O'Hara's Battery

Last updated

O'Hara's Battery
Part of Fortifications of Gibraltar
Upper Rock Nature Reserve, Gibraltar
Mediterranean Steps 2.jpg
Mediterranean Steps lead to the two batteries - O'Hara's in view
O'Hara's Battery Diagram.png
Map of O'Hara's Battery (A-E), Engine Room (F), Equipment Exhibit (G), and Lord Airey's Battery (H). North is to the left.
Gibraltar location map.svg
Red pog.svg
O'Hara's Battery
Coordinates 36°07′26″N5°20′34″W / 36.123845°N 5.342880°W / 36.123845; -5.342880 Coordinates: 36°07′26″N5°20′34″W / 36.123845°N 5.342880°W / 36.123845; -5.342880
Type Artillery Battery
Site information
Owner Government of Gibraltar
Open to
the public		Yes
ConditionGood
Site history
Built1890

O'Hara's Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located at the highest point of the Rock of Gibraltar, near the southern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, in close proximity to Lord Airey's Battery. It was constructed in 1890 at the former site of a watchtower that had earned the name O'Hara's Folly. The battery and tower were both named after the Governor of Gibraltar Charles O'Hara. The first gun mounted on the battery was a 6-inch breech loading gun, which was replaced with a 9.2 inch Mark X BL gun in 1901. The battery was in use during World War II and was last fired during training exercises in 1976. O'Hara's Battery has been refurbished and is open to the public. The battery and its associated works are listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.

Contents

Early history

Charles O'Hara (1740-1802) Charles O'Hara c. 1791-1792.png
Charles O'Hara (1740–1802)

O'Hara's Battery is in Gibraltar, the British Overseas Territory at the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula. [1] [2] The artillery battery is located near the southern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, near Lord Airey's Battery, at the highest point of the Rock of Gibraltar, 426 metres (1,398 ft). [3] [4] [5] The emplacement is in the Upper Battery area, which also includes Lord Airey's Battery and Spur Battery, although the gun of the latter was removed in Project Vitello. [6] [7] It is positioned at the southern terminus of O'Hara's Road, known as O'Hara's Point. [8] [9] The battery and road were named after the Governor of Gibraltar General Charles O'Hara (1740–1802). He served as governor from 1795 until his death in February 1802. [3] [10] [11] O'Hara was replaced as governor later that year by Prince Edward, the Duke of Kent, and future father of Queen Victoria. [12] [13]

O'Hara had believed that if he were successful in constructing a watchtower on the highest point of the Rock, the Garrison would be able to observe the enemy at the Spanish port of Cadiz. While O'Hara's Tower was eventually built, it was not successful in its intended purpose and was nicknamed O'Hara's Folly. In 1888, the tower was scheduled for demolition. A bet ensued between the gunners of the Garrison and the officers of HMS Wasp. Ultimately, it was the men of the Wasp who brought down the tower with their sixth shot. [4] [5] O'Hara's Folly was not the only nickname associated with the governor. O'Hara himself was frequently referred to as the Old Cock of the Rock. The handsome, flamboyant officer who wore the garb of an earlier era has been described as "the most perfect specimen I ever saw of the soldier and courtier of the last age." He was popular with the Garrison and lavished hospitality on even the humblest of guests. Although never married, O'Hara had at least two mistresses, and fathered four illegitimate children. [14] [15] [16]

After the demolition of the tower, construction of O'Hara's Battery was completed by 1890, with the first 6-inch BL gun on a Vavasseur mounting installed that year on the battery. [17] [18] In 1901, it was replaced by a 9.2 inch Mark X BL gun with a range of 29,000 yards (16 mi), to defend the Strait of Gibraltar. [17] [19] [20] The range meant that, in theory, it was capable of reaching the African shore, only 14 miles away. [21] The gun was exposed to the elements for more than three decades. In 1934, a steel shield was installed which afforded protection from small arms fire and splinters. [17] The battery continued in active use during World War II. [22]

O'Hara's Battery features a narrow stairway (pictured below) which leads to the door of an underground magazine. A concrete enclosure contains a portion of the shell hoist and surrounds the gun turntable, which provides support to the 9.2 inch gun and rotates it as needed. Large black steel doors in the enclosure provide access to the turntable. A path (pictured below) which leads down from O'Hara's Battery turns up to the nearby Lord Airey's Battery. That pathway features an extra gun barrel (pictured below). [17] The tunnel (pictured below) between the engine room and the gun not only provides access, but also stores pumps, hoists, and shells. [23]

