List of references in We Didn't Start the Fire

Last updated

Billy Joel in 1994 Billy Joel 1994 (cropped).jpg
Billy Joel in 1994

"We Didn't Start the Fire" is a 1989 hit single by American musician Billy Joel in which the lyrics tell the history of the United States from 1949 to 1989 through a series of cultural references. [1] [a] In total, the song contains 118 [2] [3] or 119 [4] [5] [b] references to historical people, places, events, and phenomena. [6] The idea for creating a song chronicling news events and personalities originally came to Joel from a conversation he had with Sean Lennon, wherein Lennon claimed that nothing of note happened in the news during the early life of Joel. [7] In his effort to prove Lennon wrong, Joel began listing various important global events such as the Korean War, Little Rock Crisis, and Hungarian Revolution. [7] The references are presented in roughly chronological order, [3] beginning with Joel's birth in 1948 and culminating in 1989, when Joel had turned 40 years old. [6] The song proved divisive, with some praising its educational value and others criticizing the melody. [7] [8]

Contents

List

Lists cataloging every reference in the song have previously been published by Encyclopædia Britannica , [5] Far Out, [2] and Ranker . [4]

No.LyricSubjectDateDescriptionRef. [c]
1"Harry Truman"
Dewey Defeats Truman.jpg
November 2, 1948 Democratic party candidate Truman unexpectedly wins the 1948 United States presidential election. [9]
2"Doris Day"
Doris Day - Romance on the High Seas.jpg
June 25, 1948Starring Day in her debut role, the movie Romance on the High Seas is released, making her a celebrity singer and actress. [10]
3"Red China"
Mao Proclaiming New China.JPG
October 1, 1949Following the Communist victory in the Chinese Civil War, the People's Republic of China is established. [11]
4"Johnnie Ray"
JohnnieRayNoBusinesstrailer.jpg
1949Ray signs a contract with Okeh Records, which starts his career as a famous rock and roll musician. [12] [13]
5"South Pacific"
South Pacific scene.jpg
April 7, 1949South Pacific debuts on Broadway to critical and popular success. [14]
6"Walter Winchell"
Walter Winchell - Radio-TV Mirror, January 1951.jpg
1950Winchell stands "at the height of his popularity" but soon comes under public scrutiny for his promotion of McCarthyism. [15]
7"Joe DiMaggio"
Joe DiMaggio 1951 Spring Training.png
February 7, 1949DiMaggio signs a contract to play for the New York Yankees, becoming the first American league player to earn over $99,000. [16]
8"Joe McCarthy"
Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg
February 9, 1950Senator McCarthy gives his Lincoln Day speech, launching his career as an anticommunist fearmonger. [17]
9"Richard Nixon"
Nixon handout 1950.jpg
November 7, 1950Nixon is elected to the United States Congress as senator. [18]
10"Studebaker"
1949 Studebaker badge - Flickr - exfordy.jpg
1950The car manufacturer enters a period of financial decline which leads to it merging with Packard to form Studebaker-Packard four years later. [19] [20]
11"Television"
1953 ADMIRALtvs (7762446700).jpg
1948A "golden age" of television in the United States begins, ending in 1958. [21]
12"North Korea"
SNK MAP I 1000W.jpg
June 25, 1950The communist North invades its anticommunist counterpart in a major intensification of the Cold War. [22]
13"South Korea"
14"Marilyn Monroe"
Marilyn Monroe Asphalt Jungle.jpg
1950Monroe appears in five movies in one year: Right Cross , The Asphalt Jungle , All About Eve , The Fireball , and A Ticket to Tomahawk . [23]
15"Rosenbergs"
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg NYWTS.jpg
April 5, 1951The Rosenbergs are sentenced to death on the charge of conspiracy to commit espionage for the Soviet Union by sharing classified information relating to the development of nuclear weapons. [24]
16"H-bomb"
TX-21 bomb.png
January 1950The United States government under the Truman administration begins developing and testing thermonuclear weapons. [25]
17"Sugar Ray"
Sugar Ray Robinson vs Jake LaMotta 1951 (2).jpg
February 14, 1951In their final boxing match, Robinson beats LaMotta with such brutality that the event is dubbed "The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre." [26]
18"Panmunjom"
Panmunjom, Korea, the site of military armistice negotiations between representatives of the Communist forces fighting in Korea, and United Nations forces representatives HD-SN-99-03174.jpg
