LGBT rights in Asia

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LGBT rights in Asia
Asia homosexuality laws.svg
Status Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 29 out of 50 states
Legal, with an equal age of consent, in 7 territories
Gender identity Legal in 23 out of 50 states
Legal in 1 territory
Military Allowed in 9 out of 50 states
Allowed in 2 territories
Discrimination protections Protected in 14 out of 50 states
Protected in 4 territories
Family rights
Recognition of relationships Recognized in 5 out of 50 states
Recognized in 4 territories
RestrictionsSame-sex marriage constitutionally banned in 5 out of 50 states
Adoption Legal in 2 out of 50 states

Laws governing lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights are complex in Asia, and acceptance of LGBT persons varies widely. Same-sex sexual activity is outlawed in at least twenty Asian countries. In Afghanistan, Brunei, Iran, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Yemen homosexual activity is punishable by death. [1] [2] In addition, LGBT people also face extrajudicial executions from non-state actors such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Hamas in the Gaza Strip. [3] [4] While egalitarian relationships have become more frequent in recent years, they remain rare. [2] [5] [6]

Contents

Historical discrimination towards homosexuality in much of the region include the ban on homosexual acts enforced by Genghis Khan banned in the Mongol Empire, which made homosexuality punishable by death. [7] [8] The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri of the Mughal Empire (descended from the Mongol Empire) mandated a common set of punishments for homosexuality, which could include 50 lashes for a slave, 100 for a free infidel, or death by stoning for a Muslim, [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] whereas the Yuan Dynasty (descended from the Mongol Empire) implemented a crackdown on homosexuality in China that was continued by the Ming Dynasty. [16]

Many Asian countries have collectivist cultures, wherein aggression is generally accepted by society if it is used to protect the family honor. Homosexuality is generally considered to be dishonorable, so homophobic aggression in the name of protecting family honor is common. [17]

The only Asian jurisdiction which nationally recognises same-sex marriage is Taiwan. [18] In 2019, a survey by The Economist found 45% of respondents in the Asia-Pacific believed that same-sex marriage is inevitable in the region, while 31% of respondents disagreed. Furthermore, three-quarters of those surveyed reported a more open climate for LGBT rights compared to three years ago. Of those reporting an improving climate for LGBT people, 38% cited a change in policies or laws. Meanwhile, 36% said coverage of LGBT issues in mainstream media was a major factor. The top reasons cited for diminishing openness was anti-LGBT advocacy by religious institutions. [19] [20]

Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia Same-sex sexual activity legal .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Marriage performed Other type of partnership Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but no supporting legislation has been passed Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation Limited foreign recognition (residency rights) No recognition of same-sex couples Restrictions on freedom of expression Same-sex sexual activity illegal Prison but not enforced Prison Death penalty on books, but not enforced Enforced death penalty v t e Asia homosexuality laws.svg
Laws regarding homosexuality in Asia
Same-sex sexual activity legal
  Marriage performed
  Other type of partnership
  Legislation or binding domestic court ruling establishing same-sex marriage, but no supporting legislation has been passed
  Legal guardianships or unregistered cohabitation
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  No recognition of same-sex couples
  Restrictions on freedom of expression
Same-sex sexual activity illegal
  Prison but not enforced
  Prison
  Death penalty on books, but not enforced
  Enforced death penalty

Legislation by country or territory

Main article: LGBT rights by country or territory
This table:

North Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Flag of Russia.svg Russia Yes check.svg Fully legal since 1993 [21] [22]
X mark.svg Illegal de facto in Chechnya, where homosexuals are abducted and sent to concentration camps based on their perceived sexual orientation.		 X mark.svg X mark.svg Constitutional ban since 2020 [23] X mark.svg Yes check.svg [24] X mark.svg X mark.svg Gender change has not been legal since 2023 [25] X mark.svg

Central Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg Kazakhstan Yes check.svg Legal since 1998 [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Since 2022 [26] X mark.svg Yes check.svg [27] Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Kyrgyzstan (2023).svg Kyrgyzstan Yes check.svg Legal since 1998 [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg Constitutional ban since 2016 [28] X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Requires sex reassignment surgery [29] [27] X mark.svg
Flag of Tajikistan.svg Tajikistan Yes check.svg Legal since 1998 [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Requires sex reassignment surgery [30] [27] X mark.svg
Flag of Turkmenistan.svg Turkmenistan X mark.svg Illegal for Males since 1927
Penalty: up to 2 years imprisonment.		 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg Uzbekistan X mark.svg Illegal for Males since 1926
Penalty: up to 3 years imprisonment.		 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg

West Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Flag of the Republic of Abkhazia.svg Abkhazia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes check.svg Legal X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Akrotiri and Dhekelia
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes check.svg Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		Yes check.svg Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes check.svg Legal since 2014 Emblem-question.svg Yes check.svg UK responsible for defence Yes check.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination [31] Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Armenia.svg Armenia Yes check.svg Legal since 2003
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg Constitutional ban since 2015 [32] [33] X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. X mark.svg [34] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg Azerbaijan Yes check.svg Legal since 2000 [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Bahrain.svg Bahrain Yes check.svg Legal since 1976 [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [35] Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Cyprus.svg Cyprus Yes check.svg Legal since 1998
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		Yes check.svg Civil cohabitation since 2015 [36] X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg [37] Yes check.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination [38] Yes check.svg Forbids some discrimination based on gender identity. [39]
X mark.svg Gender change is not legal.		 Yes check.svg / X mark.svg
Flag of Egypt.svg Egypt Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Ambiguous. Male de jure legal, but de facto illegal since 2000
Penalty: Up to 17 years imprisonment with or without hard labour and with or without fines under broadly-written morality laws. [22] [40] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Georgia.svg Georgia Yes check.svg Legal since 2000
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg Constitutional ban passed but yet to take effect X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg Yes check.svg Bans all anti-gay discrimination [41] Yes check.svg Requires sterilization and sex reassignment surgery for change [42] X mark.svg
Flag of Iran.svg Iran Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: 74 lashes for immature men and death penalty for mature men (Although there are documented cases of minors executed because of their sexual orientation) [43] . For women, 100 lashes for women of mature sound mind and if consenting. Death penalty offense after fourth conviction. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Legal gender recognition legal if accompanied by a medical intervention [44] X mark.svg
Flag of Iraq.svg Iraq Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Ambiguous. De jure legal since 1969, but de facto repressed [45] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Israel.svg Israel Yes check.svg Legal since 1963 (de facto), 1988 (de jure) [46]
+ UN decl. sign. [22] [47] 		Yes check.svg Unregistered cohabitation since 1994. X mark.svg / Yes check.svg Foreign same-sex marriages are recognized and recorded in the population registry X mark.svg Permitted by law since 2008, [48] but in practice not possible in nearly every case [49] Yes check.svg Since 1993; Includes transgender people [50] Yes check.svg Bans all anti-gay discrimination [51] [52] [53] Yes check.svg Almost full recognition of gender's ID without a surgery or medical intervention (Excluding changing gender and name in birth certificate) ; [54] equal employment opportunity law bars discrimination based on gender identity [55] [56] [57] Yes check.svg [58] [59]
Flag of Jordan.svg Jordan Yes check.svg Legal [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Allowed since 2014 [60] Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Kuwait.svg Kuwait X mark.svg Male illegal
Penalty: Fines or up to 6-year prison sentence.
Yes check.svg Female always legal [22] [61] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Lebanon.svg Lebanon Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Ambiguous. Illegal under Article 534 of the Penal Code. Some judges have ruled not to prosecute individuals based on the law, however, this has not been settled by the Supreme Court and thus homosexuality is still illegal. [62] However, a 2017 court ruling claims that it is legal, but the law against it is still in place.
Penalty: Up to 1 year imprisonment (rarely enforced).		 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Legal gender change allowed, but sex reassignment surgery required [63] X mark.svg
Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg Northern Cyprus
(Disputed territory)		 Yes check.svg Legal since 2014 [64] [65] [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Bans all anti-gay discrimination [64] [65] Yes check.svg Legal, requires surgery for change [66] Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Oman.svg Oman X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: Fines and prison sentence up to 3 years (Only enforced when dealing with "public scandal"). [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Laws against forms of gender expression. X mark.svg
Flag of Palestine.svg Palestine
West Bank:
Yes check.svg Legal [22]
Gaza:
Question mark.svg No consensus on legal applicability of British 1936 Sexual offences provisions to homosexual conduct [67] [68] [69] [70] 		West Bank:
X mark.svg
Gaza:
X mark.svg
X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Qatar.svg Qatar Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: Fines, up to 7 years imprisonment [22] Death penalty for Muslims.		 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg Saudi Arabia Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: Prison sentences of several months to life, fines, castration, torture or death can be sentenced on first conviction. A second conviction merits execution. Homosexuality itself, not just performed acts, can be considered illegal in Saudi Arabia. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Laws against forms of gender expression. X mark.svg
Flag of South Ossetia.svg South Ossetia
(Disputed territory)		 Yes check.svg Legal X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Syria.svg Syria X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: Up to 3 years imprisonment (Law de facto suspended) [71] [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Turkey.svg Turkey Yes check.svg Legal since 1858 [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples. X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Requires sterilisation and sex reassignment surgery for change [72] X mark.svg
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg United Arab Emirates Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Death, life in prison, floggings, [73] fines, deportation, chemical castration, [74] [75] forced psychological treatments, [76] honor killings, [74] vigilante executions, [77] [78] beatings, [79] [80] forced anal examinations, [81] forced hormone injections, [82] and torture. [79] [83] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg In September 2016, the Government passed Federal Decree No 4, a series of changes to reduce doctors' criminal liability. The new law allows doctors to perform medical intervention on intersex people so as to "correct" their sex, effectively removing either the male or female genitalia. Sex reassignment surgery remains illegal. [84] [85] [86] Laws used to criminalize gender expression. X mark.svg
Flag of Yemen.svg Yemen Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Illegal (codified in 1994)
Penalty: Unmarried men punished with 100 lashes of the whip or a maximum of one year of imprisonment, stoning for adultery is not enforced. Women punished up to three years of imprisonment; where the offense has been committed under duress, the punishment is up to seven years detention. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg

South Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of same-sex unionsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Flag of the Taliban.svg Afghanistan Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: Death penalty [87] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Bangladesh.svg Bangladesh X mark.svg Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 10 years to life imprisonment (Occasionally enforced). [22] [88] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available [89] X mark.svg
Flag of Bhutan.svg Bhutan Yes check.svg Legal since 2021 [90] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of the Commissioner of the British Indian Ocean Territory.svg British Indian Ocean Territory
(Overseas Territory of the United Kingdom)		 Yes check.svg Legal since 2001
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		Yes check.svg Civil partnerships since 2005 Yes check.svg Legal since 2014 Emblem-question.svg Yes check.svg UK responsible for defense Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of India.svg India Yes check.svg Legal since 2018 [91] X mark.svg / Yes check.svg symboic live-In relationships exist [92] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity prohibited by court decision. No nationwide law. [93] [94] [95] Yes check.svg A third gender option (hijra) besides male and female is available; transgender people have a constitutional right to change gender, only after medical/surgical intervention [96] [95] Yes check.svg
Flag of Maldives.svg Maldives X mark.svg Illegal (codified in 2014)
Penalty: Up to 8 years imprisonment, house arrest, lashings and fines. (unenforced) [97] LGBTQ welcomed in tourist islands [98] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of Nepal.svg Nepal Yes check.svg Legal since 2007
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		Yes check.svg / X mark.svg [99] [100] Yes check.svg / X mark.svg [99] [100] X mark.svg Yes check.svg Since 2007[ citation needed ] Yes check.svg / X mark.svg indirect protections under the category "gender minorities" Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Change to third gender "O" legal since 2007, unable to change to male or female [101] Yes check.svg
Flag of Pakistan.svg Pakistan X mark.svg Illegal since 1862
Penalty: 2 years to life sentence (Occasionally enforced). [22] [102] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Transphobia illegal

X mark.svg Homophobia/biphobia is not illegal

 Yes check.svg Right to change gender; transgender and intersex citizens have legal protections from all discrimination and harassment [103] X mark.svg
Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka X mark.svg Illegal since 1885
Penalty: Up to 10 years imprisonment with fines. [22] (Ruled unenforcable by the Supreme Court) Legalization proposed		 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender after sex reassignment surgery or medical intervention [104] X mark.svg

