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This is a list of substances or materials generally considered discredited.
A substance can be discredited in one of three ways:
Substance | Theorized by | From when | Alleged definition | Discredited by |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aether (classical element) | Ancient times | The medium filling the universe above the terrestrial sphere enabling transmission of light and gravity | Atomic theory | |
Alicorn | Ancient times | The horn of the unicorn, has mystical healing properties | Never found | |
Alkahest | Paracelsus | 1493–1541 | A universal solvent, which can dissolve every other substance, including gold | Never found (note that aqua regia can dissolve gold, but not everything) |
Andrewsite | Thomas Andrews | 1871–1990 | Green mineral named for Thomas Andrews [1] | Confirmation in 1990 that the substance is composed of other minerals [1] |
Caloric | Antoine Lavoisier | 1783 | Weightless fluid, the substance of heat | Atomic theory, in which heat is interpreted as energy of motion of atoms |
Coronium | Charles Augustus Young and William Harkness | 1869 | Chemical element in the solar corona | In the 1930s, Walter Grotrian and Bengt Edlén discovered that the spectral line in question was due to highly ionized iron |
Élan vital | Henri Bergson | 1907 | Substance or force bearing the property of life | Molecular biology |
Elixir of life | Mythology | Ancient times | Substance believed by alchemists to confer immortality | Never found |
Erototoxins | Judith Reisman | after 1955 | Addictive chemicals produced in the brain by pornography | Addictive opioids (i.e. endorphins) in the brain are related to pleasure in general, not specific to pornography [2] |
Luminiferous aether | 18th century | Medium for the propagation of light | Michelson–Morley experiment | |
Miasma | Ancient times | Foul smell believed to carry diseases | Modern biology, in particular the discovery of actual infectious agents | |
Nebulium | William Huggins | 1864 | An element in the Cat's Eye Nebula | In 1927, Ira Sprague Bowen showed that the observed spectral lines are emitted by doubly ionized oxygen |
N-rays | Prosper-René Blondlot | 1903 | A form of radiation emitted by most substances | A simple null experiment, where Blondlot thought he could see the effects of N-rays even when an essential component had been removed from the experimental apparatus |
Odic force | Carl Reichenbach | 1845 | Force bearing the property of life | Lack of experimental evidence and any predictive theory; never accepted by science |
Orgone energy | Wilhelm Reich | 1930s | Energy bearing the property of life | Lack of experimental evidence and any predictive theory; never accepted by science |
Panacea | Alchemists | Ancient times | Substance curing all illness | Modern biology and medicine |
Philosopher's stone | Alchemists | Ancient times | Legendary substance that could transmute lead into precious metals | Transmutation requires nuclear processes. The first synthesis of gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka in 1924, who synthesized gold by bombarding mercury with neutrons. |
Phlogiston | Johann Joachim Becher | 1667 | Weightless substance present in combustible materials and released when they are burned | Modern chemistry, specifically the discovery that combustion is the combination of various substances with oxidizers, most commonly oxygen |
Polywater | late 1960s | A polymerised form of water | More careful experiments with rigorously cleaned glassware showed that it was just contaminated water | |
Ptomaines | Alkaloids found in decaying matter thought to cause food poisoning | Discovery of bacteria (Germ theory of disease) | ||
Red mercury | Hoax | 1979 | Controversial substance supposedly of use to terrorists | Its actual nature, if any, is unclear. The notion may have been invented for use by Soviet and Russian sting operations targeting nuclear materials trafficking. It is also possible that the phrase may have originated as a codeword in Soviet nuclear weapons development, much as the word "copper" was once used to obfuscate "plutonium" during the Manhattan Project. |
This is not to be construed as implying that these items–as they are understood today–are discredited. What is listed are fire, water, metal, etc. as universal principles or fundamentals.
Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms. The concept that matter is composed of discrete particles is an ancient idea, but gained scientific credence in the 18th and 19th centuries when scientists found it could explain the behaviors of gases and how chemical elements reacted with each other. By the end of the 19th century, atomic theory had gained widespread acceptance in the scientific community.
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science under natural sciences that covers the elements that make up matter to the compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during a reaction with other substances. Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds.
A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances. The basic particle that constitutes a chemical element is the atom, and each chemical element is distinguished by the number of protons in the nuclei of its atoms, known as its atomic number. For example, oxygen has an atomic number of 8, meaning that each oxygen atom has 8 protons in its nucleus. This is in contrast to chemical compounds and mixtures, which contain atoms with more than one atomic number.