August 1951Negotiations for a ceasefire to the Korean War relocate to the village of Panmunjom, where an armistice agreement would be signed two years later. [27] [28]
19"Brando"
Marlon Brando in 'Streetcar named Desire' trailer.jpg
1951Brando performs in the first film rendition of A Streetcar Named Desire , earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. [29]
20"The King and I"
King dictates to Anna.jpg
March 29, 1951The Broadway musical premieres to critical and popular success, earning several Tony Awards. [30] [31]
21"The Catcher in the Rye"
The Catcher in the Rye (1951, first edition cover).jpg
July 16, 1951The novel is published to both critical acclaim and moral controversy due to obscene content. [32]
22"Eisenhower"
Dwight David Eisenhower 1952 crop.jpg
November 4, 1952Eisenhower is elected 34th president of the United States. [18]
23"Vaccine"
Polio vaccine, 1956 (16635529011).jpg
July 2, 1952 Jonas Salk begins testing vaccines which would later prove successful in preventing the disease polio. [33]
24"England’s got a new queen"
The Queen's Head.jpg
February 6, 1952 George VI dies, causing his heiress Elizabeth to be proclaimed Queen of the United Kingdom. [34]
25"Marciano"
Rocky Marciano 1953 (2).jpg
September 23, 1952Marciano becomes world heavyweight boxing champion after knocking out his predecessor Jersey Joe Walcott. [35]
26"Liberace"
Liberace at Memorial Hall - DPLA - b8e7d136964a4822d948befa9538d5ca (page 1) (cropped).jpg
February 3, 1952Consisting of live musical shows hosted by Liberace himself, The Liberace Show begins airing on television to popular success. [36]
27"Santayana goodbye"
George Santayana.jpg
September 26, 1952Santayana, an influential Spanish-American philosopher, died of cancer in Rome, Italy. [37]
28"Joseph Stalin"
DeathOfStalin.jpg
March 5, 1953Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin dies, ending his reign of totalitarianism. [38]
29"Malenkov"
Georgy Malenkov-TIME-1953 (cropped).jpg
March 6, 1953Malenkov succeeds Stalin as leader of the Soviet Union. [39]
30"Nasser"
Nagiub - nasser 1952.jpg
July 23, 1952Nasser successfully leads the Free Officers movement in overthrowing King Farouk in the 1952 Egyptian revolution. [40]
31"Prokofiev"
RR5110-0145R.png
March 5, 1953The renowned Russian composer dies of a stroke on the same day as Joseph Stalin. [41]
32"Rockefeller"
Winthrop Rockefeller Razorback 1969 (cropped).jpg
Bobo Rockefeller (cropped close).webp
June 19, 1954Rockefeller pays $5,750,000 to Sears in a divorce settlement, a record-breaking amount. [42]
33"Campanella"
Roy Campanella 1953.jpg
November 27, 1953Campanella receives the Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award for a second time, which he would win again two years later. [43]
34"Communist Bloc"
Eastern bloc.png
June 17, 1953The Communist government of East Germany receives military aid from the Soviet Union to quell a workers' uprising. [44]
35"Roy Cohn"
Joseph McCarthy with Roy M. Cohn and G. David Schine (cropped).jpg
July 1954Cohn resigns as Chief Counsel of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations due to the Army–McCarthy hearings, during which he had served as McCarthy's top aide. [45] [46]
36"Juan Perón"
Peron moto 1954.jpg
September 19, 1955Argentine president Perón is ousted in a military coup. [47]
37"Toscanini"
Hymn of the Nations 1944 OWI film (03 Arturo Toscanini conducting Verdi's La Forza del Destino 03).jpg
April 4, 1954The virtuoso conductor performs his final concert with the NBC Symphony Orchestra. [48]
38"Dacron"
Dacron Reels.jpeg
1954Surgeon Michael DeBakey begins experimenting with the polyester fiber, eventually using it to develop the first artificial arterial patches. [49]
39"Dien Bien Phu Falls"
Victory in Battle of Dien Bien Phu.jpg
May 7, 1954The Viet Minh capture the key city of Điện Biên Phủ, a decisive victory in the First Indochina War. [50]
40"Rock Around the Clock"
Rock Around the Clock.jpg
April 12, 1954 Bill Haley & His Comets release their rendition of the song, which would later achieve commercial success in 1955. [51]
41"Einstein"
Portrait of Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, James Franck and Rabi (cropped).jpg
April 18, 1955The renowned physicist dies of heart failure. [52]
42"James Dean"
James Dean 1955.jpg
September 30, 1955The celebrity actor dies in a car crash at age 24. [53]
43"Brooklyn’s got a winning team"
1955 World Series game one.jpeg
October 4, 1955The baseball team becomes the World Series champion after beating the New York Yankees. [54]
44"Davy Crockett"
Fess parker crockett disney television.JPG
