Hsipaw State

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Onbaung–Hsipaw
သီပေါမြို့
သီႇပေႃႉ
Möng of the Shan States
c.14th century–1959
Shan States-Map.png
Hsipaw State (beige, near the upper left) in a map of the Shan States
Capital Hsipaw
Area 
8,188 km2 (3,161 sq mi)
Population 
200,000
History 
 Established
c.14th century
 Bayinnaung's sovereignty acknowledged
16th century
 Abdication of the last Saopha
1959
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Blank.png Ava Kingdom
Shan State Flag of Shan State.svg
Today part of Myanmar
Hsipaw Palace was built in 1924. Shan Palace, Hsipaw Myanmar (14921769994).jpg
Hsipaw Palace was built in 1924.
Hsipaw countryside, autumn 2006 Hsipawcountry.jpg
Hsipaw countryside, autumn 2006

Hsipaw, also spelled Thibaw, [a] was a Shan state located in what is now Myanmar (Burma). It was also commonly known as Ong Pawng or Onbaung [b] after an old capital. [1] It was centered around the town of Hsipaw, and was perhaps one of the most well known and powerful Shan States.

Contents

History

A predecessor state named Duṭṭhavatī (Burmese : ဒုဋ္ဌဝတီ) was said to be founded in 58 BC, according to local tradition.

Onbaung–Hsipaw is first mentioned in a Burmese inscription from 1324, where it's mentioned that Thihathu repulsed the troops of "Onbaung" who were attempting to raid the Pinya kingdom. [2] Another conflict broke out between Onbaung–Hsipaw and the Ava kingdom in 1415. [3]

During the Sino-Burmese War (1765–69) the Qianlong Emperor of China invaded the area of Hsipaw. The main Chinese army, led by Ming Rui, was to approach Ava through Hsenwi, Lashio and Hsipaw down the Namtu river. The main invasion route was the same route followed by the Manchu forces a century earlier, chasing the Yongli Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty. The second army, led by Gen. E'erdeng'e, was to try the Bhamo route again. [4] The ultimate objective was for both armies to clamp themselves in a pincer action on the Burmese capital of Ava. [5] The Burmese plan was to hold the second Chinese army in the north at Kaungton with the army led by Ne Myo Sithu, and meet the main Chinese army in the northeast with two armies led by Maha Sithu and Maha Thiha Thura. [6]

At first, everything went according to plan for the Qing. The third invasion began in November 1767 as the smaller Chinese army attacked and occupied Bhamo. Within eight days, Ming Rui's main army occupied the Shan states of Hsenwi and Hsipaw. [6] Ming Rui made Hsenwi a supply base, and assigned 5000 troops to remain at Hsenwi and guard the rear. He then led a 15,000-strong army in the direction of Ava. In late December, at the Goteik Gorge (south of Hsipaw), the two main armies faced off and the first major battle of the third invasion ensued. Outnumbered two-to-one, Maha Sithu's main Burmese army was thoroughly routed by Ming Rui's Bannermen. Maha Thiha Thura too was repulsed at Hsenwi. [7] [8] The news of the disaster at Goteik reached Ava. Hsinbyushin finally realized the gravity of the situation, and urgently recalled Burmese armies from Siam. [9]

Having smashed through the main Burmese army, Ming Rui pressed on full steam ahead, overrunning one town after another, and reached Singu on the Irrawaddy, 30 miles north of Ava at the beginning of 1768. The only bright spot for the Burmese was that the northern invasion force, which was to come down the Irrawaddy to join up with Ming Rui's main army, had been held off at Kaungton. [7]

In 1886 the saopha of Hsipaw was the first Shan prince that submitted to British rule in Burma, which led to Hsipaw becoming a British protectorate in 1887. According to the biography of Sao Nang Hearn Hkam (the chief wife, Madhidevi of Sao Shwe Thaik, the first president of Myanmar and another saopha of Hsenwi), Hsipaw, along with Kengtung and Yawnghwe were the wealthiest and most powerful saopha states in Shan State. [10]

Between 1938 and 1947 Hsipaw was administered by British Burma. The last ruler of the On Baung dynasty that had been ruling Hsipaw abdicated in 1959. The state became part of Shan State and, despite the independence struggle of the latter, eventually part of Burma.