East Asia

LGBT rights in:Same-sex sexual activityRecognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg China Yes check.svg Legal since 1997 [22] X mark.svg / Yes check.svg "Legal guardianship" since 2017 X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg / X mark.svg (Open displays prohibited)[ citation needed ] X mark.svg Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. However, it is difficult to change the gender information of educational attainments and academic degrees for lack of legal procedures, even after sex reassignment surgery [105] , which has caused discrimination against well-educated trans women [106] . X mark.svg
Flag of Hong Kong.svg Hong Kong Yes check.svg Legal since 1991 [22] X mark.svg / Yes check.svg Same-sex marriages registered overseas for government benefits and taxation, and limited recognition of local cohabiting partners X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [107] Emblem-question.svg The central government of China is responsible for the defense of Hong Kong. [108] Yes check.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination (government discrimination only) Yes check.svg Surgery not required since 2023 in accordance to a court ruling [109] Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Japan.svg Japan Yes check.svg Legal since 1882
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg * Symbolic recognition in some jurisdictions. X mark.svg Proposed [110] X mark.svg Yes check.svg The Japan Self-Defense Forces allow gay people to enlist. [111] Yes check.svg / X mark.svg No nationwide protections, but some cities ban some anti-gay discrimination [22] Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery X mark.svg
Flag of Macau.svg Macau Yes check.svg Legal since 1996 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg The central government of China is responsible for the defence of Macau. Yes check.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Mongolia.svg Mongolia Yes check.svg Legal since 1993
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg Constitutional ban since 1992 X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg Yes check.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but only after sex reassignment surgery Yes check.svg / X mark.svg
Flag of North Korea.svg North Korea Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Ambiguous, punishable through Articles 193 and 262 regarding obscenity and decency laws.[ dubious – discuss ]
Penalty: Unknown		 X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg 10-year celibacy required for all soldiers. [112] Open displays of LGBT attitudes are prohibited. X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of South Korea.svg South Korea Yes check.svg Legal
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg Proposed [113] X mark.svg X mark.svg Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Protection from discrimination varies by jurisdiction in some areas, including Seoul Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender but usually requires sex reassignment surgery Emblem-question.svg
Flag of the Republic of China.svg Taiwan Yes check.svg Legal [114] Yes check.svg [115] Yes check.svg Legal since 2019 [116] [117] [118] Yes check.svg Stepchild adoption since 2019
Yes check.svg Joint adoption legal since 2023 [119] 		Yes check.svg Yes check.svg Constitutionally bans all anti-gay discrimination from government [120] ; several laws banning anti-gay discrimination regarding education and employment. [121] [122] Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. [lower-alpha 1] Yes check.svg

Southeast Asia

LGBT rights inSame-sex sexual activityRecognition of relationshipsSame-sex marriageAdoption by same-sex couplesLGBT people allowed to serve openly in military?Anti-discrimination laws concerning sexual orientationLaws concerning gender identity/expressionLack of a Presence of Anti-LGBT laws
Flag of Aceh, Indonesia.svg Aceh (autonomous territory of Indonesia) X mark.svg Illegal
Penalty: 100 strokes of the cane or 8 years in prison [124] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples X mark.svg The central government of Indonesia is responsible for the defense of Aceh. Yes check.svg Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. Yes check.svg Follows the law of the central Indonesian government. X mark.svg
Flag of Brunei.svg Brunei Skull and crossbones.svg X mark.svg Illegal since 1908
Penalty: Death by stoning (in abeyance), 1 year imprisonment and 100 lashes for men. Caning and 10 years prison for women. [125] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Laws prohibit forms of gender expression. X mark.svg
Flag of Cambodia.svg Cambodia Yes check.svg Legal [22] X mark.svg / Yes check.svg Partnerships recognized in certain cities X mark.svg There has been at least one recorded case of a legally registered and recognized same-sex marriage; constitutional ban since 1993 X mark.svg / Yes check.svg Officially banned, but numerous same-sex adoptions have taken place Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg [126] X mark.svg
Flag of East Timor.svg East Timor Yes check.svg Legal since 1975
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples Emblem-question.svg Yes check.svg Bans some anti gay discrimination, Hate crime protections since 2009. [127] Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Indonesia.svg Indonesia Yes check.svg Legal (except in Aceh) [22] [128] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples X mark.svg Not explicitly prohibited by Law (de jure), Illegal (de facto) Yes check.svg Limited protection following legal process by the authorities. [129] Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery. X mark.svg
Flag of Laos.svg Laos Yes check.svg Legal [22] X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Malaysia.svg Malaysia X mark.svg Illegal since 1871
Penalty: fines, prison sentence (2–20 years), or whippings. [22] [130] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg Generally impossible to change gender. However, a 2016 court ruling recognizes gender changes as fundamental constitutional rights [131] Forms of gender expression are criminalized. X mark.svg
Flag of Myanmar.svg Myanmar X mark.svg Illegal since 1886
Penalty: Up to 20 years in prison (Not enforced). [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg
Flag of the Philippines.svg Philippines Yes check.svg Legal
+ UN decl. sign. [132] [22] [133] [134] 		X mark.svg (Pending) [132] X mark.svg (Pending) [135] X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, but not same-sex couples [136] [135] Yes check.svg Since 2009 Yes check.svg / X mark.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination in certain cities and provinces, [137] including the City of Manila, [138] Cebu City, [139] Quezon City, [140] and Davao City; [141]
Nationwide anti-bullying law for basic education students. [142] 		X mark.svg Generally impossible to change legal gender. However in Cagandahan vs Philippines , allowed an intersex man to change his legally change his gender from female to male. Emblem-question.svg
Flag of Singapore.svg Singapore Yes check.svg Fully legal since 2022 X mark.svg X mark.svg Emblem-question.svg Ambiguous, a gay Singaporean man with a male partner in 2018 won an appeal in court to adopt a child that he fathered through a surrogate. [143] Yes check.svg Yes check.svg Protections against anti-gay discrimination, harassment and violence [144] Yes check.svg Transgender people allowed to change legal gender, but only after sex reassignment surgery X mark.svg
Flag of Thailand.svg Thailand Yes check.svg Legal since 1956
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		Ambox clock.svg [145] Ambox clock.svg [145] X mark.svg [146] Yes check.svg Since 2005 [147] Yes check.svg Bans all anti-gay discrimination X mark.svg [148]