May 25, 1955An edited compilation of the titular miniseries releases as a standalone movie. [55]
45"Peter Pan"
Mary Martin Peter Pan.JPG
March 7, 1955The 1954 musical adaptation of J.M. Barrie's play starring Mary Martin is broadcast live as part of NBC's Producers' Showcase . [56]
46"Elvis Presley"
Elvis Presley- Billboard ad 1956.png
November 21, 1955The "King of Rock and Roll" signs a recording contract with RCA Victor. [57]
47"Disneyland"
The Disney empire began at Disneyland in Orange County, California, in 1955 LCCN2011635865.tif
July 17, 1955The first Disneyland amusement park opens in Anaheim, California. [58]
48"Bardot"
Brigitte Bardot 1957.jpg
November 28, 1956Bardot stars as the leading actress in And God Created Woman, establishing her status as a sex symbol. [59]
49"Budapest"
Hole in flag - Budapest 1956.jpg
October 23, 1956A revolution against the Communist Hungarian government breaks out in Budapest, Hungary's capital. [60]
50"Alabama"
Rosa Parks being fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey after being arrested on February 22, 1956, during the Montgomery bus boycott.jpg
December 5, 1955African American activist Rosa Parks incites a boycott of public transit in Montgomery, Alabama after being convicted of violating racial segregation laws in a segregated bus. [61]
51"Khrushchev"
Russische bezetters Joegoslavie, Bestanddeelnr 907-1635 (cropped).jpg
February 25, 1956Soviet leader Khrushchev delivers his "Secret Speech", a denunciation of Joseph Stalin's cult of personality and a herald of his policy of De-Stalinization. [62]
52"Princess Grace"
Grace Kelly 1956.jpg
April 18, 1956The American actress marries Rainier III, Prince of Monaco, thereafter becoming Princess of Monaco. [63]
53"Peyton Place"
Peyton Place first edition cover.jpg
September 24, 1956The novel is released and achieves commercial success, staying on a best-seller list for 26 weeks. [64]
54"Trouble in the Suez"
Tanks Destroyed Sinai.jpg
July 26, 1956Egyptian president Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal, provoking a Franco–Israeli–British invasion of Egypt. [65]
55"Little Rock"
Elizabeth Eckford.jpg
September 24, 1957American president Eisenhower deploys members of the 101st Airborne Division to guard the entry of nine African American students into Little Rock Central High School. [66]
56"Pasternak"
Boris Pasternak 1958b.jpg
November 23, 1957Pasternak's novel Doctor Zhivago is published to critical acclaim and wins the Nobel Prize in Literature the following year. [67]
57"Mickey Mantle"
Mickey Mantle - New York Yankees - 1957.jpg
November 22, 1957The baseballer wins his second consecutive MVP award, leading the league in walks and runs scored. [68]
58"Kerouac"
On the Road (1957) dust jacket, first edition (cropped).jpg
September 5, 1957Kerouac's novel On the Road is published to critical acclaim. [69]
59"Sputnik"
Sputnik 191378-full.jpg
October 4, 1957Sputnik 1, the first artificial Earth satellite, was launched into orbit by the Soviet Union. [70]
60"Chou En-Lai"
Zhou Enlai portrait.jpg
January 1957Chinese premier Zhou begins engaging in shuttle diplomacy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. [71]
61"Bridge on the River Kwai"
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1958 US poster - Style B).jpg
October 2, 1957The movie is first released and later wins seven Academy Awards, including an Academy Award for Best Picture. [72]
62"Lebanon"
Foxhole - Lebanon - Beirut - July 1958.jpg
May 8, 1957The United States sends 15,000 marines around Beirut to aid president Camille Chamoun of Lebanon. [73]
63"Charles de Gaulle"
Generaal De Gaulle, Bestanddeelnr 909-5671.jpg
December 21, 1958De Gaulle is elected the first president of the French Fifth Republic. [74]
64"California baseball"
Dodger Stadium PSA 06-00755.jpg
1958The New York Giants and the Brooklyn Dodgers both move to California, thereafter becoming the San Francisco Giants and the Los Angeles Dodgers. [75]
65"Starkweather homicide"
Charles Starkweather Caril Ann Fugate Lincoln Journal Star 28 January 1958.png
December 1, 1957Starkweather begins a murder spree, eventually claiming 11 lives by January 1958. [76]
66"Children of Thalidomide"
NCP14053.jpg
1957The immunomodulatory drug thalidomide is first introduced in the European market. Later brought to the United States, it would be linked to thousands of birth defects and stillbirths. [77]
67"Buddy Holly"
The Day the Music Died - The Vancouver Sun (1959).jpg
