag of Togo (3-2).svg  Togo 58,0007,692,0000.8
Flag of Tonga.svg  Tonga 9,000108,0008.0
Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg  Trinidad and Tobago 43,0001,369,0003.2
Flag of Tunisia.svg  Tunisia 123,00011,495,0001.1
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey 13,249,00080,418,00016.5
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg  Turkmenistan 23,0005,503,0000.4
Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg  Turks and Caicos Islands (United Kingdom)1,00035,0003.3
Flag of Tuvalu.svg  Tuvalu 10010,0001.2
Flag of Uganda.svg  Uganda 331,00041,653,0000.8
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 4,396,00044,405,0009.9
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates 1,569,0009,398,00016.7
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 393,347,000326,474,000120.5
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 1,198,0003,457,00034.7
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan 127,00030,691,0000.4
Flag of Vanuatu.svg  Vanuatu 11,000276,0003.9
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 5,895,00031,926,00018.5
Flag of Vietnam.svg  Vietnam 1,562,00095,415,0001.6
Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg  British Virgin Islands 30031,0000.8
Flag of the United States Virgin Islands.svg  U.S. Virgin Islands 18,000107,00016.6
Flag of Yemen.svg  Yemen 14,859,00028,120,00052.8
Flag of Zambia.svg  Zambia 158,00017,238,0000.9
Flag of Zimbabwe.svg  Zimbabwe 455,00016,338,0002.8

Association with rates of violence in times of peace

2019 Gun ownership rates and gun homicide rates - developed world - scatter plot.svg
Multiple studies show that where people have easy access to firearms, gun-related deaths tend to be more frequent, including by suicide, homicide and unintentional injuries. [7]
20230604 Gun death rates related to household gun ownership rates - by state - US.svg
Gun-related death rates are positively correlated with household gun ownership rates. [8]
2000- Gun sales and NICS firearm background checks - U.S.svg
U.S. gun sales have risen steadily in the 21st century, peaking in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. [9] "NICS" is the FBI's National Instant Background Check System.[ better source needed ]
1970- Gun production - US.svg
Annual gun production in the U.S. has increased substantially in the 21st century, after having remained fairly level over preceding decades. [10] By 2023, a majority of U.S. states allowed adults to carry concealed guns in public. [10]

Some studies suggest that higher rates of gun ownership are associated with higher homicide rates, [11] [12] [13] although Gary Kleck argues that the highest-quality studies show that gun ownership does not increase homicide rates. [14] Higher rates of gun ownership are also associated with higher suicide rates [15] [16] and higher accidental gun death rates. [17] [18] [19] The availability of illegal guns, but not that of legal guns, is associated with higher rates of violent crime. [20]

An international study by UNICRI researchers from 2001 examined the link between household gun ownership and overall homicide, overall suicide, as well as gun homicide and gun suicide rates amongst 21 countries. Significant correlations between household gun ownership and rates of gun suicides for both genders, and gun homicide rates involving female victims were found. There were no significant correlations detected for total homicide and suicide rates, as well as gun homicide rates involving male victims. [21] This study has been criticized for combining high-income countries (like the United States) with middle-income countries (like Estonia); if middle-income countries are excluded from the analysis, a strong relationship emerges between gun ownership and homicide. [22] However the Hemenway study has been criticized in response as well. When removing the United States as an outlier and using the superior proxy of gun ownership in the study (percentage of firearm suicides over all suicides), the relationship ceases to be significant. The association between gun ownership and homicide rates across nations is dependent on the inclusion of the U.S. [23] Studies in Canada that examined the levels of gun ownership by province have found no correlations with provincial overall suicide rates. [24] A 2011 study conducted looking at the effects of gun control legislation passed in Canada and the associated effects in homicide rates found no significant reductions in homicide rates as a result of legislation. [25] A case-control study conducted in New Zealand looking at household gun ownership and the risk of suicides found no significant associations. [26]