Recent history

A 1947 film featuring the guns of Gibraltar

O'Hara's Battery is one of four television broadcasting sites in Gibraltar; the others are at Signal Hill; the North Mole, Gibraltar Harbour; and Tower Blocks. In May 2012, the Gibraltar Regulatory Authority finalized a contract with United Kingdom-based Arqiva to establish digital broadcasting on the Rock. The new transmitters will operate from one location on the Upper Rock, replacing two of the existing sites: O'Hara's Battery and Signal Hill. Having the infrastructure at a single site is also expected to reduce the environmental impact. [24] [25] [26]

Map of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. North is to the left. Map of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.gif
Map of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. North is to the left.

The guns from O'Hara's Battery and Lord Airey's Battery were last fired on 7 April 1976 during a training exercise. [17] [27] More recently, the gun and infrastructure at the O'Hara's Battery site were refurbished. [18] [27] In 2009, visiting servicemen from regiments of the Territorial and Regular Armies spent weeks restoring O'Hara's and Lord Airey's Batteries. [28] For years, O'Hara's Battery had been classified as an excluded site, where entry was a criminal offence. [6] However, in May 2010, the Government of Gibraltar opened O'Hara's Battery to the public. The site is under the supervision of the Gibraltar Tourist Board, but managed on a day-to-day basis by a private company. [3] [27]

In September 2012, soldiers of the 10 Signal Regiment arrived in Gibraltar to temporarily replace the Royal Gibraltar Regiment that was training at Exercise Jebel Sahara. The 10 Signal Regiment worked at O'Hara's Battery, clearing the gun pit. [29] [30]

O'Hara's Battery is one of three surviving 9.2 inch gun emplacements at the upper ridge of the Rock, the others being Lord Airey's Battery and Breakneck Battery, the latter on Ministry of Defence property. [31] O'Hara's Battery, including the 9.2 inch gun, magazine, engine room, and extra gun barrel, is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust. [8]

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Princess Carolines Battery

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Princess Annes Battery

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Princess Amelias Battery

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Lord Aireys Battery Artillery battery in Gibraltar

Lord Airey's Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located near the southern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, just north of O'Hara's Battery. It was named after the Governor of Gibraltar, General Sir Richard Airey. Construction of the battery was completed in 1891. The first gun mounted on the battery was a 6-inch breech loading gun, which was replaced with a 9.2-inch Mark X BL gun by 1900. The gun at the battery was last fired in the 1970s. In 1997, it was discovered that Lord Airey's Shelter, adjacent to Lord Airey's Battery, was the site chosen for a covert World War II operation that entailed construction of a cave complex in the Rock of Gibraltar, to serve as an observation post. The battery is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.

Princess Royals Battery

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OHaras Tower Watchtower in Gibraltar

O'Hara's Tower was a watchtower in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was located at the highest point of the Rock of Gibraltar, at what is now O'Hara's Battery, near the southern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve.

Breakneck Battery

Breakneck Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on Ministry of Defence property at the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, north of Lord Airey's Battery. It is one of a dozen batteries in Gibraltar that had 9.2-inch (233.7 mm) guns installed around the turn of the twentieth century. The emplacement features a 9.2-inch Mark X breech-loading gun on a Mark V mounting. The battery was refurbished by 10 Signal Regiment in 2012 and 2016 whilst being on Ceremonial duties whilst the Gibraltar Regiment where on exercise and is one of three surviving 9.2-inch gun emplacements at the Upper Ridge of the Rock of Gibraltar. By the late twentieth century, the 9.2-inch guns in Gibraltar, Bermuda, Portugal, South Africa, and Australia were the remaining examples of an emplacement that at one point had been mounted at strategic locations across the British Empire.

Spur Battery Artillery battery in Gibraltar

Spur Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located in the Upper Battery area of the southern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, just southwest of O'Hara's Battery. A 9.2-inch Mark X breech-loading gun was mounted on the emplacement in 1902, with improvements made to the battery after World War I. In 1981 the 9.2-inch gun at Spur Battery was dismantled and transferred to the Imperial War Museum in Duxford, England, for preservation. The operation was known as Project Vitello.