February 3, 1959American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson die in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson. [78] [79]
68"Ben-Hur"
Ben hur 1959 poster.jpg
November 18, 1959The Biblical epic film Ben-Hur releases to overwhelmingly positive reviews. [80] [81] [82]
69"Space monkey"
Miss Baker in her bio-pack.jpg
May 28, 1959A squirrel monkey named Miss Baker and a rhesus macaque named Able become the first two animals to be launched into space by the United States and safely return. Other monkeys and apes follow them before humans go to space. [83]
70"Mafia"
Vito Genovese.jpg
April 17, 1959 American Mafia mobster Vito Genovese is sentenced to 15 years in the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta. [84] [85]
71"Hula hoops"
Girl twirling Hula Hoop, 1958.jpg
1958Australian businessman Alex Tolmer begins selling hoops made of plastic, and rights are purchased by the American toy company Wham-O. The toy becomes a massive fad in the United States, reaching over 100 million sales in two years. [86]
72"Castro"
CheyFidel.jpg
February 16, 1959Revolutionary leader Fidel Castro becomes the fifteenth Prime Minister of Cuba after the end of the Cuban Revolution. [87] [88]
73"Edsel is a no-go"
Edsel Pacer 1958 (4922383186).jpg
November 19, 1959The Ford Motor Company's Edsel brand of automobiles performs very poorly, and the word "Edsel" becomes a shorthand for any massive and embarrassing failure. [89]
74"U-2"
Wreckage of Lockheed U-2C (56-6693) (38901816671).jpg
May 1, 1960An American Lockheed U-2 is shot down by the Soviet Air Defence Forces deep within Soviet territory, embarassing the United States on the international stage and causing the cancellation of a summit in Paris. [90] [91]
75"Syngman Rhee"
Syngman Rhee-TIME-1953.jpg
March 15, 1960The South Korean government claims that Syngman Rhee wins 100% of the vote in the March 1960 South Korean presidential election, leading to widespread protests against election fraud. The protests spiral into the April Revolution, leading to the collapse of the First Republic and the resignation and exile of Rhee. [92] [93]
76"Payola"
LIFE Nov-23-1959 Payola.png
1959Radio disc jockeys illegally accept bribes to play certain music, causing investigations and criminal charges being filed against several radio hosts such as Alan Freed. In sessions before the House Subcommittee on Legislative Oversight, 335 DJs admit to having received over $263,000 in bribes. [94]
77"Kennedy"
Leadership for the 60s - John Fitzgerald Kennedy.jpg
January 20, 1961John F. Kennedy is sworn in as the 35th president of the United States. [95]
78"Chubby Checker"
Chubby Checker 1964.jpg
July 1960American singer Chubby Checker releases a hit cover of "The Twist", popularizing the dance move into a dance craze. [96]
79"Psycho"
Psycho (1960) theatrical poster (retouched).jpg
September 8, 1960The horror film Psycho by Alfred Hitchcock releases, becoming Hitchcock's most famous and influential work. [97]
80"Belgians in the Congo"
Dragonrouge1.jpg
July 5, 1960 – November 25, 1965After the fall of the Belgian Congo, a series of civil wars break out in the country, with Belgian troops attempting to regain control. The crisis serves as a proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union. [98]
81"Hemingway"
Ernest Hemingway 1950.jpg
July 2, 1961Writer Ernest Hemingway commits suicide in his home in Idaho. [99]
82"Eichmann"
Adolf Eichman in Ramle Prison1961.jpg
June 1, 1962Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann is executed by hanging in Israel. [100]
83"Stranger in a Strange Land"June 1, 1961 Robert A. Heinlein's science fiction novel becomes iconic and influential in the counterculture of the 1960s. [101]
84"Dylan"
Joan Baez Bob Dylan.jpg
1960sAmerican musician Bob Dylan becomes hugely influential in the 1960s, with his music becoming emblematic of the decade's social changes. [102] [103]
85"Berlin"
Berlin Potsdamer Platz Ebertstrasse 078736a.jpg
August 13, 1961 East Germany begins construction of a wall separating East Berlin and West Berlin, with the primary goal of preventing East Germans from defecting to the West. [104]
86"Bay of Pigs Invasion"
Attack near Playa Giron. April 19, 1961. - panoramio.jpg
April 17–20, 1961The United States launches a failed invasion of Cuba via Playa Girón, attempting to overthrow the Castro government. [105] [106]
87"Lawrence of Arabia"
Lawrence of arabia ver3 xxlg.jpg
April 8, 1963The 1962 film, an adaptation of Seven Pillars of Wisdom and based on the life of T. E. Lawrence, is nominated for ten Oscars at the 35th Academy Awards, winning seven. [107]