Maps

Map of countries by estimated civilian firearms per capita Civilian firearms per 100 people.png
Map of countries by estimated civilian firearms per capita
Percent of households with guns in 2016. RAND Corporation. Map. Percent of households with guns by US state in 2016. RAND Corporation.svg
Percent of households with guns in 2016. RAND Corporation.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 smallarmssurvey.org Small Arms Survey reveals: More than one billion firearms in the world
  2. 1 2 3 smallarmssurvey.org Estimating Global CivilianHELD Firearms Numbers. Aaron Karp. June 2018
  3. "How Many Gun Owners Are In America? 2023 - 2024 Statistics".
  4. Haroun, Brennan Weiss, James Pasley, Azmi. "Only 3 countries in the world protect the right to bear arms in their constitutions: the US, Mexico, and Guatemala". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-04-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. smallarmssurvey.org June 2018, Estimating Global Civilian Held Firearms Numbers by Aaron Karp
  6. Civilian Firearms Holdings, 2017. smallarmssurvey.org. Archived on 29 June 2018.
  7. Fox, Kara; Shveda, Krystina; Croker, Natalie; Chacon, Marco (November 26, 2021). "How US gun culture stacks up with the world". CNN. Archived from the original on November 26, 2021. CNN's attribution: Developed countries are defined based on the UN classification, which includes 36 countries. Source: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (Global Burden of Disease 2019), Small Arms Survey (Civilian Firearm Holdings 2017)
  8. ● Mortality data from "Firearm Mortality by State". cdc.gov. Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. 2022. Archived from the original on June 3, 2023. The number of deaths per 100,000 total population. Source: wonder.cdc.gov
    ● Household firearm ownership data from Schell, Terry L.; Peterson, Samuel; Vegetabile, Brian G.; Scherling, Adam; Smart, Rosanna; Morral, Andrew R. (April 22, 2020). "State-Level Estimates of Household Firearm Ownership". rand.org. RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. (Click on "Download the Database", extract the xlsx file, and choose the tab at the bottom of the xlsx file to see the long data listing, select data for particular year from the HFR column.)
  9. ● Gun sale data from Brownlee, Chip (December 31, 2023). "Gun Violence by the Numbers in 2023". The Trace. Archived from the original on January 28, 2024.
    ● NICS firearm check data downloaded via link at "NICS Firearm Background Checks: Month/Year" (PDF). FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation. January 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2024.
  10. 1 2 Mascia, Jennifer; Brownlee, Chip (April 9, 2024). "The Armed Era". The Trace. Archived from the original on April 14, 2024.
  11. Miller, Matthew; Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David (December 2002). "Rates of Household Firearm Ownership and Homicide Across US Regions and States, 1988–1997". American Journal of Public Health . 92 (12): 1988–1993. doi:10.2105/AJPH.92.12.1988. PMC   1447364 . PMID   12453821.
  12. Hoskin, Anthony W. (September 2001). "Armed Americans: The impact of firearm availability on national homicide rates". Justice Quarterly . 18 (3): 569–592. doi:10.1080/07418820100095021. S2CID   143203446.
  13. Miller, Matthew; Hemenway, David; Azrael, Deborah (February 2007). "State-level homicide victimization rates in the US in relation to survey measures of household firearm ownership, 2001–2003". Social Science & Medicine. 64 (3): 656–664. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.09.024. PMID   17070975.
  14. Kleck, Gary (January 2015). "The Impact of Gun Ownership Rates on Crime Rates: A Methodological Review of the Evidence". Journal of Criminal Justice. 43 (1): 40–48. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2014.12.002.
  15. Anestis, MD; Houtsma, C (13 March 2017). "The Association Between Gun Ownership and Statewide Overall Suicide Rates". Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior . 48 (2): 204–217. doi:10.1111/sltb.12346. PMID   28294383. S2CID   4756779.
  16. Westefeld, John S.; Gann, Lianne C.; Lustgarten, Samuel D.; Yeates, Kevin J. (2016). "Relationships between firearm availability and suicide: The role of psychology". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice . 47 (4): 271–277. doi:10.1037/pro0000089.
  17. Miller, M; Azrael, D; Hemenway, D (February 2002). "Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths, suicide, and homicide among 5-14 year olds". The Journal of Trauma. 52 (2): 267–74, discussion 274–5. doi:10.1097/00005373-200202000-00011. PMID   11834986.
  18. Miller, M. (1 March 2002). "Firearm Availability and Suicide, Homicide, and Unintentional Firearm Deaths Among Women". Journal of Urban Health . 79 (1): 26–38. doi:10.1093/jurban/79.1.26. PMC   3456383 . PMID   11937613.
  19. Miller, Mathew; Azrael, Deborah; Hemenway, David (July 2001). "Firearm availability and unintentional firearm deaths". Accident Analysis & Prevention . 33 (4): 477–484. doi:10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00061-0. PMID   11426678.
  20. Stolzenberg, L.; D'Alessio, S. J. (1 June 2000). "Gun Availability and Violent Crime: New Evidence from the National Incident-Based Reporting System". Social Forces . 78 (4): 1461–1482. doi:10.1093/sf/78.4.1461.
  21. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/5263789/GunsKilliasvKesteren.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  22. Hemenway, David (June 2009). "Don B. Kates and Gary Mauser. "Would Banning Firearms Reduce Murder and Suicide? A Review of International and Some Domestic Evidence" Harvard Journal of Law and Policy" (PDF). Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  23. Kleck, Gary (2004). "Measures of Gun Ownership Levels for Macro-Level Crime and Violence Research". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 41: 3–36. doi:10.1177/0022427803256229. S2CID   145245290.
  24. "Firearms, Accidental Deaths, Suicides and Violent Crime: An Updated Review of the Literature with Special Reference to the Canadian Situation". 10 March 1999.
  25. Langmann, Caillin (2012). "Canadian Firearms Legislation and Effects on Homicide 1974 to 2008". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 27 (12): 2303–2321. doi:10.1177/0886260511433515. PMID   22328660. S2CID   42273865.
  26. Beautrais, Annette L.; Joyce, Peter R.; Mulder, Roger T. (1996). "Access to Firearms and the Risk of Suicide: A Case Control Study". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 30 (6): 741–748. doi:10.3109/00048679609065040. PMID   9034462. S2CID   9805679.
  27. Schell, Terry L.; Peterson, Samuel; Vegetabile, Brian G.; Scherling, Adam; Smart, Rosanna; Morral, Andrew R. (April 22, 2020). "State-Level Estimates of Household Firearm Ownership". RAND Corporation. Archived from the original on May 5, 2023. Click on "Download the Database", extract the xlsx file, and choose the data tab at the bottom. Select state data for particular year from the HFR column. There is 2016 data for all states. Sort the year column.
  28. "Gun Ownership in America". RAND Corporation. See 1980-2016 timeline graph: "This figure displays three-year rolling averages for household gun ownership rates in each state and the nation overall." Hover over state lines for year and percent. There is also a form to select state lines to show. Add one at a time.

Further reading