Yes check.svg Anti-discrimination protections for gender expression. [130]

Yes check.svg
Flag of Vietnam.svg Vietnam Yes check.svg Legal [22]
+ UN decl. sign. [22] 		X mark.svg X mark.svg X mark.svg LGBT individuals may adopt, not same-sex couples [149] Yes check.svg Irrespective of one's sexual orientation Yes check.svg Bans some anti-gay discrimination Yes check.svg Gender changes recognized and officially practised since 2017 [150] [151] Yes check.svg

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In Taiwan, gender change is not explicitly stated in any law; instead it is permitted by an executive order published by the Ministry of the Interior, which dictates that sex reassignment surgeries are required before gender change. In 2021 a judgement by the Taipei High Administrative Court [123] ruled that the executive order above was unconstitutional and therefore the defendant (district household registration office) must allow the plaintiff to change their gender. The judgement was finalized since the defendant did not appeal. However, since rulings in Taiwan are generally not precedential, said judgement only applies to the plaintiff and does not bind other cases nor the executive branch.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Bulgaria</span>

LGBT people in Bulgaria face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex relationships are legal in Bulgaria, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex couples. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has been banned since 2004, with discrimination based on "gender change" being outlawed since 2015. In July 2019, a Bulgarian court recognized a same-sex marriage performed in France in a landmark ruling. For 2020, Bulgaria was ranked 37 of 49 European countries for LGBT rights protection by ILGA-Europe. Like most countries in Central and Eastern Europe, post-Communist Bulgaria holds socially conservative attitudes when it comes to such matters as homosexuality and transgender people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Thailand</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Sweden</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Sweden are regarded as some of the most progressive in Europe and the world. Same-sex sexual activity was legalized in 1944 and the age of consent was equalized to that of heterosexual activity in 1972. Sweden also became the first country in the world to allow transgender people to change their legal gender post-sex reassignment surgery in 1972, whilst transvestism was declassified as an illness in 2009. Legislation allowing legal gender changes without hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery was passed in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Japan</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Japan have fewer legal protections than in most other developed countries, although some developments towards stronger rights have been made in the 2020s. Same-sex sexual activity was criminalised only briefly in Japan's history between 1872 and 1881, after which a localised version of the Napoleonic Penal Code was adopted with an equal age of consent. Same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are ineligible for the legal protections available to opposite-sex couples, although since 2015 some cities and prefectures offer symbolic "partnership certificates" to recognise the relationships of same-sex couples. Japan is the only country in the G7 that does not legally recognize same-sex unions nationally in any form. In March 2021 and May 2023, the Sapporo and Nagoya District Courts ruled that not recognising same-sex marriage was a violation of the Constitution respectively. While in June 2022, the Osaka District Court ruled that not recognising same-sex marriage was not a violation of the Constitution, in November 2022, the Tokyo District Court ruled that the absence of same-sex marriage legislation was an unconstitutional state of affairs but did not violate the Constitution, though the court's ruling has no immediate legal effect. In June 2023, the Fukuoka District Court ruled that the ban on same-sex marriage was constitutional. A second ruling in September 2023 concluded that same-sex relationships should not be excluded from Japan's marriage system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in the Philippines</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT) in the Philippines face some legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT people, with numerous anti-discrimination legislations, bills and laws that are struggling to be passed on a national level to protect LGBT rights nationwide, with some parts of the country only existing on a local government level. LGBT individuals in the Philippines are often faced with disadvantages and difficulties in acquiring equal rights within the country. They also have a higher rate of suicide and suicide ideation compared to their heterosexual counterparts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Albania</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Albania face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents, although LGBT people are protected under comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation. Both male and female same-gender sexual activities have been legal in Albania since 1995, but households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-gender couples, with same-sex unions not being recognized in the country in any form.