88"British Beatlemania"
The Beatles arrive at JFK Airport.jpg
c.1963 – 1966 The Beatles become hugely popular in the United Kingdom, with British press using the term "Beatlemania" to describe the ecstatic, female-led fandom. Beatlemania spreads from the United Kingdom to the United States in 1964. [108] [109]
89"Ole Miss"
James Meredith OleMiss.jpg
September 30 – October 1, 1962A race riot, stoked by Mississippi's state authorities, breaks out at the University of Mississippi (commonly known as Ole Miss) after the admission of James Meredith, a black student, into the formerly segregated school. President John F. Kennedy quells the riot by mobilizing over 20,000 United States Army troops to combat the 3,000 rioters. [110]
90"John Glenn"
GPN-2000-001027.jpg
February 20, 1962John Glenn becomes the third American in space and the first American to orbit the Earth. [111]
91"Liston beats Patterson"
Liston-Paterson-1963-NMAAHC-2013 219 3 001.jpg
July 22, 1963Boxer Sonny Liston becomes the world heavyweight champion after knocking out Floyd Patterson in the first round of their fight. [112]
92"Pope Paul"
Pope Paul VI portrait.jpg
June 21, 1963Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini is elected as the successor of Pope John XXIII, taking the papal name of Paul VI. [113]
93"Malcolm X"
Malcolm X March 26 1964 cropped retouched.jpg
February 21, 1965American civil rights leader Malcolm X is assassinated by Thomas Hagan, a member of the Nation of Islam. [114]
94"British politician sex"
John Profumo.jpg
Christine Keeler op weg naar het gerechtsgebouw, Bestanddeelnr 915-5221 (cropped, retouched).jpg
c. early 1960s John Profumo, the British Secretary of State for War serving under the Conservative Harold Macmillan, has an extramarital affair with Christine Keeler. The scandal ends Profumo's career and contributes to the Conservative Party's defeat in the 1964 United Kingdom general election. [115] [116]
95"JFK blown away"
HSCA-JFK-head-7-125.jpg
November 22, 1963American president John F. Kennedy is shot in the head by Lee Harvey Oswald while riding in a presidential motorcade through Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. [117] [118]
96"Birth control"
Kondom.jpg
June 7, 1965The Supreme Court of the United States rules that married couples have the right to use birth control without government restriction. [119] [120]
97"Ho Chi Minh"
Ho Chi Minh 1946 and signature (cropped).jpg
September 2, 1969Ho Chi Minh, the first president of North Vietnam and leader through the beginning of the Vietnam War, dies. [121] [122]
98"Richard Nixon back again"
Richard Nixon presidential portrait (1).jpg
January 20, 1969Years after serving as vice president under Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon becomes the 37th president of the United States. [123] [124] [125]
99"Moonshot"
Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg
July 20, 1969 Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin land the Lunar Module Eagle, becoming the first humans to land on the surface of the Moon. [126] [127] [128]
100"Woodstock"
Woodstock redmond hair.JPG
August 15–18, 1969The Woodstock Music and Art Fair is held in Bethel, New York. It becomes one of the largest music festivals in history and becomes a defining moment in the counterculture of the 1960s. [129] [130] [131]
101"Watergate"
Impeach Nixon retouched.jpg
June 17, 1972President Richard Nixon is involved with an attempted burglary of the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Watergate complex. On the verge of impeachment, Nixon resigns and is pardoned by his successor, Gerald Ford. [132] [133] [134]
102"Punk rock"
Ramones Toronto 1976.jpg
c. mid-1970sThe punk rock music genre, spearheaded by bands such as the Ramones and The Stooges, gains international popularity in the 1970s. [135] [136]
103"Begin"
Menachem Begin 1978.jpg
June 21, 1977Menachem Begin wins the 1977 Israeli legislative election, becoming the sixth Prime Minister of Israel. He and Anwar Sadat are awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1978 for signing the Egypt–Israel peace treaty. [137] [138]
104"Reagan"
Official Portrait of President Reagan 1981.jpg
January 20, 1981Following a landslide victory in the 1980 United States presidential election, Ronald Reagan is sworn in as the 40th president of the United States. [139] [140]
105"Palestine"
Cia-is-map2.png
