LGBT rights in Asia

Last updated

LGBTQ rights in Asia
Asia homosexuality laws.svg
Status Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 29 out of 50 states
Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 7 territories
Gender identity Legal in 23 out of 50 states
Legal in 1 territory
Military Allowed in 9 out of 50 states
Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protections Protected in 14 out of 50 states
Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationships Recognized in 5 out of 50 states
Recognized in 4 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
Adoption Legal in 2 out of 50 states

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in Asia , and acceptance of LGBTQ persons is generally low. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in at least twenty Asian countries. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen, homosexual activity results in death penalty. [1] [2] In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. [3] [4] While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare. [2] [5] [6]

Contents

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region include the ban on homosexual acts enforced by Genghis Khan in the Mongol Empire, which made male homosexuality punishable by death. [7] [8] The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire (descended from the Mongol Empire) mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] whereas the Yuan Dynasty (descended from the Mongol Empire) implemented a crackdown on homosexuality in China that was continued by the Ming Dynasty. [16] [17]

Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the family honor. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting family honor is common. [18]

The only Asian jurisdictions which nationally recognize same-sex marriage are Taiwan and Thailand. [19] [20] In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions. [21] [22]

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia Same-sex sexual activity legal .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Marriage performed Marriage recognized Other type of partnership Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation Limited foreign recognition (residency rights) No recognition of same-sex couples Restrictions on freedom of expression, not enforced Severe restrictions of association with arrests or detention Same-sex sexual activity illegal Prison, not enforced Prison Death penalty on books, not enforced Enforced death penalty v t e Asia homosexuality laws.svg
Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Marriage recognized
  Other type of partnership
  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Restrictions on freedom of expression, not enforced
  Severe restrictions of association with arrests or detention
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison, not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
This table:

North Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
Flag of Russia.svg Russia Yes check.svg Yes Fully legal since 1993 [23] [24]
X mark.svg No Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.		 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Constitutional ban since 2020 [25] X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes [26] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Gender change has not been legal since 2023 [27]

Central Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1998 [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Since 2022 [28] X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes [29]
Flag of Kyrgyzstan.svg Kyrgyzstan Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1998 [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Constitutional ban since 2016 [30] X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery [31] [29]
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1998 [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Requires sex reassignment surgery [32] [29]
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan X mark.svg No Illegal for Males since 1927
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment. [33] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan X mark.svg No Illegal for Males since 1926
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment. [33] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No

West Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes check.svg Yes Legal X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg NoUn­known
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		Yes check.svg Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2014Un­known Yes check.svg Yes UK responsible for defence Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [34] Un­known
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Constitutional ban since 2015 [35] [36] X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. X mark.svg No [37] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2000 [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1976 [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [38]
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		Yes check.svg Yes Civil cohabitation since 2015 [39] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes [40] Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination [41] Yes check.svg Yes Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity. [42]
X mark.svg No Gender change is not legal.
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Yes check.svg Yes/ X mark.svg No Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws. [24] [43] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Constitutional ban since 2018 X mark.svg NoUn­known Yes check.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [44] Yes check.svg Yes Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change [45]
Flag of Iran.svg Iran Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg No Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation) [46] . For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention [47]
Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq X mark.svg No Re-criminalized in 2024. [48] Penalty: Prison sentence between 10 and 15 years. X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Israel.svg Israel Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure) [49]
+ UN decl. sign. [24] [50] 		Yes check.svg Yes Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. X mark.svg No/ Yes check.svg Yes Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry X mark.svg No Permitted by law since 2008, [51] but in practice not possible in nearly every case [52] Yes check.svg Yes Since 1993; Includes transgender people [53] Yes check.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [54] [55] [56] Yes check.svg Yes Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ; [57] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity [58] [59] [60]
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Yes check.svg Yes Legal [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Allowed since 2014 [61]
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait
  • X mark.svg No Male illegal
  • Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
  • Yes check.svg Yes Female always legal [24] [62]
X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Yes check.svg Yes / X mark.svg No Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal. [63] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (unenforced).		 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required [64]
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)		 Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2014 [65] [66] [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination [65] [66] Yes check.svg Yes Legal, requires surgery for change [67]
Flag of Oman.svg Oman X mark.svg No Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Laws against forms of gender expression.
Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine
West Bank:
Yes check.svg Yes Legal [24]
Gaza:
No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct [68] [69] [70] [71] 		West Bank:
X mark.svg No
Gaza:
X mark.svg No
 X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg No Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment [24] Death penalty for Muslims.		 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia
[24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Laws against forms of gender expression.
Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes check.svg Yes Legal X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg NoUn­known
Flag of Syria.svg Syria X mark.svg No Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended) [75] [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1858 [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change [76]
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates
  • X mark.svg No Illegal (unenforced): Prosecution only on complaint of husband or (male) legal guardian [77] [78]
  • Penalty: Max –no upper limit, sentence at courts' discretion
  • Min. –6 months' imprisonment [77] [79]
X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Sex reassignment surgery severely restricted to limited circumstances (mainly physical intersex traits), highly regulated by the state. [80] [81] Laws used against forms of gender expression. [82]
Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg No Illegal (codified in 1994)
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No

South Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg No Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty [83] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh X mark.svg No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced). [24] [84] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoA third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available for a certain sect of third genders [85]
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2021 [86] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		Yes check.svg Yes Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2014Un­known Yes check.svg Yes UK responsible for defenseUn­knownUn­known
Flag of India.svg India Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2018 [87] X mark.svg No/ Yes check.svg Yes symboic live-In relationships exist [88] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes/ X mark.svg No Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law. [89] [90] [91] Yes check.svg Yes A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention [92] [91]
Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives X mark.svg No Illegal (codified in 2014)
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced) [93] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [94] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Since 2007 [95] Yes check.svg Yes/ X mark.svg No Limited protection since 2015 [96] X mark.svg No Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female [97]
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan X mark.svg No Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced). [24] [98] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Transphobia illegal

X mark.svg No Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

 Yes check.svg Yes Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment [99]
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka X mark.svg No Illegal since 1885
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines. [24] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed		 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender without surgery

East Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1997 [24] X mark.svg No/ Yes check.svg Yes "Legal guardianship" since 2017 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes can openly serve
X mark.svg No open displays of affection [100] [101] 		Yes check.svg Yes Court has in some cases protected LGBT workers from employment discrimination. [102]
X mark.svg No protection codified in law		 Yes check.svg Yes

legal gender change possible since 2002.

Since 2022, legal gender change allowed with only partial sex reassignment surgery. Difficulty remains to change gender information on diplomas and degrees. [103] [104]

Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1991 [24] X mark.svg No/ Yes check.svg Yes Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners X mark.svg No X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [105] The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong. [106] Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) Yes check.svg Yes Following a legal decision, may change gender marker after partial sex reassignment surgery. [107]
Flag of Japan.svg Japan Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1882
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. X mark.svg No Proposed in 2023 [108] X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist. [109] X mark.svg No nationwide protections
Yes check.svg Yes some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination [24] 		Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Flag of Macau.svg Macau Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1996 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoThe central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discriminationUn­known
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Constitutional ban since 1992 X mark.svg NoUn­known Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Yes check.svg Yes / X mark.svg No Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[ dubious – discuss ]
Penalty: Unknown		 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes can serve with 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers. [110]
X mark.svg No open displays of LGBT attitudes.		 X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Yes check.svg Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Proposed in 2023 [111] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes/ X mark.svg No Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Yes check.svg Yes Legal [112] Yes check.svg [113] Yes check.svg Legal since 2019 [114] [115] [116] Yes check.svg Yes Stepchild adoption since 2019
Yes check.svg Yes Joint adoption legal since 2023 [117] 		Yes check.svg Yes Yes check.svg Yes Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government [118] ; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment. [119] [120] Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [lower-alpha 1]

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights inSame-sex sexual activityRecognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expression
Flag of Aceh, Indonesia.svg Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) X mark.svg No Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison [122] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples X mark.svg No The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. Yes check.svg Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Yes check.svg Yes Follows the law of the central Indonesian government.
Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg No Illegal since 1908
Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women. [123] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoLaws prohibit forms of gender expression.
Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Yes check.svg Yes Legal [24] X mark.svg No/ Yes check.svg Yes Partnerships recognized in certain cities X mark.svg No Constitutional ban since 1993 X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg No X mark.svg No [124]
Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Yes check.svg Yes LGBT individuals may adopt
but same-sex couples can not adopt		Un­known Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009. [125] Un­known
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Yes check.svg Yes Legal (except in Aceh) [24] [126] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples X mark.svg No Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) Yes check.svg Yes Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [127] Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery.
Flag of Laos.svg Laos Yes check.svg Yes Legal [24] X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoUn­known X mark.svg NoUn­known
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia X mark.svg No Illegal since 1871
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings. [24] [128] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights [129] Forms of gender expression are criminalized.
Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar X mark.svg No Illegal since 1886
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (unenforced). [24] [130] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Yes check.svg Yes Legal
+ UN decl. sign. [131] [24] [132] [133] [lower-alpha 2] 		X mark.svg No (Pending) [131] X mark.svg No (Pending) [134] X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [135] [134] Yes check.svg Yes Since 2009 Yes check.svg Yes/ X mark.svg No Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces, [136] including the City of Manila, [137] Cebu City, [138] Quezon City, [139] and Davao City; [140]
Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students. [141] 		X mark.svg No Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines , allowed an intersex man to change his legal gender from female to male.
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 2022 X mark.svg No X mark.svg NoAmbiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate. [142] Yes check.svg Yes Yes check.svg Yes Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence [143] Yes check.svg Yes Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Yes check.svg Yes Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg Yes check.svg Yes Pending for 2025 [20] [144] [145] Yes check.svg Yes Pending for 2025 [20] Yes check.svg Yes Since 2005 [146] Yes check.svg Yes Bans all anti-gay discrimination X mark.svg No [144] [147]

Yes check.svg Yes Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression. [128]

Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Yes check.svg Yes Legal [24]
+ UN decl. sign. [24] 		X mark.svg No X mark.svg No X mark.svg No LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples [148] Yes check.svg Yes Irrespective of one's sexual orientation Yes check.svg Yes Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes check.svg Yes Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017 [149] [150]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court [121] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.
  2. ↑ Except for the settlements Marawi and M'lang.