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Armenia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Armenia face legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents, due in part to the lack of laws prohibiting discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity and in part to prevailing negative attitudes about LGBT persons throughout society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Malta</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Malta rank among the highest in the world. Throughout the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the rights of the LGBT community received more awareness and same-sex sexual activity was legalized on 29 January 1973. The prohibition was already dormant by the 1890s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Pakistan</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Pakistan face legal and social difficulties compared to non-LGBT persons. Pakistani law prescribes criminal penalties for same-sex sexual acts. The Pakistani Penal Code of 1860, originally developed under the British Raj, criminalises sodomy with possible penalties of prison sentences from two years to a life sentence and fines. Despite its illegality, homosexual acts are only occasionally prosecuted by authorities in Pakistan. Other morality and public order provisions in the Penal Code are however used to target LGBT Pakistanis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in India</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in India have evolved significantly during the 21st century, though much of India's advancements on LGBT rights have come from the judiciary and not the legislature. Indian LGBT citizens still face social and legal difficulties not experienced by non-LGBT people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Indonesia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Indonesia face legal challenges and prejudices not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Traditional mores disapprove of homosexuality and transitioning, which impacts public policy. Indonesian same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for any of the legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples. Most parts of Indonesia do not have a sodomy law, and the country does not currently prohibit non-commercial, private and consensual sexual activity between members of the same-sex, yet there is no specific Indonesian law that protects the LGBT community against discrimination and hate crimes. In Aceh, homosexuality is illegal under Islamic Sharia law and it is punishable by flogging or imprisonment. Indonesia does not recognize same-sex marriage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Namibia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Namibia have limited legal protections. Sexual contact between men is criminalised within Namibia, although this law is generally unenforced. Discrimination based on sexual orientation is banned in Namibia but not for gender identity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Taiwan</span> Rights of LGBT people in Taiwan

The rights of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in the Republic of China (Taiwan) are regarded as the most comprehensive of those in Asia. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity are legal, and same-sex marriage was legalized on 24 May 2019, following a Constitutional Court ruling in May 2017. Same-sex couples are able to jointly adopt children since 2023. Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity and gender characteristics in education has been banned nationwide since 2004. With regard to employment, discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation has also been prohibited by law since 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Africa</span>

With the exceptions of some countries in Africa like South Africa, Cape Verde, Mauritius, Seychelles, Angola, Botswana, and Mozambique, lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) rights in Africa are limited in comparison to the Americas, Western Europe and Oceania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in Mozambique</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Mozambique face legal challenges not faced by non-LGBT people. Same-sex sexual activity became legal in Mozambique under the new Criminal Code that took effect in June 2015. Discrimination based on sexual orientation in employment has been illegal since 2007.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">LGBT rights in North Macedonia</span>

Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in North Macedonia face discrimination and some legal and social challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. Both male and female same-sex sexual activity have been legal in North Macedonia since 1996, but same-sex couples and households headed by same-sex couples are not eligible for the same legal protections available to opposite-sex married couples.

This is a list of notable events in the history of LGBT rights that took place in the year 2017.

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  149. ↑ "Cặp đôi đồng tính có được nhận con nuôi không?". VnExpress. Retrieved 30 May 2021.
  150. ↑ "Sex-change officially legalized for the Vietnamese people". thanhnien.vn. 2015-11-24.
  151. ↑ Thông, Báo Giao. "Ảnh: Cộng đồng người chuyển giới vỡ òa trong ngày lịch sử - Báo Giao thông".
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