Levant Battery

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Greens Lodge Battery

Green's Lodge Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on the North Face of the Rock of Gibraltar at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, above Farringdon's Battery. Also known as the Superior Battery, it was named after General Sir William Green, who served in Gibraltar for twenty-two years, most of them as the chief engineer of Gibraltar. In 1776, guns were first mounted on the battery, which also saw action during the Great Siege of Gibraltar. The emplacement also underwent reconstruction in the early and mid twentieth century. Green's Lodge Battery is listed with the Gibraltar Heritage Trust.

Rock Gun Battery

Rock Gun Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on the North Face of the Rock of Gibraltar at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, above Green's Lodge Battery. The emplacement on Middle Hill is at the northern summit of the Rock. It was constructed during the Great Siege of Gibraltar, due to its advantageous position and the success of the gun at Green's Lodge Battery. It was used effectively during the Great Siege and was rebuilt during the Second World War. During the mid-twentieth century, the Ministry of Defence began to use the site as an aerial farm, which was then refurbished in 1958. The Rock Gun Battery and the Middle Hill Battery were closed to the public for decades. In 2005, the radio farm was closed and the Ministry of Defence withdrew from most of the area, transferring it to the Government of Gibraltar. However, the summit, the site of the Rock Gun Battery, continues to be under MOD authority.

Middle Hill (Gibraltar)

Middle Hill is a hill in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located at the northern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve. It figured prominently in the early history of the 1704 siege of Gibraltar by the Spanish and French. The artillery battery at Middle Hill had been constructed by 1727 and was active for more than two centuries. In the mid twentieth century, Middle Hill transitioned to use as an aerial farm for the Ministry of Defence. The radio farm was refurbished in 1958. About 1970, the Princess Caroline's Battery Group of Barbary macaques were moved to Middle Hill, where they were provisioned at a group of derelict buildings that were part of the battery complex. In 2005, much of Middle Hill was transferred from the Ministry of Defence to the Government of Gibraltar, and is now managed by the Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society.

Middle Hill Battery Artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar

Middle Hill Battery is an artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located on Middle Hill, at the northeastern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, just south of Green's Lodge Battery and Rock Gun Battery. The emplacement dates to 1727, when a single gun was mounted. By the turn of the twentieth century, six 10-inch rifled muzzle-loading guns were present at Middle Hill Battery. Other buildings documented at that time as part of the battery complex included the Nursery Hut and the Middle Hill Group, the latter a cluster of buildings which perched on the cliff edge. An anti-aircraft Bofors gun had been installed at the battery by the Second World War. After the war, the area transitioned to use as a Ministry of Defence aerial farm. In 2005, the battery and surrounding area were transferred to the Government of Gibraltar. The site is now managed by the Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society.

Lord Aireys Shelter Subterranean military shelter in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar

Lord Airey's Shelter is a subterranean military shelter in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is located near the southern end of the Upper Rock Nature Reserve, adjacent to Lord Airey's Battery. It was named after the Governor of Gibraltar, General Sir Richard Airey. The tunnel system for the shelter was chosen as the site for the highly classified, Second World War military operation known as Operation Tracer.

Upper Battery is a former artillery battery in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It was located on the Upper Ridge of the Rock of Gibraltar at a site south of Signal Hill Battery and faced east over the Mediterranean. It mounted two 32-pdrs. in 1861. On the other side of the hill, three 24-pdrs. were mounted at Lower Battery. The two batteries were used for signalling and drill purposes.

Mediterranean Steps

Mediterranean Steps is a path and nature trail in the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. One of the footpaths of Gibraltar, the path is located entirely within the Upper Rock Nature Reserve and was built by the British military but is now used by civilians as a pedestrian route linking Martin's Path to Lord Airey's Battery near the summit of Rock of Gibraltar. The path offers views over the Strait of Gibraltar, Windmill Hill, Europa Point, the Great Sand Dune, Gibraltar's east side beaches, the Mediterranean Sea and the Spanish Costa del Sol.