The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances. Ancient cultures in Greece, Tibet, and India had similar lists which sometimes referred, in local languages, to "air" as "wind" and the fifth element as "void".
Fire is one of the four classical elements along with earth, water and air in ancient Greek philosophy and science. Fire is considered to be both hot and dry and, according to Plato, is associated with the tetrahedron.
Earth is one of the classical elements, in some systems being one of the four along with air, fire, and water.
Wuxing, usually translated as Five Phases or Five Agents, is a fivefold conceptual scheme used in many traditional Chinese fields of study to explain a wide array of phenomena, including cosmic cycles, the interactions between internal organs, the succession of political regimes, and the properties of herbal medicines.
The phlogiston theory is a superseded scientific theory that postulated the existence of a fire-like element called phlogiston contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion. The name comes from the Ancient Greek φλογιστόνphlogistón, from φλόξphlóx (flame). The idea was first proposed in 1667 by Johann Joachim Becher and later put together more formally by Georg Ernst Stahl. Phlogiston theory attempted to explain chemical processes such as combustion and rusting, now collectively known as oxidation. It was challenged by the concomitant weight increase and was abandoned before the end of the 18th century following experiments by Antoine Lavoisier and others. Phlogiston theory led to experiments that ultimately concluded with the discovery of oxygen.
Chemical symbols are the abbreviations used in chemistry for chemical elements, functional groups and chemical compounds. Element symbols for chemical elements normally consist of one or two letters from the Latin alphabet and are written with the first letter capitalised.
A period 5 element is one of the chemical elements in the fifth row of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behaviour of the elements as their atomic number increases: a new row is begun when chemical behaviour begins to repeat, meaning that elements with similar behaviour fall into the same vertical columns. The fifth period contains 18 elements, beginning with rubidium and ending with xenon. As a rule, period 5 elements fill their 5s shells first, then their 4d, and 5p shells, in that order; however, there are exceptions, such as rhodium.
A period 2 element is one of the chemical elements in the second row of the periodic table of the chemical elements. The periodic table is laid out in rows to illustrate recurring (periodic) trends in the chemical behavior of the elements as their atomic number increases; a new row is started when chemical behavior begins to repeat, creating columns of elements with similar properties.
This list catalogs well-accepted theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history which have since been superseded by scientific theories. Many discarded explanations were once supported by a scientific consensus, but replaced after more empirical information became available that identified flaws and prompted new theories which better explain the available data. Pre-modern explanations originated before the scientific method, with varying degrees of empirical support.
The periodic table is an arrangement of the chemical elements, structured by their atomic number, electron configuration and recurring chemical properties. In the basic form, elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, in the reading sequence. Then, rows and columns are created by starting new rows and inserting blank cells, so that rows (periods) and columns (groups) show elements with recurring properties. For example, all elements in group (column) 18 are noble gases that are largely—though not completely—unreactive.
The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that would eventually form the basis of the various branches of chemistry. Examples include the discovery of fire, extracting metals from ores, making pottery and glazes, fermenting beer and wine, extracting chemicals from plants for medicine and perfume, rendering fat into soap, making glass, and making alloys like bronze.
Meteorology is a treatise by Aristotle. The text discusses what Aristotle believed to have been all the affections common to air and water, and the kinds and parts of the Earth and the affections of its parts. It includes early accounts of water evaporation, earthquakes, and other weather phenomena.
Principle, in chemistry, refers to a historical concept of the constituents of a substance, specifically those that produce a certain quality or effect in the substance, such as a bitter principle, which is any one of the numerous compounds having a bitter taste.
Atomism is a natural philosophy proposing that the physical universe is composed of fundamental indivisible components known as atoms.
Aristotelian physics is the form of natural science or natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle. In his work Physics, Aristotle intended to establish general principles of change that govern all natural bodies, both living and inanimate, celestial and terrestrial – including all motion, quantitative change, qualitative change, and substantial change. To Aristotle, 'physics' was a broad field that included subjects that would now be called the philosophy of mind, sensory experience, memory, anatomy and biology. It constitutes the foundation of the thought underlying many of his works.
This glossary of chemistry terms is a list of terms and definitions relevant to chemistry, including chemical laws, diagrams and formulae, laboratory tools, glassware, and equipment. Chemistry is a physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions; it features an extensive vocabulary and a significant amount of jargon.
Chemistry: A Volatile History is a 2010 BBC documentary on the history of chemistry presented by Jim Al-Khalili. It was nominated for the 2010 British Academy Television Awards in the category Specialist Factual.