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Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) individuals in the Republic of the Philippines have faced many difficulties in their homeland, such as prejudice, violence, abuse, assault, harassment and other forms of anti-LGBT rhetoric. Many LGBT Filipinos are met with mixed attitudes and reactions by their families, friends and others in their communities, as well as professionals, educators, their national public officials, politicians, attorneys and others working for the government and the rest of the general population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Albania</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Albania face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents, although LGBT people are protected under comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation. Both male and female same-gender sexual activities have been legal in Albania since 1995, but households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-gender couples, with same-sex unions not being recognized in the country in any form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Armenia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Armenia face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents, due in part to the lack of laws prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity and in part to prevailing negative attitudes about LGBT persons throughout society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Latvia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) rights in Latvia have expanded substantially in recent years, although LGBT people still face various challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female types of same-sex sexual activity are legal in Latvia, but households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Since May 2022, same-sex couples have been recognized as "family" by the Administrative District Court, which gives them some of the legal protections available to married (opposite-sex) couples; as of 2023 November, around 40 couples have been registered via this procedure. In November 2023 registered partnerships were codified into law. These partnerships are available to both same and different sex couples - since July 1, 2024 the implemented registered partnership law has the similar rights and obligations as married couples - with the exception of the title of marriage, and adoption or inheritance rights.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Moldova</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Moldova face legal and social challenges and discrimination not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same rights and benefits as households headed by opposite-sex couples. Same-sex unions are not recognized in the country, so consequently same-sex couples have little to no legal protection. Nevertheless, Moldova bans discrimination based on sexual orientation in the workplace, and same-sex sexual activity has been legal since 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Portugal</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Portugal are among the most advanced in the world; having improved substantially in the 21st century. After a long period of oppression during the Estado Novo, Portuguese society has become increasingly accepting of homosexuality, which was decriminalized in 1982, eight years after the Carnation Revolution. Portugal has wide-ranging anti-discrimination laws and is one of the few countries in the world to contain a ban on discrimination based on sexual orientation in its Constitution. On 5 June 2010, the state became the eighth in the world to recognize same-sex marriage. On 1 March 2011, a gender identity law, said to be one of the most advanced in the world, was passed to simplify the process of sex and name change for transgender people. Same-sex couples have been permitted to adopt since 1 March 2016.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Europe</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBTQ) rights are widely diverse in Europe per country. 22 of the 38 countries that have legalised same-sex marriage worldwide are situated in Europe. A further 11 European countries have legalised civil unions or other forms of recognition for same-sex couples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in China</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer (LGBTQ) people in the People's Republic of China (PRC) face legal and social challenges that are not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. While both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal, same-sex couples are currently unable to marry or adopt, and households headed by such couples are ineligible for the same legal protections available to heterosexual couples. No explicit anti-discrimination protections for LGBTQ people are present in its legal system, nor do hate crime laws cover sexual orientation or gender identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Indonesia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Indonesia face legal challenges and prejudices not experienced by non-LGBTQ residents. Traditional social norms disapprove of homosexuality and gender transitioning, which impacts public policy. Indonesian same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for any of the legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples. Most parts of Indonesia do not have a sodomy law, and the country does not currently prohibit non-commercial, private and consensual sexual activity between members of the same-sex, yet there is no specific Indonesian law that protects the LGBT community against discrimination and hate crimes. In Aceh, homosexuality is illegal under Islamic Sharia law and it is punishable by flogging or imprisonment. Indonesia does not recognize same-sex marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBTQ rights in Taiwan</span>

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Republic of China (Taiwan) are regarded as some of the most comprehensive of those in Asia. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal, and same-sex marriage was legalized on 24 May 2019, following a Constitutional Court ruling in May 2017. Same-sex couples are able to jointly adopt children since 2023. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender characteristics in education has been banned nationwide since 2004. With regard to employment, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has also been prohibited by law since 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Africa</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are generally poor in comparison to the Americas, Western Europe and Oceania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Mozambique</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Mozambique face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBTQ people. Same-sex sexual activity became legal in Mozambique under the new Criminal Code that took effect in June 2015. Discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment has been illegal since 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in North Macedonia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in North Macedonia face discrimination and some legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity have been legal in North Macedonia since 1996, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT history in Taiwan</span>

The major religions in Taiwan are Buddhism and Taoism. In these religions, the beliefs present no arguable issues about LGBTQ people. There are no laws about punishing sodomy, which means a sexual relationship between males is not considered an abomination, unlike in many western and Abrahamic religions. However, it was long considered a taboo issue. When human rights issues were discussed in political arenas, the concept of Tongzhi became a key term among the politicians in Taiwan. When it emerged in political forums, Taiwanese people began to become familiar with the idea that Tongzhi people being a part of their culture. Yet still, LGBTQ people were not mentioned in Taiwanese law. Punishment for being part of the LGBTQ community did not exist, yet there was also not any welfare or protection for LGBTQ people.

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