LGBT rights in the Commonwealth of Nations

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Current members of the Commonwealth of Nations. Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg
Current members of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The majority of the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations, formerly known as the British Commonwealth, still criminalise sexual acts between consenting adults of the same sex and other forms of sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. Homosexual activity remains a criminal offence in 31 [note 1] of the 56 sovereign states of the Commonwealth; and legal in only 25.

Contents

This has been described as being the result of "the major historical influence" or legacy of the British Empire. In most cases, it was former colonial administrators that established anti-gay legislation or sodomy acts during the 19th century and even earlier. The majority of countries have retained these laws following independence. [1] [2] Due to the common origin of historical penal codes in many former British colonies, the prohibition of homosexual acts, specifically anal sex between men, is provided for in Section 377 in the penal codes of 42 former British colonies, many of whom are today members of the Commonwealth. [3]

The penalties for private, consensual sexual conduct between same sex adults remain harsh in a number of Commonwealth countries. They include 10 years' imprisonment and hard labour in Jamaica, 14 years in Kenya, and 20 years plus flogging in Malaysia. A cluster of member states have a maximum sentence of life imprisonment: Bangladesh, Guyana, Pakistan, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda. Meanwhile, Brunei and Northern Nigeria [note 2] have a maximum penalty for male homosexuality of death. In some countries such as Cameroon, arrests and imprisonment for acts that indicate homosexuality are frequently reported. In Uganda and Nigeria, recent legislative proposals would significantly increase the penalties for homosexuality. [4]

Overview

Homosexual activity remains a criminal offence in 34 (see below) of the 54 sovereign states of the Commonwealth and legal in only 19 (see below).

However, developments in the area of employment discrimination suggests some progress is being made, with member states such as the Seychelles (2006), Fiji (2007), Mozambique (2007), Mauritius (2008) and Botswana (2010) introducing legislation against employment discrimination based on sexual orientation. [4] In November 2012, Malawi's President Joyce Banda suspended all laws that criminalised homosexuality.

A report produced in November 2015 by the Human Dignity Trust in association with the Commonwealth Lawyers' Association claims that countries that continue to criminalize same-sex relationships were worsening the impacts of the HIV/AIDS crisis. The report estimates that some 2.9 billion people live in Commonwealth countries where consensual homosexuality is punishable, and approximately 174 million living there may identify as LGBT. It found that: [5]

There is a direct link between criminalizing laws and increased rates of HIV, and the Commonwealth undeniably demonstrates this link. The Commonwealth accounts for approximately 30% of the world's population but over 60% of HIV cases worldwide. This situation has gotten progressively worse.

—  Human Dignity Trust

Discussions at Commonwealth level

Interventions by Secretaries-General

In July 2011 it was reported that the Commonwealth Secretary General, Kamalesh Sharma, had spoken out against discrimination towards people who were gay or lesbian while on a visit to Australia, arguing that “vilification and targeting on grounds of sexual orientation are at odds with the values of the Commonwealth”. This was the first time that such a senior Commonwealth figure had spoken publicly on the issue. [6] Sharma re-emphasised the point in his keynote speech at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting: [7]

We recall the 2009 Affirmation of Commonwealth Values and Principles, which includes a clear commitment to tolerance, respect and understanding... Discrimination and criminalisation on grounds of sexual orientation is at odds with our values and I have had occasion to refer to this in the context of our law-related conferences.

—  Kamalesh Sharma, Commonwealth Secretary-General

Commonwealth Secretary-General Baroness Patricia Scotland, who took office on 1 April 2016, committed herself to using the first two years of her tenure to promote decriminalization of homosexuality in the Commonwealth countries that list homosexual behaviour as a crime. [8] However, she has suggested that the way forward needs to be built through establishing consensus: [9]

We do not have the right or opportunity to force states, but we can start a really good conversation to work with them so they understand the economic issues in relations to human rights and make the change.

—  Patricia Scotland, Commonwealth Secretary-General

Perth Commonwealth Conference

The British human rights campaigner Peter Tatchell and the South Australian Labor MLC Ian Hunter called for LGBT rights to be put on the agenda of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) to be held in Perth at the end of October 2011. [10]

CHOGM has never even discussed—let alone declared its support for—LGBT equality and human rights. It is long overdue that CHOGM addressed this humanitarian issue, which it has neglected for far too long.