1979 – 1990Major events in the ongoing Israeli–Palestinian conflict take place from the late 1970s to the early 1990s, including the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty, the 1982 Lebanon War, the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence, and the First Intifada. [141]
106"Terror on the airline"
Dawson's Field.JPG
1968 – 1970Nearly 200 aircraft hijackings are committed by the revolutionary socialist PFLP in Europe and the Middle east between 1968 and 1970. [5] [142]
107"Ayatollah's in Iran"
Imam Khomeini in Mehrabad.jpg
February 1, 1979 Ruhollah Khomeini returns to Iran after 14 years in exile, marking an important moment in the Iranian revolution. His return leads to the final overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi ten days later. Khomeini takes office as the first Supreme Leader of Iran on December 3, 1979. [143]
108"Russians in Afghanistan"
Afgan1987 2Mi8MTBarakiVVP.jpg
December 24, 1979The Soviet Union sides with the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in a war against the anticommunist Afghan mujahideen, marking the beginning of the protracted Afghan conflict. [144] [145]
109"Wheel of Fortune"
Vanna White Wheel of Fortune 2006 USMC-10361.jpg
January 6, 1975The game show Wheel of Fortune airs, eventually becoming one of the most beloved game shows in American history. [146] [147]
110"Sally Ride"
Dr. Sally Ride in Space Shuttle cockpit on mission STS-7 (1983) with three levitating calculators HP-41C.jpg
June 18, 1983Sally Ride becomes the first American woman in space. [148] [149] [150]
111"Heavy metal suicide"
Death of John Daniel McCollum
October 27, 1984Nineteen-year-old John Daniel McCollum commits suicide while listening to the song "Suicide Solution" from the album Blizzard of Ozz by Ozzy Osbourne. McCollum's parents file a lawsuit against Osbourne, alleging that he is responsible for the death. The lawsuit is dismissed. [151] [152]
112"Foreign debts"
US Federal Debt Held By Public as of Feb. 2023.png
October 23, 1981Nine months into the presidency of Ronald Reagan, the American national debt passes one trillion dollars. [153]
113"Homeless vets"
The Veteran.jpg
After 1975 Vietnam veterans returning to the United States after the end of the Vietnam War face high levels of homelessness. [154]
114"AIDS"
A black woman looks directly out at the viewer with her Wellcome L0052345 (cropped).jpg
June 5, 1981The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recognizes HIV/AIDS in San Francisco for the first time, marking the start of the AIDS Epidemic. [155]
115"Crack"
George H. W. Bush holds up a bag of crack cocaine during his Address to the Nation on National Drug Control Strategy.jpg
1980s – 1990sThe use of crack cocaine in the United States surges, resulting in increased crime and violence in American inner-city neighborhoods. The government response to the epidemic includes "tough on crime" policies and massively increased incarceration rates, disproportionately affecting African Americans. [156] [157]
116"Bernie Goetz"
IRT Broadway-Seventh 14th Street Northbound Platform.jpg
December 22, 1984Bernie Goetz shoots four black youths in the New York City Subway after they allegedly try to rob him. The shooting sparks a nationwide debate on race and crime in America, with supporters dubbing Goetz the "Subway Vigilante". [158] [159]
117"Hypodermics on the shore"
GARBAGE SCOWS BRING SOLID WASTE, FOR USE AS LANDFILL, TO FRESH KILLS ON STATEN ISLAND, JUST EAST OF CARTERET, NJ - NARA - 548315.jpg
1987 – 1988Significant amounts of biomedical waste from the Fresh Kills Landfill, including syringes, wash up on the shores of Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, forcing beaches along the East Coast of the United States to close. [160] [161]
118"China's under martial law"
Tiananmen square protest voa1.jpg
May 21 – June 9, 1989The People's Liberation Army enforces martial law in China during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. [162] [163]
119"Rock and roller Cola wars"
Michael Jackson with accuser James Safechuck (46844862102).jpg
Celebrity branding in the Cola wars
November 1983 Celebrity branding is used in the Cola wars, a period of rivalry between The Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo. Coca-Cola hires Paula Abdul to represent them, while Pepsi hires Michael Jackson. Jackson helps Pepsi with public relations and advertising, even suggesting that the company use his song "Billie Jean" as their jingle. While filming a Pepsi commercial, Jackson meets child actor James Safechuck, who later alleges that Jackson had sexually abused him in the 1980s. [164] [165]