The saophas played fluctuating roles in regional Shan and national Burmese politics from the 11th century all the way until the 1962 military coup by General Ne Win when all the privileges of the saophas were abolished.

Rulers

The Princes of Hsipaw had the title of 'Saopha'.[ citation needed ] The following lists all rulers of Hsipaw State, along with their relationship to the prior ruler(s). [11] [ verification needed ] From the mid-1880s to 1922, the territory was a British protectorate as part of the Shan States (within British Burma in the wider British India), and from 1922 to 1948 as part of the Federated Shan States. As a British possession, the ruler of Hsipaw State was entitled to a nine-gun salute.

#RulersEnthroneDethroneDetail
1Sao Hkun Hkam Naw58BC23BC
2Sao Hkun Hkam Kaw23BC10ADSon of Sao Hkun Hkam Naw
3Sao Hkam Kawt1036Son of Sao Hkun Hkam Kaw
4Sao Hkam Htawt3672Brother of Sao Hkam Kawt
5Sao Hkam Möng72110Son of Sao Hkam Htawt
6Sao Hkam Ung110127Brother of Sao Hkam Möng
7Sao Hkam Sung127171Brother of Sao Hkam Ung
8Sao Hkam Kio171207Son of Sao Hkam Sung
9Paw Ai Phyao207237Former senior officer (Amat)
10Paw Pan Süng237237Son of Paw Ai Phyao
11Hso Hom Hpa237257Son of Sao Sam Mya of Mao Löng (Möng Mao), great grandson of Sao Hkam Möng
12Hso Waep Hpa257309Son of Hso Hom Hpa
13Hso Het Hpa309347Son of Hso Waep Hpa
14Hso Gam Hpa347380Uncle of Hso Het Hpa
15Hso Karm Hpa380420Son of Hso Gam Hpa
16Hso Pat Hpa420465Brother of Hso Karm Hpa
17Hso Hap Hpa465501Brother of Hso Pat Hpa
18Hso Pik Hpa501517Son of Hso Hap Hpa
19Hso Powt Hpa517552Brother of Hso Pik Hpa
20Hso Klip Hpa552574Nephew of Hso Powt Hpa
21Hso Peng Hpa574608Brother of Hso Klip Hpa
22Hso Kern Hpa608640Son of Hso Peng Hpa
23Hso Poeng Hpa640687Brother of Hso Kern Hpa
24Hso Pek Hpa687711Brother of Hso Poeng Hpa
25Hso Poum Hpa711739Brother of Hso Pek Hpa
26Hso Soup Hpa739761Son of Hso Poum Hpa
27Hso Hung Hpa761797Son of Hso Soup Hpa
28Hso Oum Hpa797815Son of Hso Hung Hpa
29Hso Hat Hpa815860Son of Hso Oum Hpa
30Hso Kat Hpa860897Son of Hso Hat Hpa
31Hso Tam Hpa897912Son of Hso Kat Hpa
32Hso Tap Hpa912947Brother of Hso Tam Hpa
33Hso Hkan Hpa947954Son of Hso Tap Hpa
34Hso Pung Hpa954994Brother of Hso Hkan Hpa
35Hso Mawk Hpa9941022Son of Hso Pung Hpa
36Hso Soum Hpa10221028Son of Hso Mawk Hpa
37Hso Sam Hpa10281064Son of Hso Soum Hpa
38Hso Hit Hpa10641086Nephew of Hso Sam Hpa
39Hso Hueng Hpa10861119Son of Hso Hit Hpa
40Hso Hsu Hpa11191137Son of Hso Hueng Hpa
41Hso Hsawng Hpa11371205Son of Hso Hsu Hpa
42Sao Hkun Hso11601205Son of Hso Hsawng Hpa
43Sawn Mawng Hawna12051228Brother of Sao Hkun Hso
44Hso Hkayeik Hpa12281276Son of Sawn Mawng Hawna
45Sao Hkun Pe12761324Cousin of Hso Hkayeik Hpa
46Hkun Kyaw Awng13241367Brother of Sao Hkun Pe
47Hkun Kyaw Nwe13671401Son of Hkun Kyaw Awng
48Hso Kyaung Hpa14011423Son of Hkun Kyaw Nwe