—  Peter Tatchell and Ian Hunter

This found further support when the Perth Member of the Legislative Assembly, John Hyde, called on Premier Colin Barnett to use his access to CHOGM delegates to address the issue of human rights for gay men and lesbians. [11] Finally, it was confirmed that the Australian Foreign Minister, Kevin Rudd, would intervene at the October meeting with a request to scrap anti-LGBT laws. [12] [13] The discussion on LGBT rights at the Perth meeting received a muted response from most of the attending delegates despite strong support from the UK, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. Agreement could not be reached to publish a report by Eminent Persons which looked at the Commonwealth's future relevance and demanded that all member states that outlawed homosexuality lift their bans. [14]

Malta Conference

In November 2015, Baroness Verma, Under-Secretary of State at the UK's Department for International Development, announced that she would be chairing a round table on LGBT issues at the Commonwealth Heads of Government meeting in Malta. [15]

Subsequently, in 2016 the Prime Minister of Malta, Joseph Muscat, urged Commonwealth countries to remove anti-LGBT laws while speaking at the Service of Celebration for Commonwealth Day at Westminster Abbey. Queen Elizabeth, Head of the Commonwealth, was present. [16]

In June 2017, the Commonwealth approved the accreditation of the Commonwealth Equality Network (TCEN), making it the first LGBTI-focussed organisation to be officially accredited. Accreditation means that Equality Network activists will benefit from increased access to, participation in and information about Commonwealth matters. [17]

United Kingdom

The British Prime Minister, David Cameron, indicated his support: [1]

It's simply appalling how people can be treated—how their rights are trampled on and the prejudices and even the violence they suffer. I want Britain to be a global beacon for reform.

The Minister for International Development, Andrew Mitchell, subsequently indicated that the UK would withhold development aid from countries that had a poor human rights record in relation to its LGBT citizens. [18] Malawi subsequently had £19 million of budget support suspended by the UK following various infractions including poor progress on human rights and media freedoms and concern over the government's approach to rights of its LGBT citizens. [19] This was later reinforced by David Cameron, who emphasised that those receiving UK aid should "adhere to proper human rights". [19] After the Government of Seychelles agreed to push forward with plans to repeal the country's anti-gay law, they specifically noted advocacy from British diplomats. [9]

In 2014, the British Foreign Secretary, William Hague, wrote to the Commonwealth Secretary-General urging him to use his position to urge member states to live up to their responsibilities to promote the rights of their LGBT citizens. He later argued that Britain should must make defending the rights of gay and lesbian people a key plank of its relations with other Commonwealth countries. [20]

In April 2018, Britain hosted the Heads of Government meeting in London. The British Prime Minister, Theresa May, said she regretted that many of the current laws across Commonwealth countries that criminalised homosexuality were a direct legacy of British colonialism; and offered to support any government that wanted to reform its legislation. More than 100,000 people had signed a petition calling for the issue of LGBT rights to be raised at the meeting. [21]

Commonwealth LGBT advocacy organisations

Kaleidoscope Trust

The Kaleidoscope Trust was established in London in 2011 to lobby Britain's politicians so that ministers discuss LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) issues whenever they host their counterparts. It specifically aims to revoke anti-LGBT laws within the Commonwealth using business and political pressure. The singers Elton John and George Michael offered support, with Elton John attending the launch. [22]

Commonwealth nations where homosexuality is not a criminal offence

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Same-sex intercourse illegal. Penalties:
   Death
  Prison; death not enforced
  Death under militias
  Prison, with arrests or detention
  Prison, not enforced
Same-sex intercourse legal. Recognition of unions:
   Marriage
  Extraterritorial marriage
   Civil unions
   Limited domestic
  Limited foreign
  Optional certification
  None
  Restrictions of expression
Rings indicate local or case-by-case application.
No imprisonment in the past three years or moratorium on law.
Marriage not available locally. Some jurisdictions may perform other types of partnerships.
LGBT rights at the United Nations v t e Neither States which did not support either declaration Non-member states States that are not voting members of the United Nations Oppose States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011 Subsequent member South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008 Support States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011 LGBT rights at the UN (2011).svg
LGBT rights at the United Nations
  
 Neither States which did not support either declaration
  
 Non-member states States that are not voting members of the United Nations
  
 Oppose States which supported an opposing declaration in 2008 and continued their opposition in 2011
  
 Subsequent member South Sudan, which was not a member of the United Nations in 2008
  
Support States which supported the LGBT rights declaration in the General Assembly or on the Human Rights Council in 2008 or 2011

Europe

Asia

Africa

Americas

Oceania

Where same sex-relationships are recognised

Europe

Americas

Asia

With discrimination protections

Africa

Asia

Americas

Oceania

Same-sex activity legal, no discrimination protection

Africa

Americas

Oceania

Notes: †Signed UN General Assembly declaration in favour of LGBT rights. ‡Signed alternative Statement against LGBT rights.