References

  1. ↑ "List of Crown Dependencies & Overseas Territories". fco.gov.uk. Foreign and Commonwealth Office . Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  2. ↑ Roach, John (10 October 2006). "Neandertals' Last Stand was in Gibraltar, Study Suggests". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society . Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  3. 1 2 3 "O'Hara's Battery becomes visitor attraction". Gibraltar news from Panorama. 20 May 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  4. 1 2 "O'Hara's Battery". aboutourrock.com. About Our Rock. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  5. 1 2 "Historical Gibraltar Attractions (continued)". gibraltarinformation.com. Gibraltarinformation.com. Archived from the original on 26 February 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  6. 1 2 "Restricted Areas Notice" (PDF). gibraltarlaws.gov.gi. Government of Gibraltar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  7. ↑ "Spur Battery". discovergibraltar.com. DiscoverGibraltar.com (Click Gun Batteries, then Spur Battery). Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
  8. 1 2 "Gibraltar Heritage Trust Act 1989" (PDF). gibraltarlaws.gov.gi. Government of Gibraltar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  9. ↑ "Map of O'Hara's Battery". maps.google.com. Google Maps. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  10. ↑ Moran, Donald N (November–December 2006). "King George III's Soldiers Brigadier General Charles O'Hara". revolutionarywararchives.org. Sons of Liberty Chapter of the Sons of the American Revolution. Archived from the original on 24 December 2016. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  11. ↑ "Gates, Walls & Fortifications". Pocket Guide to Gibraltar. Discover Pocket Guide(s) Gibraltar Ltd: 30. July 2009. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  12. ↑ Musteen, Jason R. (15 October 2011). "Chapter 5 - A Royal Mess". Nelson's Refuge: Gibraltar in the Age of Napoleon. Naval Institute Press. ISBN   9781612510842 . Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  13. ↑ MacNutt, W.S. (1983). "Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn". In Halpenny, Francess G (ed.). Dictionary of Canadian Biography . Vol. V (1801–1820) (online ed.). University of Toronto Press. Retrieved 20 October 2012.
  14. ↑ The Novelist's Magazine, Volume 1. C. Alexander. 1833. p. 486. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  15. ↑ "Rock's jewels for sale after MoD giveaway". The Telegraph . 26 May 2004. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  16. ↑ Babits, Lawrence E; Howard, Joshua B (15 March 2009). Long, Obstinate, and Bloody: The Battle of Guilford Courthouse (illustrated ed.). University of North Carolina Press. pp. 195–196. ISBN   9780807832660 . Retrieved 19 October 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 "Gun exterior (A)". discovergibraltar.com. DiscoverGibraltar.com (Click Upper Rock Nature Reserve, O'Hara's Battery). Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
  18. 1 2 "O'Hara's Battery opens as a tourist attraction". 7 Days - Gibraltar's Free Weekly Newspaper. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  19. ↑ Perez, Charles; Bensusan, Keith (2005). "A guide to The Upper Rock Nature Reserve" (PDF). The Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society. p. 6. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  20. ↑ "40441 - Description of the Mounting of Two 9.2 in MkX Guns on Mk VIII Mountings at Lord Aireys and O'Hara Batteries". nam.ac.uk. National Army Museum. Retrieved 19 October 2012.{{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  21. ↑ Palin, Michael (2002). Sahara. W&N. pp. 2–3. ISBN   0297843036.
  22. ↑ "O'Hara's Battery (Gibraltar)". en.tracesofwar.com. STIWOT - Stichting Informatie Wereldoorlog Twee. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  23. ↑ "Tunnel to gun (E)". discovergibraltar.com. DiscoverGibraltar.com (Click O'Hara's Battery, then E Tunnel to gun). Archived from the original on 5 September 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  24. ↑ "Gibraltar Set for Digital TV Age". Gibraltar Chronicle . 9 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  25. ↑ "Arqiva to build digital infrastructure in Gibraltar". Vox - The Truly Independent Gibraltar Newspaper. 8 May 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  26. ↑ "New Digital Infrastructure for Gibraltar". rwonline.com. Radio World, NewBay Media, LLC. Archived from the original on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  27. 1 2 3 "The Mediterranean Steps – Are You Up For The Challenge?". Your Gibraltar TV. Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  28. ↑ Cooksey, Jared (5 August 2009). "O'Hara's Battery Recharged". Gibraltar Chronicle. Retrieved 20 October 2012.[ permanent dead link ]
  29. ↑ "Signal Regt Cover for Gib Duties". Gibraltar Chronicle. 25 September 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  30. ↑ "10 Signal Regiment cover for the Royal Gibraltar Regiment". gbc.gi. GBC News. 24 September 2012. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  31. ↑ Fa, Darren; Finlayson, Clive (31 October 2006). The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945 (illustrated ed.). Osprey Publishing. pp. 51, 58. ISBN   9781846030161 . Retrieved 26 October 2012.
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