49Sao Loi San Hpa14231438Nephew of Hso Kyaung Hpa
50Hso Yap Hpa14381448Cousin of Sao Loi San Hpa
51Hso Ham Hpa14481454Son of Hso Yap Hpa
52Hso Moew Hpa14541461Brother of Hso Ham Hpa
53Hso Wip Hpa14611471Brother of Hso Moew Hpa
54Hso Piam Hpa14711479Son of Hso Wip Hpa
55Hso Haw Hpa14791487Brother of Hso Piam Hpa
56Hso Sam Hpa14871519Brother of Hso Haw Hpa
57 Sao Hkun Mawng 15191542Son of Hso Sam Hpa, later was elected as the King of Ava
58Hso Hom Hpa15421549Brother of Sao Hkun Mawng
59Hso Paw Hpa15491557Son of Hso Pak Hpa of Mong Nai, grandson of Sao Hkun Mawng
60Hso Yuew Hpa15571557Son of Hso Hom Hpa
61Hso Pak Hpa of Mong Nai15571557Son of Sao Hkun Mawng
62Hso Dwawt Hpa15571565Son of Hso Yuew Hpa
63Hso Hkai Hpa15651584Son of Hso Dwawt Hpa
64Hso Kaw Hpa15841597Son of Sao Hkun Mawng, brother of Hso Pak Hpa of Mong Nai
65Sao Hkam Leng15971636Son of Hso Kaw Hpa
66Sao Hswe Hking16361655Son of Sao Hkam Leng
67Hso Woew Hpa16551675Son of Sao Hswe Hking
68Hso Wei Hpa16751702Son of Hso Woew Hpa
69Sao Okka Wara17021714Brother of Hso Wei Hpa
70Sao Okka Zeya17141718Brother of Sao Okka Wara
71Sao Sam Myo17181722Brother of Sao Okka Zeya
72Sao Hkun Neng17221752Brother of Sao Sam Myo
73Sao Sawra Yawta17521767Son of Sao Okka Wara
74Sao Myat Hsan Te17671788Son of Sao Sawra Yawta
75Sao Hswe Kya17881809Son of Sao Myat Hsan Te
76Hkun Hkwi18091843Son of Sao Hswe Kya
77Hkun Paw18431853Brother of Hkun Hkwi
78Sao Kya Htun18531858Son of Sao Hswe Kya
79Hkun Myat Than18581866Brother of Sao Kya Htun
80Sao Kya Hkeng (Sao Hkun Hseng) – 1st reign18661882Son of Sao Kya Htun, deposed by King Mindon Min of Burma in 1882
81Sao Hlaing Pa18821886Son of King Mindon Min of Burma
80Sao Kya Hkeng (Sao Hkun Hseng) – 2nd reign18861902Son of Sao Kya Htun, reappointed by King Mindon Min of Burma in March 1886, died 8 May 1902
82Sao Hkun Hke19021928Son of Sao Kya Hkeng, born 1872, reigned 8 May 1902, died May 1928
83Sao Ohn Kya19281938Son of Sao Hkun Hke, born 1893, died July 1938
19381947Under direct administration of British India
84 Sao Kya Hseng 19471559The Last saopha of Hsipaw, son of Sao Ohn Kya, born 1924, (some records indicate that he is the son of Sao O, who is the son of Sao Kya Hkeng), disappeared 3 March 1962

See also

References

Notes

  1. Shan: သီႇပေႃႉ; Burmese: သီပေါနယ်
  2. Shan: ဢုင်းပွင်ႇ; Burmese: အုန်းဘောင်

Citations

  1. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Thibaw"  . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 846–847.
  2. Kirigaya 2015, pp. 246–247.
  3. Fernquest 2006, p. 54.
  4. Hall 1960, p. 28.
  5. Haskew et al. 2008, pp. 27–31.
  6. 1 2 Kyaw Thet 1962, pp. 314–318.
  7. 1 2 Htin Aung 1967, pp. 178–179.
  8. Phayre 1884, pp. 196–198.
  9. Harvey 1925, p. 253.
  10. History of the Shan States
  11. The Upper Burma Gazetteer, pp. 217–223.

Bibliography

27°37′N97°17′E / 27.617°N 97.283°E / 27.617; 97.283