Notes

  1. ↑ Further information regarding American history in this period can be found at History of the United States (1945–1964), History of the United States (1964–1980), and History of the United States (1980–1991).
  2. ↑ Sources disagree as to the total amount of references. This article follows the count of 119.
  3. ↑ General references include the aforementioned lists by the Britannica, Ranker, and Far Out.
  4. ↑ It is not exactly clear which member of the Rockefeller family Joel is referring to, although both the Britannica and Far Out connect the reference to the divorce.

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Taroudant is a city in the Sous in southwestern Morocco. It is situated east of Agadir on the road to Ouarzazate and south of Marrakesh. Today, it is a small market town and a tourist destination.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National poet</span> Poet traditionally held to represent a certain national culture

A national poet or national bard is a poet held by tradition and popular acclaim to represent the identity, beliefs and principles of a particular national culture. The national poet as culture hero is a long-standing symbol, to be distinguished from successive holders of a bureaucratically-appointed poet-laureate office. The idea and honoring of national poets emerged primarily during Romanticism, as a figure that helped consolidation of the nation states, as it provided validation of their ethno-linguistic groups.

A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship or right-wing authoritarianism, is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta, Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War, and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kissin' Cousins (song)</span> 1964 song by Elvis Presley

"Kissin' Cousins" is a song first recorded by Elvis Presley as the title track for the soundtrack of the 1964 motion picture Kissin' Cousins. The movie also featured a completely different song, titled "Kissin' Cousins ", written by Bill Giant, Bernie Baum and Florence Kaye.

George Thomas Kurian was an Indian historian and writer known for being the editor of several encyclopedias and reference works. Kurian also was founder and president of the Society of Encyclopedists. He was coeditor of the World Christian Encyclopedia, The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilizations, the Dictionary of Christianity, and Encyclopedia of Christian Literature.

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