Commonwealth nations where homosexuality is a criminal offence

Not enforced and with discrimination protections

Asia

  • Flag of Sri Lanka.svg Sri Lanka (Functionally decriminalised with wide-ranging discrimination protections)

Oceania

  • Flag of Samoa.svg Samoa † (Employment only)

Not enforced

Africa

Americas

Oceania

Punished by imprisonment

Africa

Asia

Death penalty

Asia

Africa

Notes: †Signed UN General Assembly declaration in favour of LGBT rights. ‡Signed alternative Statement against LGBT rights.

See also

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ↑ Homosexuality is a criminal offence in the following Commonwealth member states (those with an asterisk* do not enforce the law): Cameroon, Eswatini,* Ghana, Kenya, Malawi,* Namibia,* Nigeria, Sierra Leone,* Tanzania, The Gambia, Togo, Uganda, Zambia, Bangladesh, Brunei, Malaysia, Maldives, Pakistan, Grenada,* Guyana,* Sri Lanka,* Dominica,* Jamaica,* Saint Lucia,* Saint Vincent and the Grenadines,* Kiribati,* Solomon Islands*, Papua New Guinea,* Samoa,* Tonga,* and Tuvalu.*
  2. ↑ Nigeria is a multinational federation of 36 states, the northern 12 of which have instituted legal systems based on Sharia for civil and criminal offences.

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References

  1. 1 2 Time Magazine, 21 September 2011
  2. ↑ 'Institute of Commonwealth Studies', January 2011
  3. ↑ "This Alien Legacy The Origins of "Sodomy" Laws in British Colonialism". Human Rights Watch. 17 December 2008. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  4. 1 2 "SPEAKING OUT The rights of LGBTI citizens from across the Commonwealth" (PDF). kaleidoscopetrust.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
  5. ↑ "Anti-gay laws worsening the AIDS crisis in Commonwealth countries, says new Human Dignity Trust report" at gaystarnews.com Accessed 11 September 2017
  6. ↑ The Pink Paper, Great Britain, 15 July 2011
  7. ↑ 'Pink News;', "Commonwealth Secretary General backs gay rights", 27 October 2011 Accessed 11 September 2017
  8. ↑ "Baroness Scotland uses new role as secretary‑general of the Commonwealth to call for LGBT rights". The Independent. 28 November 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2015.
  9. 1 2 "Over a billion people are living under British anti-gay laws as 40th Commonwealth Day celebrated", at pinknews.co.uk Accessed 11 September 2017
  10. ↑ Star Observer, 7 September 2011
  11. ↑ WA Today, 22 September 2011
  12. ↑ Pink News, 18 October 2011
  13. ↑ "Australian foreign minister to call on Commonwealth to repeal anti-gay laws", at pinknews.co.uk Accessed 11 September 2017
  14. ↑ "Commonwealth nations to have aid cut for gay rights abuses". The Independent. October 31, 2011.
  15. ↑ "International Development minister: Anti-gay laws in Commonwealth 'absolutely unacceptable'", at pinknews.co.uk Accessed 11 September 2017
  16. ↑ "Malta PM urges Commonwealth countries to ditch Colonial-era anti-gay laws", at pinknews.co.uk Accessed 11 September 2017
  17. ↑ "Commonwealth grants recognition to LGBT Equality Network", at pinknews.co.uk Accessed 11 September 2017
  18. ↑ "Pink News" online news site, 17 October 2011
  19. 1 2 "Cameron threat to dock some UK aid to anti-gay nations", BBC online news, 31 October 2011 Accessed 11 September 2017
  20. ↑ Bingham, John (2014-10-30). "Gay rights should be centre of UK's relations with Commonwealth – William Hague". The Daily Telegraph . ISSN   0307-1235.
  21. ↑ "Theresa May tells Commonwealth leaders: We 'deeply regret' Colonial-era anti-gay laws". PinkNews. 2018-04-17. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  22. ↑ The Pink Paper, 12 September 2011
  23. ↑ "Jersey to introduce same-sex marriage". 2018-06-27. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
  24. ↑ Schmall, Emily; Kumar, Hari (2022-08-30). "India's Supreme Court Widens Definition of 'Family'". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  25. ↑ Mandhani, Apoorva (2020-06-19). "Can't marry, but same sex couples have right to live together: Uttarakhand High Court". ThePrint. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  26. ↑ "NHRC sets up LGBTI Core Group, ropes in activist Harish Iyer". CJP. 2018-08-14. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  27. ↑ "Homosexuality not a ground to sack employee, rules Allahabad High Court". India Today. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  28. ↑ "Kamaal R Khan booked for passing 'vulgar' remarks against the LGBTQ community". The Times of India.
  29. ↑ "India's Supreme Court Rules Sexual Orientation Is a Protected Right". Global Citizen. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  30. ↑ "New legislation protects LGBTQ community from religiously motivated violence but law is 'same for all'".
  31. ↑ "Trinidad and Tobago has just legalised gay sex". PinkNews. 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2019-08-21.
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